BIOMASS FUEL SUPPLY STUDY (Rajasthan) Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation Limited E-166, Yudhishtir Marg, C-Scheme Jaipur , Rajasthan.

BIOMASS FUEL SUPPLY STUDY (Rajasthan) for Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation Limited E-166, Yudhishtir Marg, C-Scheme Jaipur-302005, Rajasthan. Ph: 0141-2225859, Fax: 0141-2226028 www.rrecl.com Prepared by ABI ENERGY CONSULTANCY SERVICES PRIVATE LIMITED Sreenivi, No 22, Subramaniyanagar Second Street, Rengarajapuram, Kodambakkam, Chennai-24 Ph: 044-6538 3966, Fax: 044-2480 2416 www.abienergy.com May 2015

CONTENTS Study Area Map... i Study Area A Glance... ii Biomass Power Plant Map... iii Major Biomass in Rajasthan... iv Major Biomass Details (Mustard Stalks & Husk) - A Glance... v Mustard Stalks & Husk Potential-Map... vi Major Biomass Details (Guar Stalks) - A Glance... vii Guar Stalks Potential-Map... viii Major Biomass Details (Prosopis Juliflora Wood) - A Glance... ix Prosopis Juliflora Wood Potential-Map... x Major Biomass Details (Cotton Stalks) - A Glance... xi Cotton Stalks Potential-Map... xii Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction... 1 1.1 Background of the Study... 1 1.2 Objective of the Study... 2 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED 2.0 Introduction... 3 2.1 Data Sheet Development... 3 2.2 Primary Data Collection... 3 2.3 Secondary Data Collection... 4 2.4 Field Survey & Data Collection... 4 BIOMASS FROM AGRICULTURE LAND 3.0 Introduction... 7 3.1 Biomass Generation... 7 3.2 Biomass Consumption and Surplus... 10

Chapter 4 BIOMASS FROM WASTE LAND 4.0 Introduction... 13 4.1 Prosopis Juliflora... 13 4.2 Prosopis Juliflora Generation Consumption and Surplus... 15 4.3 Energy Plantation... 17 Chapter 5 MAJOR BIOMASS IN THE STUDY AREA 5.0. Introduction... 20 5.1 Selection of Suitable Biomass for Plant... 21 5.2 Mustard Stalks & Husk. 21 5.3 Guar Stalks... 24 5.4 Castor Stem... 26 5.5 Ground Nut Stalks... 29 5.6 Gram Stalks... 31 5.7 Cotton Stalks... 33 5.8 Soyabean Stalks... 36 Chapter 6 BIOMASS PRICE TRENDS & FORECAST ANALYSIS 6.0. Introduction... 39 6.1 Mustard Stalks & Husk Price Trend... 39 6.2 Guar Stalks Price Trend... 43 6.3 Prosopis Juliflora Wood Price Trend... 46 6.4 Cotton Stalks Price Trend... 50 6.5 Biomass Power Plant Fuel Mix... 53 Chapter 7 BIOMASS STACKING & FEEDING COST 7.0. Introduction... 59 7.1 Stacking & Covering Cost... 59

7.2 Biomass Storage Losses 60 Chapter 8 CALORIFIC VALUE OF MAJOR BIOMASS 8.0. Introduction... 61 8.1 Calorific Value of Mustard Stalks and Husk... 61 8.2 Calorific Value of Major Biomass... 64 Chapter 9 BIOMASS POWER PLANTS IN RAJASTHAN 9.0 Introduction... 65 9.1 Sathyam Green Power Pvt Ltd... 66 9.2 Transtech Green Power Pvt Ltd... 71 9.3 S M Environmental Technologies Pvt Ltd... 77 9.4 Kalpataru Power Transmission Ltd-Ganganagar... 82 9.5 Kalpataru Power Transmission Ltd-Tonk... 89 9.6 Sanjog Sugars & Eco Power Pvt Ltd.... 95 9.7 Orient Green Power Company (Rajasthan) Pvt Ltd... 100 9.8 Surya Chamball Power Ltd... 104 Chapter 10 CONCLUSIONS 10.0 Conclusions... 111

STUDY AREA- A GLANCE State : Rajasthan Districts : 1. Ajmer 2. Jaipur 3. Dausa 4. Tonk 5. Sikar 6. Jhunjhunu 7. Nagaur 8. Alwar 9. Bharatpur 10. Dholpur 11. S.Madhopur 12. Karoli 13. Bikaner 14. Churu 15. Jaisalmer 16. Ganganagar 17. Hanumangarh 18. Jodhpur 19. Barmer 20. Jalore 21. Pali 22. Sirohi 23. Kota 24. Baran 25. Bundi 26. Jhalwar 27. Banswara 28. Dungarpur 29. Udaipur 30. Pratapgarh 31. Bhilwara 32. Chittaurgarh 33. Rajsamand ii

iii Biomass Fuel Supply Study

MAJOR BIOMASS IN RAJASTHAN Major Biomass for Biomass Power Plant in Rajasthan 1 Major Biomass Consumed by Biomass Power Plant Mustard Stalks& Husk Guar Stalks Prosopis Juliflora wood Cotton Stalks 2 Average of all Major Biomass cost Rs.per Ton 2012 Rs.2030 2013 Rs.2211 2014 Rs.2481 3 Average Escalation of all Major Biomass cost 10.57 % 4 Estimated average price of all major Biomass in 2015. (Excluding Storage and Feeding cost) Rs. per Ton 5 Average Storage & Feeding Cost Rs. per Ton 6 Biomass Storage & Handling loss Rs.2743 187 2% iv

MAJOR BIOMASS DETAILS A GLANCE Details Biomass I 1 Name of the Biomass Mustard Stalks & Husk 2 Generation Point Agro Field 3 Generation (tons/year) 4 Consumption (tons/year) 5 Surplus Availability (tons/year) 63,56,045 51,93,365 11,62,680 6 Present Use Domestic fuel for local people, fuel for Brick Kiln, Thermal energy consuming Industries, Briquetting units and Power Plant 7 Cost of Fuel at Plant (Rs. Per ton) 2012 2,009 2013 2,229 2014 2,494 8 Storage &Feeding Cost 187 9 Potential Districts S.Madhopur, Bharatpur, Karoli, Tonk, Jodhpur 10 Seasonality Feb - May 11 Calorific Value (Kcal/kg) 10.86 % Moisture 3,300 v

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Major Biomass Details - A Glance Details Biomass II 1 Name of the Biomass Guar Stalks 2 Generation Point Agro Field 3 Generation 32, 46, 627 (tons/year) 4 Consumption (tons/year) 5 Surplus Availability (tons/year) 25,49,705 6,96,922 6 Present Use Domestic fuel, Fodder, Fuel for Brick Kiln, Thermal energy consuming Industries, Briquetting units and Power Plant 7 Cost of Fuel at Plant (Rs. per ton) 2012 1,853 2013 2,006 2014 2,334 8 Storage &Feeding Cost 187 9 Potential Districts Bikaner, Barmer, Jaisalmer,Jodhpur, Churu 10 Seasonality Oct Dec 11 Calorific Value (Kcal/kg) With 12.55 % moisture 3750 vii

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MAJOR BIOMASS DETAILS - A GLANCE Details Biomass III 1 Name of the Biomass Prosopis Juliflora Wood 2 Generation Point Waste Land 3 Estimated Generation (tons/year) 4 Estimated Consumption (tons/year) 5 Estimated Surplus Availability (tons/year) 2,92,96,905 2,57,40,716 35,56,189 6 Present Use Domestic Fuel, Fuel for Brick Kiln, Biomass Power Plant and other thermal energy consuming Industries. 7 Cost of Fuel at Plant (Rs. per ton) 8 Storage &Feeding Cost 2012 2,458 2013 2,697 2014 2,982 187 9 Potential Districts Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur Bikaner 10 Seasonality Through out the year 11 Calorific Value (Kcal/kg) with 23.38 % moisture 3167 ix

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Major Biomass Details A Glance Details Biomass IV 1 Name of the Biomass Cotton Stalks 2 Generation Point Agro Field 3 Generation 8,86,306 (tons/year) 4 Consumption 5,35,587 (tons/year) 5 Surplus Availability 3,50,720 (tons/year) 6 Present Use Fuel for Brick Kiln, thermal energy consuming Industries and Power Plant 7 Cost of Fuel at Plant (Rs. Per ton) 2012 1,475 2013 1,628 2014 1,706 8 Storage &Feeding Cost 187 9 Potential Districts Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, Jodhpur, Bhilwara, Nagaur. 10 Seasonality Nov - Jan 11 Calorific Value (Kcal/kg) with 14.2 % moisture content 3,250 xi

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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION India is an agricultural country with more than 70% of population living in rural areas. The major activities of the rural population are production, processing and selling of agricultural products. Energy is the lifeline of the major activities in rural India. At present, power requirement of the country is met by three main sources namely, thermal, hydro and nuclear. While hydro and nuclear have their own limitations, thermal power does not have any, except the availability of fuel. Currently, thermal power stations meet the major demand of the country (to an extent of 70%) and use coal as the fuel, whose availability is finite. The Government of Rajasthan has accorded a high priority to setting up power projects based on non conventional energy sources in the State. With a view to promote generation of power from these sources, Government of Rajasthan issued a "Policy for Promoting Generation for Electricity from Non Conventional Energy Sources in 1999. Keeping in view the requirements from time to time, this Policy has been amended from time to time. Recently the Government of Rajasthan has issued Policy for Promoting for Generation of Electricity from Biomass, 2010 (Policy-2010). 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Rajasthan Electricity Regulatory Commission (RERC) has passed an order dated 24/02/2014 in the matter of determination of tariff for sale of electricity from Juliflora based biomass power plants and in the matter of review and amendment in norms/parameters specified by the Commission in RERC (Terms and Conditions for Determination of Tariff) Regulations, 2009. In Para 51(4) of the said Order RERC has desired that a study or survey of availability of biomass fuels particularly in respect of Mustard crop and Juliflora Biomass in the State, their pricing and periodic revision of price is required to ensure that biomass power projects continue to generate electricity on a sustainable basis. RERC has nominated. (RREC), the Nodal Agency responsible for promotion of renewable energy in the State, to get the prices and price trend of main biomass 1

fuel in the State studied/surveyed, particularly in respect of Mustard crop based and Juliflora Bio-mass and furnish its recommendations. In view of above, RREC appointed Abi Energy Consultancy Services Private Limited for Biomass Fuel Supply Studies in Rajasthan. 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objective of the study is to identify the biomass sources within Rajasthan state and assessment of their availability in terms of quality and quantity. The scope also includes the realistic estimation of surplus biomass availability of various types of biomass particularly in respect of Mustard husk and Juliflora, revision of price including escalation factor for fuel price and losses in storage etc. With this in mind, the major objectives of the study are designed as given hereunder. 1 Identification of biomass sources of the Study Area and assessment of their availability in terms of quality and quantity. 2 Estimation of quantum of biomass consumed for various activities in the Study Area (as fuel, fodder, thatching, etc.) 3 Establishment of a realistic estimate of the various types of biomass that is available in surplus after accounting for utilization. 4 Presentation of a brief outline of biomass sourcing from the village, seasonal availability, cost sensitivity, procurement mode, losses, storage etc. 2

Chapter 2 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED 2.0 INTRODUCTION The basic objective of the study was to assess the biomass resources availability, their consumption, the surplus biomass availability along with their price and price trend in the state of Rajasthan. This objective was kept in mind while preceding the methodology. The study was organized stage wise as shown here under. 2.1 DATA SHEET DEVELOPMENT The data sheet was designed considering the main objective of the study namely the estimation of surplus biomass availability and biomass price in Rajasthan State. The district level data collection provides information on land details, biomass generation from agricultural activities, waste land, their consumption for various activities and the surplus biomass availability. 2.2 PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION This data sheet included only the data relevant to the study, the geographical area, land details, agricultural activities, biomass generation, consumption and estimation of surplus availability of biomass. The most crucial and important data that had to be established through this study area namely the surplus biomass availability was collected by 1 having interactions with the Govt. Official, food grain dealers, biomass dealers farmers and others 2 manually taking account of the biomass leaving the village during a specific time period 3 physically measuring the quantum of biomass utilized for thatching, fodder, fuel and manure on a sample basis and extrapolating the same to the required data size. 3

2.3 SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION Table 2.1 presents the list of the Government Departments visited and the type of secondary data collected from them. Table 2.1 Sources for Secondary Data Collection S.No Source Information Collected 1 Agriculture Department, Rajasthan State. District wise total cultivated area and classification of crops, annual production of crops, production of crops per hectare and wasteland biomass production. 2 Statistical Department, Rajasthan State. Agricultural area, Cropping Area, Waste land details and Etc. 3 Department of Industries, Rajasthan. Brick kilns and others biomass consuming industries details. 4 Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Residue generation analysis and calorific value of residues. 2.4 FIELD SURVEY AND DATA COLLECTION To start with, officials in the Agriculture & Statistical Department of the state were contacted from where the details regarding each district were collected. The total number of districts of the Rajasthan State and the information about the districts were also noted down. There are 33 districts in the Study area. On completion of this exercise, the survey teams were divided in to groups, each group consisting of two field enumerators and a facilitator then the team dispatched to each district. The agricultural land area of the each district was verified with that data given by the Agriculture Department. The types of crops grown in the district are also noted down with periodic physical verification. 4

The production of crops from the cultivated land was gathered from local farmers / landlords as a sort of verification against that provided by the Agriculture Department. Minor variations have been observed which however was overlooked as we anticipated that this would not really influence much to the total crop yield thereby the biomass generation. It was also instructed to the field enumerators to not to look for major and minor classification of the crops at the field level data collection as it would be difficult to classify this at field level. On completion of the survey work on all the districts, the major / minor crop classification was made. The yield of crop at the field was gathered from land owners was compared with the yield given by the agriculture department. The result was positive inferring that primary data collected at field level by the enumerators matched well with that provided by the Government Department. On completion of the survey, the biomass generation potential at the field was both computed and measured. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore established the computation of biomass generation. As verification measure Biomass residue generated was estimated by measurement in the field. This exercise was done specifically for all major crops in the Study area. Thus, the district level survey and the verification of biomass residue generation at the field were carried out. follows. To estimate the surplus biomass availability, some of the tools employed are as A B C D Discussion with Farmers Personal Observation Questionnaire made by the literate people of the districts etc. Details from biomass and food grain traders. 5

Although it can t be said that this will represent the true picture of the surplus availability nevertheless it does give a fairly reliable acceptable estimate of surplus. As the aim of the study was precisely this, all concerned in the study to establish this aspect did a rigorous work. On completion of the field level survey, the other task like cost at source and trend, availability, transportation cost and destination of biomass were also gathered. This task was time consuming although not difficult. 6

Chapter 3 BIOMASS FROM AGRICULTURE LAND Biomass Fuel Supply Study 3.0 INTRODUCTION This chapter covers biomass,generation, consumption and surplus availability in Rajasthan from agricultural land. 3.1 BIOMASS GENERATION Crop residues are form major portion of the biomass generation. The main crop residues of the study area are 1 Paddy Straw 2 Jowar Stalks 3 Bajra Stalks 4 Maize Stalks 5 Moong Stalks 6 Urad Stalks 7 Moth Stalks 8 Seasamum Stalks 9 Groundnut Stalks 10 Soyabean Stalks 11 Castor Stem 12 Cotton Stalks 13 Guar Stalks 14 Wheat Stalks 15 Barley Stalks 16 Gram Stalks 17 Mustard Stalks & Husk Table 3.1 shows the crop residues yield for the major crops considered in this survey. Table 3.1 Biomass Residue Generation in Tons per Ha per year in Rajasthan S.No Crop Biomass Average Yield 1 CRR 2 1 Paddy Paddy Straw 5.48 1.70 2 Jowar Jowar Stalks 3.93 2.40 3 Bajra Bajra Stalks 7.75 2.63 4 Maize Maize Stalks 9.28 2.30 5 Moong Moong Stalks 0.77 1.25 6 Urad Urad Stalks 0.99 1.30 1 2010-11, 2011-12 & 2012-13 Average Yield G-Return Statistical Department of Rajasthan State, Jaipur. The year 2013-14, 2014-2015 data are not available during our survey in January 2015. 2 CGPL,Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and Agricultural Department, Rajasthan 7

7 Moth Moth Stalks 1.25 1.80 8 Seasamum Seasamum Stalks 0.78 1.50 9 Ground Nut Ground Nut Stalks 9.57 2.30 10 Soya Bean Soya Bean Stalks 4.25 1.70 11 Castor Castor Stem 23.79 4.00 12 Cotton Cotton Stalks 7.08 3.80 13 Guar Guar Stalks 1.65 1.80 14 Wheat Wheat Stalks 7.81 1.50 15 Barley Barley Stalks 4.96 1.30 16 Gram Gram Stalks 1.05 1.10 17 Mustard Mustard Stalks & husk 4.48 1.80 Table 3.1 shows the Crop to Residue Ratio (CRR) provided by Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, this data has again been vetted in the field by not only gathering details from landowners, but also by field measurement. Estimation of biomass availability was made for both the Rabi & the Khariff seasons using secondary data, where in important details like residue generation and area of cultivation for each crop are available. The data gives the average yield expected per hectare for the representative crop grown in the study area. Table 3.2 shows the list of major crops of the state of Rajasthan, area of cultivation of each crop. Table 3.2 Last Three Years Average Cultivated Area in Rajasthan 3 S.No Name of Crop Area of Cultivation ( Ha ) 1 Paddy 130,366 2 Jowar 653,696 3 Bajra 4,834,322 3 Source: 2010-11, 2011-12 & 2012-13 G-Return Statistical Department of Rajasthan State, Jaipur. The year 2013-14, 2014-2015 cultivation area data is not available during our survey in January 2015. 8

4 Maize 1,057,067 5 Moong 1,037,301 6 Urad 200,360 7 Moth 1,258,492 8 Seasamum 492,013 9 Ground Nut 388,417 10 Soya Bean 900,782 11 Castor 227,009 12 Cotton 475,495 13 Guar 3,534,394 14 Wheat 3,011,536 15 Barley 304,648 16 Gram 1,486,524 17 Mustard 2,552,034 Total 22,544,455 Biomass Fuel Supply Study Table 3.3 computes the biomass generation from the agricultural activity using the residue generation per ha per year and cultivated area provided by Statistical Department, Rajasthan. Table 3.3 Biomass Generations From Agricultural Activity in Rajasthan 4 No Crop Biomass Generated Tons / year % 1 Paddy Paddy Straw 4,20,227 0.75 2 Jowar Jowar Stalks 10,71,614 1.92 3 Bajra Bajra Stalks 1,42,48,890 25.50 4 Maize Maize Stalks 42,62,910 7.63 4 Calculated value from the data of 2010-11, 2011-12 & 2012-13 years average cultivated area, average crop yield of year 2010-11, 2011-12 & 2012-13 & Crop to Residue Ratio. The year 2013-14, 2014-2015 data are not available during our survey in January 2015. 9

5 Moong Moong Stalks 6,38,596 1.14 6 Urad Urad Stalks 1,52,211 0.27 7 Moth Moth Stalks 8,75,033 1.57 8 Seasamum Seasamum Stalks 2,55,938 0.46 9 Ground Nut Ground Nut Stalks 16,16,475 2.89 10 Soya Bean Soya Bean Stalks 22,50,632 4.03 11 Castor Castor Stem 13,50,342 2.42 12 Cotton Cotton Stalks 8,86,306 1.59 13 Guar Guar Stalks 32,46,627 5.81 14 Wheat Wheat Stalks 1,56,75,533 28.05 15 Barley Barley Stalks 11,62,091 2.08 16 Gram Gram Stalks 14,14,045 2.53 17 Mustard Mustard Stalks & Husk 63,56,045 11.37 Total 55,883,516 100.00 Biomass Generation from Agricultural Activity = 55,883,516 tons / year. 3.2 BIOMASS CONSUMPTION AND SURPLUS The households of the villages use biomass for one or many of the following purposes. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) as Fodder as Fuel as Manure For Thatching, Construction etc. In our study, 17 crops have been identified as major crops. The utility pattern of these crops is also analysed with respect to the above applications. The utility pattern of the biomass in households was established using the under mentioned tools. 1 Physical observation in respect of usage of biomass for manure and thatching, fuel and etc, 10

2 Animal husbandry data for fodder consumption and statistical department data for livestock population of the village / District. 3 Details gathered from Dealers, Elders and Businessmen on surplus availability There are many activities that take place ON / OFF the field before biomass is generated and transported. A few of these activities are, (i) Harvesting ii) Transportation iii) Separation iv) Stocking v) Handling Table 3.4 presents the usage pattern of the biomass (from major crops) during various activities. Table 3.4 Consumption Pattern of Biomass in Rajasthan 5 No Crops Biomass Generation Consumption Surplus Tons / year Tons/ year Tons / year 1 Paddy Paddy Straw 4,20,227 4,20,227 0 2 Jowar Jowar Stalks 10,71,614 10,71,614 0 3 Bajra Bajra Stalks 1,42,48,890 1,42,48,890 0 4 Maize Maize Stalks 42,62,910 42,62,910 0 5 Moong Moong Stalks 6,38,596 5,19,585 1,19,012 6 Urad Urad Stalks 1,52,211 1,19,047 33,164 7 Moth Moth Stalks 8,75,033 7,63,804 1,11,229 8 Seasamum Seasamum Stalks 2,55,938 1,76,846 79,092 9 Ground Nut Ground Nut Stalks 16,16,475 11,73,568 4,42,907 10 Soya Bean Soya Bean Stalks 22,50,632 19,18,453 3,32,178 11 Castor Castor Stem 13,50,342 8,42,628 5,07,715 12 Cotton Cotton Stalks 8,86,306 5,35,587 3,50,720 13 Guar Guar Stalks 32,46,627 25,49,705 6,96,922 14 Wheat Wheat Stalks 1,56,75,533 1,56,75,533 0 5 Biomass consumption arrived from primary data collection. Surplus biomass calculated from biomass generation and consumption. 11

15 Barley Barley Stalks 11,62,091 11,62,091 0 16 Gram Gram Stalks 14,14,045 10,60,534 3,53,511 17 Mustard Stalks & Mustard husk 63,56,045 51,93,365 11,62,679 Total 5,58,83,516 5,16,94,386 41,89,129 It was found that, on an average about 92.50 % of the biomass generated from agricultural activity goes for consumption in local for fodder, manure, fuel for thermal energy consuming industries, biomass power plants, brick kiln, etc, and about only 7.50% is available for other activities or exported to nearby states. The major portion of wheat stalks, barley stalks, paddy hay, jowar stalks, bajra stalks, maize stalks are consumed by animal as fodder and these biomass should not used as a fuel per the Policy 2010, so we considered 100% for consumption. The above was prepared based on fairly established data and hence can be counted as near realistic. Surplus Biomass Available from Agricultural Activity = 41, 89,129 tons / year 12

BIOMASS FROM WASTE LAND 4.0 INTRODUCTION Out of the total geographical area of 3, 42, 23,900 6 hectares in study area, 93,68,947 3 hectares were identified as wasteland out which Prosopis Juliflora is grown in 58, 59, 381 3 hectares of cultivable waste land and fallow land in Rajasthan. Prosopis Juliflora is the major wasteland biomass in this study area. Prosopis juliflora was introduced to India around 1877 to check encroaching desert sands and as a regreening tool. The first large-scale planting was in Gujarat in about 1894, and the species was introduced to Rajasthan in 1913. In all 11 districts of western Rajasthan, Prosopis juliflora has spread widely, with high plant densities encountered in the districts of Pali, Jalore, Jodhpur and Nagaur. There has been a great spread into east and south Rajasthan in the last 25 years. Initially it was introduced along roads, it has now spread into many habitats, including rocky terrains and saline lands. As the species spread, the resulting shrinking pastures may have been the cause of the decline of many wild grassland animals. This species is prevailing in this area massively for quite some decades, may be due to soil and other related environmental features. 4.1 PROSOPIS JULIFLORA Prosopis Juliflora is well adapted to warm and dry tropical climates. It grows well in areas receiving 250-600 mm annual rainfall. It is a fast growing tree and has a deep to very deep, well meshed root system. It does not require any special care for rehabilitating marginal lands or wastelands. This species is however, quite susceptible to frost, and its distribution is very much restricted in areas where there is a regular occurrence of frost during winter months. Such as the interdunal zones of Barmer, Jaisalmer, Bikaner and Churu. In areas which experience frost once in every 4 to 8 years, the plant suffers dieback to ground level, and later in February- March the plant sprouts back and assumes its original height within a 9-10 month period. 6 Nine fold land use classification, 2010-11, 2011-12 & 2012-13 G-Return Statistical Department of Rajasthan State, Jaipur. 13

Table 4.1 shows the district wise cultivable waste and fallow land area in Rajasthan. Table 4.1 District wise Cultivable Waste Land and Fallow Land in Rajasthan 3 Sl.No District Cultivable Waste Land and Fallow Land 3 Ha 1 Ajmer 103437 2 Jaipur 91997 3 Dausa 15224 4 Tonk 68267 5 Sikar 51707 6 Jhunjhunu 35670 7 Nagaur 98771 8 Alwar 28567 9 Bharatpur 11521 10 Dholpur 14836 11 S.Madhopur 24305 12 Karoli 21082 13 Bikaner 837646 14 Churu 59474 15 Jaisalmer 2400217 16 Ganganagar 116683 17 Hanumangarh 23578 18 Jodhpur 329836 19 Barmer 256754 20 Jalore 138991 21 Pali 79574 22 Sirohi 21656 23 Kota 38166 24 Baran 37348 25 Bundi 43702 14

26 Jhalwar 71629 27 Banswara 55803 28 Dungarpur 75611 29 Udaipur 133364 30 Pratapgarh 92510 31 Bhilwara 139334 32 Chittore 121207 33 Rajsamand 220914 Total 58,59,381 4.2 PROSOPIS JULIFLORA GENERATION CONSUMPTION AND SURPLUS Prosopis Juliflora is grown commonly in cultivable waste land and other fallow land, which includes all type unproductive lands of Govt. & Private. There are many reports on the biomass yields per unit area but the results have been found to vary considerably in different regions. The average yield of this plant as understood from the various Govt. officials and local peoples. The average firewood yield in the region has been estimated to be approximately 5 tons/ha/year or 20 tons/ha/ 4 years cycle, when it grows unorganized without due care or attention 7. Keeping the root undisturbed, the stem and branches are cut once in four years. Table 4.2 District Wise Prosopis Juliflora Generation Consumption and Surplus in Rajasthan 4 Sl.No District Prosopis Juliflora Wood Generation Tons/Year Prosopis Juliflora Wood Consumption Tons/Year Prosopis Juliflora Wood Surplus Tons/Year 1 Ajmer 517185 475810 41375 2 Jaipur 459985 423186 36799 3 Dausa 76120 70030 6090 4 Tonk 341335 314028 27307 7 Primary data from landlords, biomass dealers and local people. 15

5 Sikar 258535 237852 20683 6 Jhunjhunu 178350 164082 14268 7 Nagaur 493855 454347 39508 8 Alwar 142835 131408 11427 9 Bharatpur 57605 52997 4608 10 Dholpur 74180 68246 5934 11 S.Madhopur 121525 111803 9722 12 Karoli 105410 96977 8433 13 Bikaner 4188230 3769407 418823 14 Churu 297370 273580 23790 15 Jaisalmer 12001085 10200922 1800163 16 Ganganagar 583415 536742 46673 17 Hanumangarh 117890 108459 9431 18 Jodhpur 1649180 1401803 247377 19 Barmer 1283770 1091205 192566 20 Jalore 694955 625460 69496 21 Pali 397870 358083 39787 22 Sirohi 108280 97452 10828 23 Kota 190830 171747 19083 24 Baran 186740 171801 14939 25 Bundi 218510 196659 21851 26 Jhalwar 358145 329493 28652 27 Banswara 279015 256694 22321 28 Dungarpur 378055 340250 37806 29 Udaipur 666820 613474 53346 30 Pratapgarh 462550 430172 32379 31 Bhilwara 696670 627003 69667 32 Chittore 606035 545432 60604 33 Rajsamand 1104570 994113 110457 Total 2,92,96,905 2,57,40,716 35,56,189 The 87.86 % of the juliflora wood generation in this study area are consumed by local people for domestic fuel, local bakery and hotels industries, biomass power plant and other local thermal energy consuming industries. The remaining 12.14 % is considered as surplus quantity. Firewood dealers play major role in handling the biomass, on collection from source, they distribute for local consumption against the requirements by the industries and the rest to the other industries in neighboring district as per the market demand. Surplus Biomass from Wasteland = 35, 56,189 tons/year 16

4.3 ENERGY PLANTATION Cultivation of fast growing trees such as casurina equistifolia, bush crops such as prosopis Juliflora, grass variety such as bamboo can serve as biomass fuel for exciting and new biomass power plants. The District wise waste available for energy plantation as per the wasteland atlas of India, Department of land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development is shown in the below table. Table 4.3 District Wise Waste Land Available for Energy Plantation in Rajasthan 8 District Under Utilised /Degraded Forest (Scrub Domin) Land affected by Salinity / alkalinity (Medium) Land affected by Salinity / alkalinity (Strong) Barren Rocky /Stone Waste Total land available for Energy Plantation Sq.KM Sq.KM Sq.KM Sq.KM Sq.KM 1 Ajmer 210.79 11.98 19.9 182.53 425.2 2 Alwar 111.1 0.2 0 273.7 385 3 Banswara 629.12 0 0 102.9 732.02 4 Baran 1197.68 0 0 35.27 1232.95 5 Barmer 124.69 123.12 9.93 299.06 556.8 6 Bharatpur 57.07 0.25 0 196.08 253.4 7 Bhilwara 363.48 0 0 206.16 569.64 8 Bikaner 70.87 0 0 19.63 90.5 9 Bundi 770.48 0 0 88.81 859.29 10 Chittore 892.1 2.54 0 98.87 993.51 11 Churu 0 14.71 0.39 4.94 20.04 12 Dausa 75.97 0.17 0.15 26.7 102.99 13 Dholpur 297.98 0 0 20.5 318.48 14 Dungarpur 324.88 0 0 52.8 377.68 15 Ganganagar 0 0 0 0 0 16 Hanumangarh 23.12 0 0 0 23.12 17 Jaipur 385.51 19.12 39.87 80.79 525.29 8 Wasteland atlas of India 2010, Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. of India. 17

18 Jaisalmer 145.87 11.36 40.67 1228.13 1426.03 19 Jalore 161.06 11.91 36.66 173.3 382.93 20 Jhalwar 604.36 0 0 13.9 618.26 21 Jhunjhunu 169.99 0 0 32.69 202.68 22 Jodhpur 57.53 48.96 6.18 500.21 612.88 23 Karoli 1121.07 0 0 55.44 1176.51 24 Kota 521.43 0 0 11.32 532.75 25 Nagaur 127.64 18.09 102.56 91.67 339.96 26 Pali 197.13 77.78 7.72 289.72 572.35 28 Rajsamand 41.21 0 0 392.05 433.26 29 S.Madhopur 388.69 0 0.62 28.83 418.14 30 Sikar 309.74 6.93 4.48 117.27 438.42 31 Sirohi 504.43 0 0 12.33 516.76 32 Tonk 102.92 0 0 22.49 125.41 33 Udaipur 1377.87 0 0 247.63 1625.5 11365.78 347.12 269.13 4905.72 16,887.8 As per the Biomass Policy issued by Government of Rajasthan in February 2010, the eligible biomass power producers shall identify suitable land for development of Prosopis- Juliflora within reserved area of power plant registered with RREC after approval of the project. When Prosopis Juliflora grows in organized plantation with care and attention, the average yield of prosopis juliflora through energy plantation has been estimated to be approximately 28 tons per ha per year or 113 T/ha/ 4 years cycle 9. If the waste lands are utilized for energy plantation, then the estimated fire wood generation is around 4, 72, 85,840 tons per year. 9 Ecology of Prosopis juliflora in the arid regions of India - S.K. Saxena. Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 342003, India 18

Table 4.4 Estimated Potential Biomass from Waste Land through Energy Plantation in Rajasthan Sl.No District Total land Available for Plantation Average Yield Tons/ha/year Estimated Biomass Generation Tons/year 1 Ajmer 42520 28 1190560 2 Alwar 38500 28 1078000 3 Banswara 73202 28 2049656 4 Baran 123295 28 3452260 5 Barmer 55680 28 1559040 6 Bharatpur 25340 28 709520 7 Bhilwara 56964 28 1594992 8 Bikaner 9050 28 253400 9 Bundi 85929 28 2406012 10 Chittore 99351 28 2781828 11 Churu 2004 28 56112 12 Dausa 10299 28 288372 13 Dholpur 31848 28 891744 14 Dungarpur 37768 28 1057504 15 Ganganagar 0 28 0 16 Hanumangarh 2312 28 64736 17 Jaipur 52529 28 1470812 18 Jaisalmer 142603 28 3992884 19 Jalore 38293 28 1072204 20 Jhalwar 61826 28 1731128 21 Jhunjhunu 20268 28 567504 22 Jodhpur 61288 28 1716064 23 Karoli 117651 28 3294228 24 Kota 53275 28 1491700 25 Nagaur 33996 28 951888 26 Pali 57235 28 1602580 28 Rajsamand 43326 28 1213128 29 S.Madhopur 41814 28 1170792 30 Sikar 43842 28 1227576 31 Sirohi 51676 28 1446928 32 Tonk 12541 28 351148 33 Udaipur 162550 28 4551400 1688775 47285700 19

Chapter 5 MAJOR BIOMASS IN THE STUDY AREA 5.0 INTRODUCTION This chapter deals about the major biomass in the study area. The major biomass available in Rajasthan are Mustard Stalks and Husk, Guar Stalks, Castor Stem, G.Nut Stalks, Gram Stalks, Cotton Stalks, Soyabean Stalks from Agricultural land and Prosopois Juliflora wood from Waste Land. Table 5.1 shows the surplus amount of biomass available. Table 5.1 Surplus Biomass from Various Sources S.No. Biomass Surplus 10 tons/year % Agro- Field Biomass 1 Mustard Stalks& 11,62,679 15.01 Husk 2 Guar Stalks 6,96,922 9.00 3 Castor Stem 5,07,715 6.56 4 G.Nut Stalks 4,42,907 5.72 5 Gram Stalks 3,53,511 4.56 6 Cotton Stalks 3,50,720 4.53 7 Soyabean Stalks 3,32,178 4.29 8 Moong Stalks 1,19,012 1.54 9 Moth Stalks 1,11,229 1.44 10 Seasamum Stalks 79,092 1.02 11 Urad Stalks 33,164 0.43 Waste Land Biomass 12 Prosopis Juliflora 35,56,189 45.91 Wood Total 77,45,318 100.00 10 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13 average surplus biomass of Rajasthan State. 20

5.1 SELECTION OF SUITABLE BIOMASS FOR PLANT The major biomasses considered for detailed discussion are as follows: 1) Mustard Stalks& Husk 2) Guar Stalks 3) Castor Steam 4) Ground Nut Stalks 5) Gram Stalks 6) Cotton Stalks 7) Soyabean Stalks 8) Prosopis Juliflora wood Moong Stalks, Moth Stalks, Seasamum Stalks, Urad Stalks are not considered for the detailed discussion because of its meager quantity in the study area. The district wise major crop cultivation area, biomass generation, consumption and surplus of are discussed below. The Prosopis Juliflora already discussed detailed in the chapter 4. 5.2 MUSTARD STALKS AND HUSK Mustard is an important crop in this study area, particularly in the Tonk, Jaipur, Alwar, Bharatpur, S.Madhopur and Ganganagar Districts. The Study area has an overall area of 25, 52,034 Ha under Mustard cultivation. Table 5.2 District wise Mustard Cultivated Area in Rajasthan 11 S.N o Districts Mustard Cultivated area in Ha 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Average % 1 Ajmer 24761 26943 40971 30892 1.2 2 Jaipur 130121 129440 121256 126939 5.0 3 Dausa 71186 77039 77949 75391 3.0 4 Tonk 181304 239290 266482 229025 9.0 5 Sikar 74672 68539 61457 68223 2.7 6 Jhunjhunu 93383 97634 82764 91260 3.6 11 2010-11, 2011-12 & 2012-13 G-Return Statistical Department of Rajasthan State, Jaipur. The years 2013-14, 2014-2015 cultivation area data is not available during our survey in January 2015. 21

7 Nagaur 52924 29496 68825 50415 2.0 8 Alwar 252730 264822 245516 254356 10.0 9 Bharatpur 202688 208018 231278 213995 8.4 10 Dholpur 60772 69037 71388 67066 2.6 11 S.Madhopur 151680 171164 181313 168052 6.6 12 Karoli 74140 80521 82711 79124 3.1 13 Bikaner 42172 48242 49612 46675 1.8 14 Churu 20679 24100 29637 24805 1.0 15 Jaisalmer 69288 62909 57838 63345 2.5 16 Ganganagar 281408 272238 257010 270219 10.6 17 Hanumangarh 108061 88991 105523 100858 4.0 18 Jodhpur 78487 63350 79784 73874 2.9 19 Barmer 25982 10249 14604 16945 0.7 20 Jalore 105461 46496 69169 73709 2.9 21 Pali 44012 40601 70796 51803 2.0 22 Sirohi 22935 17687 22768 21130 0.8 23 Kota 55614 60738 76313 64222 2.5 24 Baran 77635 65192 89736 77521 3.0 25 Bundi 41689 53284 66967 53980 2.1 26 Jhalwar 32622 32390 79561 48191 1.9 27 Banswara 111 99 83 98 0.0 28 Dungarpur 926 760 925 870 0.0 29 Udaipur 17541 13925 13107 14858 0.6 30 Pratapgarh 5585 5267 10797 7216 0.3 31 Bhilwara 32230 28729 42144 34368 1.3 32 Chittore 53119 40643 54103 49288 1.9 33 Rajsamand 3974 3421 2569 3321 0.1 Total 24,89,892 24,41,254 27,24,956 25,52,034 100 Mustard stalks & husk are available abundance in this study area, the estimated generation based on the primary data and secondary data is around 63,56,045tons /year in Rajasthan. Mustard stalks are harvested during month of Feb-May. Table 5.3 District wise Mustard Stalks & Husk Generation Consumption and Surplus in Rajasthan 12 S. No Districts Mustard Stalks &Husk Generation Consumption Surplus/Deficit Tons/Year Tons/Year Tons/Year 1 Ajmer 76941 61553 15388 12 The years 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13 average Mustard stalks & husk generation, consumption and surplus of Rajasthan State. 22

2 Jaipur 262207 340869-78662 3 Dausa 195621 156497 39124 4 Tonk 589271 471417 117854 5 Sikar 134058 113949 20109 6 Jhunjhunu 188424 131897 56527 7 Nagaur 114097 125507-11410 8 Alwar 689007 999060-310053 9 Bharatpur 655530 360541 294988 10 Dholpur 186250 65188 121063 11 S.Madhopur 392489 58873 333616 12 Karoli 221480 33222 188258 13 Bikaner 92221 59944 32277 14 Churu 47833 11958 35874 15 Jaisalmer 69197 10380 58818 16 Ganganagar 739008 997661-258653 17 Hanumangarh 276338 276338 0 18 Jodhpur 150773 22616 128157 19 Barmer 36314 5447 30867 20 Jalore 163209 163209 0 21 Pali 85289 21322 63967 22 Sirohi 49481 12370 37111 23 Kota 191589 201168-9579 24 Baran 227340 261441-34101 25 Bundi 130641 84917 45725 26 Jhalwar 127373 19106 108267 27 Banswara 245 37 208 28 Dungarpur 2183 327 1855 29 Udaipur 32764 14744 18020 30 Pratapgarh 21492 5373 16119 31 Bhilwara 76239 34308 41931 32 Chittore 124424 68433 55991 33 Rajsamand 6716 3694 3022 Total 63,56,045 51,93,365 11,62,679 About 82 % of the mustard stalks & husk are used as fuel in brick kilns, biomass power plant, thermal energy consuming industries (Small and Medium Boilers & Furnaces in Industries) and briquetting units in the local area. Hence 18 % of residues generated is available as surplus. There are more than thousand numbers of brick kilns in rajasthan and major fuel for brick kiln is mustard residues. 23

5.3 GUAR STALKS Guar is an one of major cash crop in this study area, particularly in bikaner, jaisalmer, barmer, churu, hanumangarh and ganganagar districts. Rajasthan state has an overall area of 35, 34,394 Ha under guar cultivation. Table 5.4 District wise Guar Cultivated Area in Rajasthan 13 S.N o Districts Guar Cultivated area in Ha 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Average % 1 Ajmer 6375 5347 19915 10546 0.3 2 Jaipur 44280 38430 55562 46091 1.3 3 Dausa 7016 5187 9386 7196 0.2 4 Tonk 2764 2696 7040 4167 0.1 5 Sikar 63743 77815 125528 89029 2.5 6 Jhunjhunu 54795 62340 125518 80884 2.3 7 Nagaur 73708 87082 211100 123963 3.5 8 Alwar 23399 19084 44214 28899 0.8 9 Bharatpur 2967 2175 9854 4999 0.1 10 Dholpur 587 403 1140 710 0.0 11 S.Madhopur 1423 940 4639 2334 0.1 12 Karoli 1435 1118 4806 2453 0.1 13 Bikaner 876113 901354 1094401 957289 27.1 14 Churu 247427 326758 607465 393883 11.1 15 Jaisalmer 424326 429305 499855 451162 12.8 16 Ganganagar 182192 162385 325064 223214 6.3 17 Hanumangarh 291344 295571 491009 359308 10.2 18 Jodhpur 134019 141835 254221 176692 5.0 19 Barmer 409097 428031 413648 416925 11.8 20 Jalore 53778 43170 93512 63487 1.8 21 Pali 39848 30383 58196 42809 1.2 22 Sirohi 8864 8317 11980 9720 0.3 23 Kota 0 0 0 0 0.0 24 Baran 0 0 0 0 0.0 25 Bundi 869 345 665 626 0.0 26 Jhalwar 0 0 630 210 0.0 27 Banswara 770 522 726 673 0.0 28 Dungarpur 2643 2240 2219 2367 0.1 29 Udaipur 11888 10559 11436 11294 0.3 30 Pratapgarh 57 50 207 105 0.0 31 Bhilwara 7574 6238 28955 14256 0.4 13 2010-11, 2011-12 & 2012-13 G-Return Statistical Department of Rajasthan State, Jaipur. The year 2013-14, 2014-2015 cultivation area data is not available during our survey in January 2015. 24

32 Chittore 3756 3436 8486 5226 0.1 33 Rajsamand 3889 2753 4991 3878 0.1 Total 2980946 3095869 4526368 3534394 100 Guar stalks are available abundance in this study area. The estimated Guar stalks availability based on the primary data and secondary data is around 6, 96,922 tons /year within the Study Area. Guar stalks are harvested during month of Oct-Dec. Table 5.5 District wise Guar Stalks Generation Consumption and Surplus in Rajasthan 14 S.No Districts Guar Stalks in Tons/ Year Generation Consumption Surplus 1 Ajmer 12251 10413 1838 2 Jaipur 73132 84102-10970 3 Dausa 12299 9224 3075 4 Tonk 4992 2496 2496 5 Sikar 121010 102859 18152 6 Jhunjhunu 113654 102288 11365 7 Nagaur 60534 54481 6053 8 Alwar 58537 64391-5854 9 Bharatpur 11817 6499 5317 10 Dholpur 632 221 411 11 S.Madhopur 3985 598 3388 12 Karoli 4593 689 3904 13 Bikaner 763827 572870 190957 14 Churu 230864 126975 103889 15 Jaisalmer 186870 46718 140153 16 Ganganagar 420371 525464-105093 17 Hanumangarh 646727 646727 0 18 Jodhpur 154763 38691 116072 19 Barmer 188186 47046 141139 20 Jalore 68095 68095 0 21 Pali 50093 17533 32561 22 Sirohi 13993 6297 7696 23 Kota 0 0 0 24 Baran 0 0 0 25 Bundi 571 200 371 26 Jhalwar 169 59 110 14 The years 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13 average Guar stalks generation, consumption and surplus of Rajasthan State. 25

27 Banswara 729 255 474 28 Dungarpur 2068 724 1344 29 Udaipur 16623 5818 10805 30 Pratapgarh 91 32 59 31 Bhilwara 14521 3630 10890 32 Chittore 5890 2651 3240 33 Rajsamand 4740 1659 3081 Total 32,46,627 25,49,705 6,96,922 About 79 % of the stalks are used for fodder, brick units, briquetting units and industrial fuel purposes. Hence 21 % of stalks generated is available as surplus. 5.4 CASTOR STEM Castor is an another important biomass crop in this study area, particularly in the Jalore, Sirohi, Barmer and Jodhpur districts. The sstudy area has an overall area of 2, 27,009 Ha under castor cultivation. Castor Stems are 3 to 3.5 m long, depending upon the variety and the crop condition, and their diameter just above the ground may vary from 3 to 5 cm. Some varieties yield highly branched Stem. Table 5.6 District wise Castor Cultivated Area in Rajasthan 15 S.No Districts Castor Cultivated area in Ha 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Average % 1 Ajmer 119 1041 262 474 0 2 Jaipur 21 27 9 19 0 3 Dausa 0 0 5 2 0 4 Tonk 43 352 88 161 0 5 Sikar 2 12 6 7 0 6 Jhunjhunu 66 354 200 207 0 7 Nagaur 107 818 169 365 0 8 Alwar 0 0 1 0 0 9 Bharatpur 14 183 54 84 0 10 Dholpur 1 0 0 0 0 11 S.Madhopur 0 5 0 2 0 15 2010-11, 2011-12 & 2012-13 G-Return Statistical Department of Rajasthan State, Jaipur. The year 2013-14, 2014-2015 cultivation area data is not available during our survey in January 2015. 26

12 Karoli 0 1 2 1 0 13 Bikaner 145 581 222 316 0 14 Churu 0 11 6 6 0 15 Jaisalmer 2103 7493 6018 5205 2 16 Ganganagar 1694 3052 728 1825 1 17 Hanumangarh 4179 5611 777 3522 2 18 Jodhpur 25682 40266 39249 35066 15 19 Barmer 29510 43147 37502 36720 16 20 Jalore 67253 123273 87067 92531 41 21 Pali 2792 10904 6519 6738 3 22 Sirohi 32879 53173 43519 43190 19 23 Kota 0 0 11 4 0 24 Baran 0 2 0 1 0 25 Bundi 0 21 9 10 0 26 Jhalwar 0 2 0 1 0 27 Banswara 31 32 7 23 0 28 Dungarpur 32 549 435 339 0 29 Udaipur 17 17 27 20 0 30 Pratapgarh 35 4 1 13 0 31 Bhilwara 15 337 94 149 0 32 Chittore 6 26 1 11 0 33 Rajsamand 0 0 0 0 0 Total 1,66,746 2,91,294 2,22,988 2,27,009 100 The estimated ccastor stems availability based on the data analysis is around 5, 07,715 tons /year in the sstudy area. Table 5.7 District wise Castor Stem Generation Consumption and Surplus in Rajasthan 16 S.No Districts Generation Consumption Surplus Tons/Year 1 Ajmer 725 435 290 2 Jaipur 73 40 33 3 Dausa 13 7 6 4 Tonk 319 175 143 5 Sikar 21 12 10 6 Jhunjhunu 367 202 165 7 Nagaur 1647 906 741 16 The years 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13 average Guar stalks generation, consumption and surplus of Rajasthan State. 27

8 Alwar 0 0 0 9 Bharatpur 323 177 145 10 Dholpur 1 1 1 11 S.Madhopur 7 4 3 12 Karoli 4 2 2 13 Bikaner 1245 685 560 14 Churu 12 7 5 15 Jaisalmer 5858 3222 2636 16 Ganganagar 4232 2328 1905 17 Hanumangarh 25714 19285 6428 18 Jodhpur 69888 45427 24461 19 Barmer 110099 71564 38535 20 Jalore 767620 498953 268667 21 Pali 20688 11379 9310 22 Sirohi 340158 187087 153071 23 Kota 13 7 6 24 Baran 3 1 1 25 Bundi 40 22 18 26 Jhalwar 1 1 1 27 Banswara 12 7 5 28 Dungarpur 777 428 350 29 Udaipur 61 34 28 30 Pratapgarh 19 10 8 31 Bhilwara 344 189 155 32 Chittore 57 32 26 33 Rajsamand 0 0 0 Total 1350342 842628 507715 Caster Stem at present is not utilised by any industries in the study area. About 62% of the stems are used for domestic fuel purposes. Hence almost 38% of Stems generated is available as surplus. The moisture content of the caster stem during harvesting is between 60 to 70%, because of the high moisture content of this biomass, the industries are not consider this biomass as fuel. However it will be dried on field first and used in the industries is the best option for utilize surplus quantum of this biomass. It is also planned to provide the necessary facilities for the castor growers to stock castor stem near their fields or in exclusive collection centres to avoid shortage of space at the power plant site. 28

5.5 GROUNDNUT STALKS Groundnut is also an important crop in this study area particularly in the Bikaner, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Churu and Sikar districts. The study area has an overall average area of 3, 85,930 Ha under Groundnut cultivation. The residue of Groundnut is a stalks and it is produced in the field at the time of harvesting. Groundnut stalks are 0.5 to 1 meter long. The specific weight of short chopped groundnut stalks is about 140 kg / m 3. Table 5.8 District wise Groundnut Cultivated Area in Rajasthan 17 S.No Districts Groundnut Cultivated Area in Ha 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Average % 1 Ajmer 2030 2665 2765 2487 0.6 2 Jaipur 44801 50905 43879 46528 12.1 3 Dausa 16422 19154 16510 17362 4.5 4 Tonk 13245 17810 13454 14836 3.8 5 Sikar 23763 29536 24062 25787 6.7 6 Jhunjhunu 2041 3120 3010 2724 0.7 7 Nagaur 13290 14009 11583 12961 3.4 8 Alwar 1485 1583 907 1325 0.3 9 Bharatpur 63 61 36 53 0.0 10 Dholpur 91 161 90 114 0.0 11 S.Madhopur 5493 7884 5590 6322 1.6 12 Karoli 1128 1068 896 1031 0.3 13 Bikaner 85189 101429 109215 98611 25.6 14 Churu 25245 32892 37562 31900 8.3 15 Jaisalmer 11221 14246 12659 12709 3.3 16 Ganganagar 3743 3904 2013 3220 0.8 17 Hanumangarh 4793 5199 4011 4668 1.2 18 Jodhpur 49084 61761 64222 58356 15.1 19 Barmer 578 1028 710 772 0.2 20 Jalore 3986 6539 6791 5772 1.5 21 Pali 1018 1353 1182 1184 0.3 22 Sirohi 5536 6437 5966 5980 1.5 23 Kota 326 422 339 362 0.1 24 Baran 597 753 522 624 0.2 25 Bundi 394 498 486 459 0.1 26 Jhalwar 1357 1373 1167 1299 0.3 17 2010-11, 2011-12 & 2012-13 G-Return Statistical Department of Rajasthan State, Jaipur. The year 2013-14, 2014-2015 cultivation area data is not available during our survey in January 2015. 29

27 Banswara 189 205 163 186 0.0 28 Dungarpur 31 41 6 26 0.0 29 Udaipur 3185 2814 2803 2934 0.8 30 Pratapgarh 801 808 584 731 0.2 31 Bhilwara 6918 7196 6400 6838 1.8 32 Chittore 19393 19379 16580 18451 4.8 33 Rajsamand 1895 1877 1646 1806 0.5 Total 3,49,331 4,18,110 3,97,809 3,85,930 100 Groundnut Stalks is available surplus in the study area. The estimated Groundnut Stalks availability based on the Secondary data is around 4, 42,907 tons /year around the Study Area. Table 5.9 District wise Groundnut stalks Generation Consumption and Surplus in Rajasthan 18 S.No Districts Groundnut stalks Tons/Year Generation Consumption Surplus 1 Ajmer 6734 4377 2357 2 Jaipur 204975 133234 71741 3 Dausa 57366 37288 20078 4 Tonk 42272 29590 12681 5 Sikar 113701 73906 39795 6 Jhunjhunu 11202 7841 3361 7 Nagaur 48295 43465 4829 8 Alwar 5631 4786 845 9 Bharatpur 228 148 80 10 Dholpur 481 313 168 11 S.Madhopur 20427 13278 7150 12 Karoli 3830 1724 2107 13 Bikaner 537445 456828 80617 14 Churu 129179 83966 45213 15 Jaisalmer 33900 15255 18645 16 Ganganagar 14239 9255 4983 17 Hanumangarh 24563 13510 11054 18 Jodhpur 204199 132730 71470 19 Barmer 3232 1454 1778 20 Jalore 23327 17496 5832 21 Pali 4195 2727 1468 18 The years 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13 average Groundnut stalks generation, consumption and surplus of Rajasthan State. 30

22 Sirohi 21970 16477 5492 23 Kota 1517 1138 379 24 Baran 2632 1711 921 25 Bundi 1907 1621 286 26 Jhalwar 4595 2068 2527 27 Banswara 781 352 430 28 Dungarpur 114 51 63 29 Udaipur 5851 3803 2048 30 Pratapgarh 2459 1599 861 31 Bhilwara 19175 12464 6711 32 Chittore 61808 46356 15452 33 Rajsamand 4244 2758 1485 Total 16,16,475 11,73,568 4,42,907 Groundnut stalks is the residue left after the removal of the kernel form the pod. At present 73 % of the generated stalks is consumed by local people for domestic activity, some the brick kilns, biomass power plant and thermal industries in this study area. 5.6 GRAM STALKS Gram is also one of the major crop in this study area particularly in the Churu, Bikaner, Hanumangarh, Jaisalmer and Ganganagar districts. The Study area has an overall average area of 14, 86,524 Ha under gram cultivation. Table 5.10 District wise Gram Cultivated Area in Rajasthan 19 S.No Districts Gram Cultivated area in Ha 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Average % 1 Ajmer 111133 87692 90065 96297 6.5 2 Jaipur 104503 103824 103274 103867 7.0 3 Dausa 10265 1171 12619 8018 0.5 4 Tonk 70332 59853 58579 62921 4.2 5 Sikar 84841 50146 42156 59048 4.0 6 Jhunjhunu 129439 75074 62745 89086 6.0 7 Nagaur 56970 11200 46517 38229 2.6 19 2010-11, 2011-12 & 2012-13 G-Return Statistical Department of Rajasthan State, Jaipur. The year 2013-14, 2014-2015 cultivation area data is not available during our survey in January 2015. 31

8 Alwar 13667 11289 11914 12290 0.8 9 Bharatpur 4885 4437 4321 4548 0.3 10 Dholpur 2266 1874 1496 1879 0.1 11 S.Madhopur 19231 14406 16552 16730 1.1 12 Karoli 16625 18650 16888 17388 1.2 13 Bikaner 163767 170383 188566 174239 11.7 14 Churu 358725 319454 127128 268436 18.1 15 Jaisalmer 79529 94024 130493 101349 6.8 16 Ganganagar 103991 93642 100048 99227 6.7 17 Hanumangarh 193983 154335 70150 139489 9.4 18 Jodhpur 5802 2820 1889 3504 0.2 19 Barmer 1072 461 297 610 0.0 20 Jalore 7910 4115 1848 4624 0.3 21 Pali 54513 14976 34268 34586 2.3 22 Sirohi 7515 5397 2578 5163 0.3 23 Kota 7942 5799 4098 5946 0.4 24 Baran 7628 3948 9450 7009 0.5 25 Bundi 9065 5824 5190 6693 0.5 26 Jhalwar 36467 14761 16993 22740 1.5 27 Banswara 13828 13719 13751 13766 0.9 28 Dungarpur 13566 14971 15384 14640 1.0 29 Udaipur 11157 9563 8420 9713 0.7 30 Pratapgarh 22421 19380 19020 20274 1.4 31 Bhilwara 50088 29300 29244 36211 2.4 32 Chittore 8817 5935 6013 6922 0.5 33 Rajsamand 1338 931 982 1084 0.1 Total 17,83,281 14,23,354 12,52,936 14,86,524 100.0 The estimated surplus gram stalks generation based on the primary data and secondary data is around 3, 53,511 tons /year in Rajasthan. Table 5.11 District wise Gram Stalks Generation Consumption and Surplus in Rajasthan 20 S.No Districts Gram stalks in Tons / Year Generation Consumption Surplus 1 Ajmer 97432 73074 24358 2 Jaipur 163977 122983 40994 3 Dausa 11177 8383 2794 20 The years 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13 average Guar stalks generation, consumption and surplus of Rajasthan State. 32