Contents Acknowledgments Foreword by David Allen Sibley BIRD DRAWING BASICS 1 vii ix The Joy of Drawing Birds 2 Draw a Bird in Six Steps 4 Posture, the First Line 5 Proportion 6 Head Position 7 Angles 8 Everything Follows Shape 9 Step by Step: Warbler 10 Step by Step: Sparrow 12 MASTERING BIRD ANATOMY 15 Songbird Bills 16 Cranial Kinesis 17 Feather Groups vs. Markings 18 Step by Step: Drawing Head Details 19 Turning Heads 20 Head Angles 21 Body Feathers 22 Suggesting Feathers 23 Feathers of the Chest 24 Chest Patterns 25 Back Feathers 26 Wings and the Automatic Linkage System 28 Spread Your Wings 29 Wing Tricks 30 Wing Proportions 31 Step by Step: Drawing Wings 32 Technical Points 34 Suggesting Wing Detail 35 Tail Shape and Structure 36 Moving and Foreshortening Tails 37 LGUI.indb 4 5/9/12 10:53 AM
The Thigh Bone s Connected to the 38 How to Balance Your Birds 39 Understanding Bird Feet 40 Simplifying Bird Feet 41 Leg Position and Angle 42 Bird Leg Details 43 Windows of the Soul 44 Iridescence 45 DETAILS AND TIPS FOR COMMON BIRDS 47 Birds of Prey 48 Raptor Anatomy 49 Raptor Body Feathers 50 Step by Step: Peregrine Watercolor 51 Drawing Waterfowl 52 The Angles of Heads and Tails 53 Duck Details 54 Duck Heads 55 Waterfowl in Motion 56 Step by Step: Ruddy Duck 57 Working with Waders 58 Wader Heads 60 Step by Step: Shorebird Value Study 61 Hummingbird Helper 62 BIRDS IN FLIGHT 65 Build a Flight Frame 66 Angled Flight Frames 67 Another Angle on Wings 68 Wing Tip Tips 69 Make a Flight Model 70 Sketching Small Birds in Flight 71 Underwing Anatomy 72 Step by Step: Raven in Flight 73 FIELD SKETCHING 75 Go Outside and Draw 76 Field Sketching Is Not Field Guide Art 77 Working in the Field 78 Field Sketching Zen 80 Drawing Moving Birds 81 Birds in Habitat 82 Travel Sketching 83 Documenting Rare Species 85 LGUI.indb 5 5/9/12 10:53 AM
MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES 87 Keys to Better Drawing 88 Observing Light and Shadow 90 Planes and Texture 91 Using Negative Space 92 Combining Shapes 93 How to Show Depth 94 A Few of My Favorite Things 96 Fast Sketching Combinations 97 A Portable Watercolor Palette 98 Paper Selection 99 Painting on Toned Paper 100 Color Theory Heresy 102 Reinventing the Wheel 103 Using Colored Pencils 104 Step by Step: Colored Pencil Warbler 106 Step by Step: Mixed-Media Steller's Jay 107 Watercolor Choices 108 Watercolor Techniques 110 Mixing Complementary Colors 111 Step by Step: European Starling 112 Using Reference Material 113 Bibliography 114 List of Illustrations 115 LGUI.indb 6 5/9/12 10:53 AM
FOREWORD I have been drawing birds for most of my life. I started almost as soon as I could hold a pencil, around five years old, and I kept at it. Birds have always been my favorite subject and have provided me with a lifetime of challenging and stimulating work. My father is an ornithologist, so there was no shortage of technical information about birds in our house. Finding instruction on drawing birds was more of a challenge. I watched birds constantly, I studied museum specimens and worked in bird-banding stations where I could hold the birds in my hand, and I sketched them whenever I could. I studied the work of other artists. I took lessons and read books about drawing in general, and I had a short picture book written and illustrated by Lynn Bogue Hunt called How to Draw and Paint Birds (published by Walter Foster). That book was big on demonstrations showing Ms. Hunt s nicely styled sketches but short on instruction. It didn t offer much more than the self-evident Try to draw something that looks like this. Slowly, over years of study and practice, I learned various tricks and details that made my drawings better. I learned about bird anatomy: how the feathers radiate from the base of the bill (page 22 in this book); how the tail pivots from a point far forward of where you would expect (page 37); how the feathers meet to form a crease down the center of the belly (page 24); how the feathers move as a bird stretches its neck (page 7). I learned about creating the illusion of form in two dimensions by making the darkest shadows away from the very edge of the bird (page 90), or merely suggesting the arrangement of feathers by outlining a few of them (page 35), and more. People often ask me if my passion for drawing came first or my interest in watching birds. I have always done both. For me the two are intertwined and mutually supportive in ways that I can t even begin to describe. Since drawing is one of the things I do, whenever I watch birds I am thinking about details of drawing them. I notice the line of the back, the way the bill opens, the interaction of colors and form. Conversely, when I am drawing I look more closely and ask and answer questions that I would not have considered if I was just watching. In that sense, drawing becomes a way to interact with the birds, and drawing leads to understanding. The simple act of trying to draw something can change the way you look at the world. And that brings me to the underlying message of this book, and one of my favorite things about it: Drawing birds is about so much more than just drawing birds. Drawing is often misunderstood. Non-artists tend to focus on the end result, and think that the primary purpose of drawing is to produce pretty pictures. For one thing, as this book points out, that s a stress-inducing way to think about the practice of drawing, since by that measure most of your drawings will be failures. More importantly, it misses the deeper and longer-lasting rewards of drawing the knowledge and understanding that come from the process. This book is superficially about drawing and painting birds, but it s really a guide to a more thoughtful and inquisitive study of birds, with drawing as the method. As John Muir Laws says in the introduction, Every drawing is practice for the next one make it your goal to learn to observe more closely and to remember what you have seen. With these goals, every drawing will be a success. I wish this book had been available to me when I was starting out, because it is filled with tips and tricks that took me decades to learn. It is detailed and thorough enough to be helpful to an experienced artist, but the explanations are so clear and intuitive, and the text so encouraging, that it should be truly empowering for beginners. Browse this book, try a few drawings, observe, browse some more. Don t worry about how your drawings look; with this book as your guide I guarantee they will get better. Just enjoy the excitement that comes from engaging your curiosity about birds, and the satisfaction of learning. David Allen Sibley Concord, Massachusetts ix LGUI.indb 9 5/9/12 10:53 AM
DRAW A BIRD IN SIX STEPS Start with the big picture. Posture, proportion, and angles create the silhouette of the bird. Dark and light values convey its solidity and lighting conditions. Add a little detail at the end, and stop before you overwork it. 1 As you look at the bird, try to feel the life within it. Try to capture its posture and flow with a single line. Block in the proportions of the body, and then the head. Doublecheck to make sure the proportions are correct before moving on. Carve in the angles, paying particular attention to where the head and tail join the body. You are not committed to these early marks. They serve as your guides. 2 Lightly draw the form of the bird, showing the major feather groups. 3 Block in the major areas of dark and light values. Lighting, color, and pattern all cause value changes. 5 Add details. Accent areas of interest and accentuate the edges. A little goes a long way, so practice restraint. 6 Knowing when to stop drawing is important. As a general rule, stop drawing before the picture is done. It is better for a drawing to be underdeveloped than overworked. 4 Laws Guide to Drawing Birds 4 If you are working with color, maintain the values you observed in step 3. Remember that in some light, a red bird will not appear red. Add the color you see, not what you think it should be. LGUI.indb 4 5/9/12 10:54 AM
FEATHER GROUPS VS. MARKINGS Feather groups are present in all birds and contribute to the bird s shape. Markings are formed by colored feathers within these groups. Auriculars Stiff feathers that cover the ear and form a triangular patch that extends back from the corner of the opening of the bill and the middle of the eye. Orbital feathers Tight feathers above and below the eye. Two to four rows of feathers may be seen below the eye. Even without special coloring, you can see the texture of this feather group. Supraloral feathers arch over the lores at the front of the eyebrow. Feather Groups Lores Rows of small feathers in front of the eye Median crown-stripe Lateral crown-stripes Supercilium or eyebrow Nape feathers cover the back of the neck behind the auriculars. Throat Eye-stripe along the upper edge of the auriculars Feather Markings Malar A zone of feathers that starts at the curve at the base of the lower bill and covers the bones of the mandible. A small crease is often visible at the bottom edge of the bill, indicating the lower edge of the malar. The distinction between the malar and the throat becomes less clear as you move away from the bill. Eye-ring and broken eyering made by contrasting orbital feathers Subauricular stripe or mustachial stripe along the lower edge of the auriculars Lateral throat-stripes Markings can be made by the coloring of entire feather groups. Other markings are made by dark feathers along the edges of feather groups. Some markings are made by a combination of the colors of feather groups and the colors at the edges of groups. 18 Laws Guide to Drawing Birds LGUI.indb 18 5/9/12 10:56 AM
TURNING HEADS Crosshairs through the bill and eye and around the head will help you keep track of the alignment of the bill, eye, and feather groups as a bird moves its head. Visualize and draw the eye-bill line as a circle that wraps all the way around the head. Draw a second circle through the middle of the face and around the back of the head. The eye sits on top of the eye-bill line. The base of the bill fits over the intersection of the crosshairs. A line through the intersection of these two circles aligns the bill. Bill length will appear to change with head position. In a side view, you will see the full length of the bill. It appears shorter in 3/4 views. The tip of the bill is aligned with the intersection of the crosshairs. The symmetry of lines on the head is maintained by keeping track of the center line and the eye-bill line. As the head turns, think of these lines as circles that wrap around the head. Align facial stripes and markings relative to these lines. Pay particular attention to the shapes made by patterns that wrap around the far side of the head. It will help to look at these as negative shapes. Also note that the shape of the eye will be foreshortened. At what point can you no longer see the eye on the far side of the head? 20 Laws Guide to Drawing Birds LGUI.indb 20 5/9/12 10:56 AM
FEATHERS OF THE CHEST Chest feathers are not a continuous set of feathers but are composed of groups. Understanding the direction and size of these feathers will help you draw the chest. FEATHER GROUPS Breast feathers form a mass across the upper chest. When fluffed, these may protrude from the rest of the chest feathers. The sides connect to the top of the flank feathers and may fluff out over the wrist (front of the wing). Flank feathers run down the side. The feathers that are higher on the chest are smaller with crisper edges, while the lower feathers are longer and shaggier. Belly feathers flip inward from the flanks to cover the brood patch (bald spot) in the middle of the belly. Vent feathers make a small patch that covers the cloaca. Undertail coverts cover the base of the tail and contribute to the streamlined shape of the bird. Breast Sides Use the groove between the belly feathers to help establish the direction and curvature of the center line of the breast. The more the bird rotates, the more the center line will curve, much in the same way that longitude lines wrap around a globe. Feather patterns follow the same lines as they wrap around the body. Flanks Belly Vent Undertail coverts 24 Laws Guide to Drawing Birds Patterns change with angle and perspective. 3/4 VIEW Center line Envision the bird three-dimensionally, with the head and undertail coverts intersecting the body in ellipses. Curve shadows and feather patterns around the form instead of drawing them straight to the edge. LGUI.indb 24 5/9/12 10:56 AM
WING PROPORTIONS The relative proportions of the parts of the wing differ between species. Understand the range of variability and look for these proportions as you draw. Below, the folded wings of six birds are scaled so that the secondary feathers are the same length. Note how far the primaries extend behind the secondaries. This distance is called the primary projection. It is an important field mark in identifying birds and is important to include in your sketches. If the secondary feathers shorten from the tip of the last tertial to the wrist, the back edge of the secondaries will form an angle. Look through bird photographs and try to pick out birds that show variation in primary projection or the angle of the secondaries. Pipits and wagtails have very long tertial feathers that cover most of the primary feathers. What sparrow has the shortest primary projection? Note the spacing of primary feathers. It may be uneven due to molt or species. Where is the point of the wrist? It may be hidden by breast feathers. How far down do the covert feathers reach? What is the angle of the bottom edge of the secondaries? Where on the back do the secondary feathers end? How far do the primaries extend beyond the secondaries and where do they end relative to the tail? Pewees have a much longer primary projection than Empidonax flycatchers. Primary feathers provide thrust, while secondary feathers provide lift. Birds that do a lot of soaring often have wide secondary feathers. Birds that flap powerfully for speed have long primary feathers. Thus buteos or eagles emphasize secondary feathers, while falcons emphasize primary feathers. Falcons have longer primaries and shorter secondaries than buteos. Swifts, swallows, and hummingbirds have extremely long primary feathers and reduced secondaries. Mastering Bird Anatomyaaa31 LGUI.indb 31 5/9/12 10:57 AM
WINDOWS OF THE SOUL extra attention here will pay off. But beware of overemphasizing the eyes. Sometimes a suggestion is all you need. The shape of the eye will change as a bird turns its head. Sparrow eyes look round from the side and elliptical from the front. The opposite is true of owls. Hawks are somewhere in between. The plane of the cheek also varies in the same way. Think of the eye as three parts: the colored iris, the pupil, and a small highlight that makes the eye look wet and alive. Highlight Pupil Iris Sparrow Hawk Owl Eye shape as seen from right side of head Eye shape as seen from front of head. The color of the iris is an important field mark. It will vary between species and in some cases will change with age. The pupil is almost always round but the contracted pupils of fowl may be ovals. A round pupil will look oval when it is viewed from an angle. Birds can control the dilation of their pupils. The pupils may also dilate independently. If one eye is in shadow, the pupil will look larger than the one in direct light. Eyes reflect the light source that illuminates them. An eye in direct sunlight will reflect the sun and the sky above. Be sure to draw the highlight on the correct side of the eye, so that it is oriented with the rest of the light and shadows in the picture. If the day is overcast or the bird is in shadow, as in a deep forest, the reflected light on the eye will be reduced or absent. When the eye closes to sleep, the lower eyelid moves up. When the bird blinks, the upper lid moves. Bird eyes are also protected by a transparent nictitating membrane that can flick across the eye from the inside corner, moving upwards and back. Because our attention is so drawn to the eyes, we easily exaggerate them in our sketches, making them either too large or overworked and prominent. Keep it simple and lively. Sometimes it is difficult to see the eye. You can leave it out if you cannot see it. 44 Laws Guide to Drawing Birds LGUI.indb 44 5/9/12 10:58 AM
IRIDESCENCE Feathers iridesce because of the microscopic structure of feather barbules. When a feather cence is to put pure color adjacent to black. Undercoat of green that blends into yellowgreen on the breast Undercoat of bright Phthalo Blue that blends into a strong purple. When painting iridescence, start with a base layer of the bright iridescent color. Let it change to another high-intensity color in the highlighted area. Iridescent highlights do not lighten but rather blend to a different brilliant hue. Once this coat is dry, start to cover it with dark paint, leaving a fairly abrupt edge between the color and the shadow (instead of a gradual transition). Another way to handle iridescence is to paint a dark undercoat and highlight it with bright colored pencils once the paint is completely dry. Topcoat of Payne s Gray, applied with a dry-brush to suggest feather edges and fluffiness Shadows carefully drawn in with Payne s Grey (a deep black-blue color) using a pointed brush Texture and pale feather edges added by applying white colored pencil Light and dark areas will change depending on how the feathers are oriented to the viewer. Even a gorget (the iridescent patch on a hummingbird s throat) that reflects back light will often look dark in some areas. You often see shadows of individual feathers adjacent to the darkest shadow areas. A change in light direction, viewer angle, or the position of the bird will dramatically change how you see the iridescence. To see the brightest colors, position yourself so that the sun is at your back as you look at the bird. Color shifts immediately to black without intermediate grays. Green areas may shade to coppery yellow Reflection of sky Sharp color change from bright red to bright orange Mastering Bird Anatomyaaa45 LGUI.indb 45 5/9/12 10:58 AM
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STEP BY STEP: DRAWING WINGS When drawing the wing, start with the shapes of the feather groups. Then draw the individual feathers, starting with the topmost feather in each group. 1 Sketch the leading edge of the wing and the boundary of the secondary feathers. With these two lines, you have indicated both the primary projection and the secondary angle. 6 Add the edges of the median secondary coverts, alula (adjacent to the greater secondary coverts), and primary coverts. 2 Draw the block of secondary feathers. 7 Draw the tertials, starting with the smallest. Top feathers may step down where they overlap. 3 Add the primary feathers along the leading edge, tucking up under the secondaries. 8 Add the rest of the secondaries parallel to the tertials. 4 Trim the top of the wing with scapulars. The wrist may be visible or covered by breast feathers. 9 Look at the spacing of the primary feathers and add a dot at the tip of each feather. 5 Add the block of greater secondary coverts. 10 Draw a diagonal line where you see emargination. 32 Laws Guide to Drawing Birds 11 Draw the trailing edge of each primary. LGUI.indb 32 5/9/12 10:57 AM