1. Introduction The Counter Reformation arose largely in answer to the Protestant Reformation. Beginning Council of Trent, 1545-1563 Ending the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648 A Strong Sense of Crisis Politically England and the Scandinavian kingdoms had broken with Rome Protestantism was strong in France and the Netherlands Poland, Austria and Hungary were widely influenced by the Protestant movement Even Spain and Italy, the Catholic heartlands, seemed under threat In Germany only Bavaria was still a significant Catholic state Religiously stagnation because of worldliness and negligence of the prelates allegiance between bishops and kings and princes ran churches for personal gain Pope Paul IV,as he lay dying in August 1559: "From the time of St. Peter there has not been a pontificate so unfortunate as mine. How I regret the past! Pray for me."
1. Introduction A Strong Sense of Crisis A need for a General Council A double aim to reform the church to secureits traditions against the innovations of Protestant theology and against the liberalizing effects of the Renaissance. The Catholic reformers sharedthe Protestants' revulsion at many corrupt conditions in the church. differedin their determination to preserve the tradition and retain allegiance to the ONE church. Five major elements of reform A Counter Reform movement was initiated around the following five major elements: Doctrine Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration Religious orders Spiritual movements Political dimensions
1. Introduction 2. Council of Trent 1545 47, 1551 52, 1562 63 Popes of the council: Paul III, Julius III, and Pius IV Countering Protestant doctrine The early sessionsof Trent were largely concerned with countering Protestant doctrine and providing definitive statements of Catholic faith on matters such as: Justification The importance of good works The number of sacraments The equal authority of church tradition with scripture Reaffirmation of the basic structure and faith of the Church Salvation by grace through faith and works of that faith transubstantiation, i.e. the consecrated bread and wine -transformed wholly and substantially into the body, blood, soul and divinity of Christ. pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, and the veneration of the Virgin Mary Vulgate listing of the Old Testament Bible
1. Introduction 2. Council of Trent Countering Protestant doctrine Reaffirmation of the basic structure and faith of the Church Recognition of a need of changes growing divide between the clerics and the laity the poor education of many members of the clergy discipline and administration of the Church need improvement appointment of bishops for political reasons was no longer tolerated Implemented reforms Education for parish priests, diocesan seminaries, moral teachings New spiritual movements focusing on devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ Reformof religious orders, worship, the law of the church and the government of the Holy See Simony, including the preaching of some indulgences, was uprooted Purge of the papal court by Paul IV, quasi-monastic air in the Vatican A new enthusiasm offensive in Europe, Jesuits and Capuchins win Austria, Poland, the S Netherlands, and parts of Germany, Hungary, and Bohemia back to the Roman Catholic Church. foreign missions, the Jesuits to America Spanish religiosity, Carmelite reforms by Theresa of Ávila and John of the Cross Revival of Marian piety
The Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years War 1. Origins of the war The Peace of Augsburg The Peace of Augsburg (1555), signed by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, ended war between German Lutherans and Catholics. It stated: Rulers of the 225 German states could choose the religion (Lutheranism or Catholicism) of their realms according to their consciences, and compel their subjects to follow that faith (the principle of cuiusregio, eiusreligio). Lutherans living in a prince-bishopric (a state ruled by a Catholic bishop) could continue to practice their faith. Lutherans could keep the territory that they had captured from the Catholic Church since the Peace of Passau in 1552. Those prince-bishops who had converted to Lutheranism were required to give up their territories (the principle called reservatumecclesiasticum). The Peace of Augsburg created a temporary end to hostilities, but it did not solve the underlying religious conflict. In addition, Calvinismspread quickly throughout Germany in the years that followed, but its position was not recognized in any way by the Augsburg terms.
The Thirty Years War 1. Origins of the war The Peace of Augsburg The European neighbors The rulers of the nations neighboring the Holy Roman Empire also contributed to the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War: Spain held part of the Netherlands and Italy and was interested in the German states The Dutch revolted against the Spanish domination during the 1560s, leading to a protracted war of independence that led to a truce only in 1609. Francewas nearly surrounded by territory controlled by the two Habsburg states (Spain and the Holy Roman Empire), and wanted to exert its power against the weaker German states; Thus, Catholic France participated on the otherwise Protestant side of the war. Sweden and Denmark were interested in gaining control over the northern German states bordering the Baltic Sea. 2. Casualties and disease Reduction of population in the German states at about 15% to 30%, male 50%; Württemberg lost three-quarters, Brandenburg half, some other areas two-thirds of the population. Czech lands declined by a third due to war, disease, famine and the expulsion of Protestant Czechs The Swedish armies alone destroyed up to 2,000 castles, 18,000 villages and 1,500 towns in Germany, one-third of all German towns Pestilenceof several kinds raged among combatants and civilians Displacementof civilian populations and the overcrowding of refugees into cities led to both disease and famine In the last decades of the war, both typhus and dysenteryhad become endemic in Germany
The Thirty Years War 1. Origins of the war 2. Casualties and disease 3. Peace of Westphalia French General Louis II de Bourbon defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Rocroiin 1643, which led to negotiations Over a four year period, the parties were actively negotiating at Osnabrückand Münsterin Westphalia. The end of the war was brought about by a group of treaties such as the Treaty of Hamburg and the Treaty of Osnabrückand the Treaty of Münster, thus ending both the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War (between Spain and the Netherlands) 4. Political consequences The balkanization of Germanyinto many territories all of which won de factosovereignty, which limited the power of the Holy Roman Empire and decentralized German power. Spain'smilitary and political power declined visible. While Spain was fighting in France, Portugal attained independence. Also, Spain was forced to accept the independence of the Dutch Republic in 1648, ending the Eighty Years' War. Francestarted to replace Spain as the dominant European power, an outcome confirmed by its victories By the late 1600s. Thus France, under the leadership of Louis XIV, had surpassed Habsburg-Spain in influence
The Thirty Years War