Report Form for Myers-Briggs Type Indicator The MBTI reports your preference on four scales. Each scale is independent. The scales provide insight into your behavioral patterns in four areas: Where you focus your attention How you take in information How you make decisions How you structure your life The MBTI uses letters to designate your preferences in each area. The letters are used as a shorthand for describing your approach to the world. E Focus on outer world of people and things I Focus on inner world of ideas, feelings, impressions S Focus on present reality and Information from your senses N Focus on future possibilities and the relationship between ideas T Base decisions on logic and objective analysis; task oriented F Base decisions on personal values; people oriented J Live life in a planned and organized manner; Like things settled and decided P Live life in a spontaneous manner; Like to stay open to new experiences No one uses only one preference. We move back and forth between the eight preferences daily. But we do have a preference and when we are living in that preference, we feel more effective, more comfortable and more energized. The four letters show your type - the combination of the preferences that you use, Each type tends to be different in their interests, gifts and values. For a more complete description of the theory the types and the implications of type on leadership, team building, career choice, learning styles, parenting, and relationships: Please Understand Me by David Keirsey Developing Leaders by Catherine Fitzpatrick and Linda Kirby Gifts Differing by Isabel Briggs Myers
Comparison of Extraversion and Introversion Extraversion Introversion Energy directed outward toward people and things directed inward toward concepts and ideas wants to change the world civilizing genius relaxed and confident understandable and accessible afterthinkers Focus Attitude Orientation wants to understand the world cultural genius reserved and questioning subtle and impenetrable forethinkers Work Environment varied and action-oriented quiet and concentrated prefers to be around and with others prefers to be alone interests have breadth interests have depth
EXTRAVERSION - INTROVERSION Extraversion (75% population) Introversion (25% pop.) (43% Cont. Ed.) (57% Cont. Ed) Open, talkative, gregarious Fascinated by outside world Actions, objects, persons Energized by people Loves talking to people Likes variety and action Good at greeting people Impatient with long slow jobs Interested in results Acts before thinking Relaxed and confident Understandable, accessible Many acquaintances Reserved, quiet, noncommunicative Fascinated by inner processes Concepts and ideas Enervated by people Likes reflection, contemplation Likes quiet for concentration Trouble remembering names/faces Likes one uninterrupted project Interested in idea behind the job Thinks before acting Reserved and questioning Subtle, shy, impenetrable A few deep friendships
NEGATIVE STEREOTYPES OF EACH Extraversion Talks too much May only give the appearance of liking people Want a team/committee for everything Do it even if it s wrong Easily distracted from work Lack power of concentration Mistake-prone Always pushing for cooperation Don t do any long-range planning Stand-offish Introversion Hidden, sneaky, can t tell what they re thinking/feeling Want to do it all themselves Won t help others Poor communicators Impractical Hard to get started on a job Not good with strangers Not good with groups of people
MUTUAL NEEDS Extravert needs an Introvert to: Introvert needs an Extravert to: Think through before action Be careful, precise, exact Weigh conflicting ideas To plan thoroughly See problems, objections Develop new concepts, ideas See long range effects Understand purposes See deeply Achieve project concentration Carry the message Advertise, promote Help network Find external difficulties Facilitate action Convince, persuade others Grow, expand, achieve breadth Foster cooperation See political/interpersonal consequences Facilitate speed & efficiency
HOW TO COMMUNICATE WITH ONE S OPPOSITE Extraverts must: Remember that silence doesn t mean that the introvert is uninterested Try to be brief Remember to tell introverts why they re to do something Introverts must: Volunteer their ideas; otherwise no one will follow Understand that sharing a value important to you won t change an extravert s mind Remember that extraverts respond better to the demands of others than you, the introvert Remember that introverts tend to show their friendliness through deeds, not talk.
IDEAL WORK SITUATIONS Extraversion Introversion Group, team work Acting, doing Hustle and bustle Interruptions OK Uncomplicated work Like quick jobs Privacy Dealing with concepts, ideas Quiet No intrusions, interruptions Complicated work Patient with long, slow jobs
Comparison of Sensing and Intuition Sensing Intuition Mode of Perception five senses (experience) sixth sense (possibilities) Focus details practicality reality present enjoyment patterns innovation expectation future achievement Orientation live life as it is change, rearrange life Work Environment prefers using learned skills pays attention to details patient with details and makes few factual errors prefers adding new skills looks at the big picture patient with complexity
MUTUAL NEEDS Sensing needs Intuitive to: Intuitive needs Sensing to: Bring up new possibilities Supply ingenuity Read signs of coming change Prepare for the future Have enthusiasm Watch for new essentials Visualize a better tomorrow Bring up pertinent facts Apply experience, history Read the fine print See what s needed now Have patience Remember essentials now To live today
STEREOTYPES & CONFLICTS Sensing Intuition Lack imagination Materialistic Stuck in a rut Don t look ahead Keep it the same Doesn t want new projects Want creature comforts No new ideas Lack common sense Impractical Head in the clouds Can t see reality Change for its own sake Won t finish old projects Want a Utopia Ideas unworkable
COMMUNICATION WITH ONE S OPPOSITE Sensing persons must: State facts as a contribution, not a refutation or putdown Lay aside your immediate impulse to say, It won t work. Try to think how the plan might be made workable Try to see the broad picture, not just isolated details Avoid giving repetitive work to intuitives Intuitives must: Say exactly what you re talking about Finish sentences, don t leave steps out Give notice when changing subjects. Don t talk about several projects Think of limitations, consequences before sharing new ideas Do homework. Have a plan. Have facts, figures, details
Comparison of Thinking and Feeling Thinking Feeling Focus logic of a situation things truth principles human values and needs people tact harmony Work Environment brief and businesslike impersonal treats others fairly naturally friendly personal treats others as they need to be treated Contribution to society intellectual criticism exposure of wrongs solutions to problems loyal support care and concern for others zest and enthusiasm
THINKING-FEELING Thinking (50% pop.) Feeling (50% pop.) (47% Cont. Ed.) ( 53% Cont. Ed.) Values logic and reason Impersonal, interested in things Truthful Strong executive ability Tend to disagree with others Brief & businesslike Logical and organized Finds solutions Laws, justice, policy Firm Wary Values sentiment Personal, interested in people Tactful Strong in social arts Tend to accommodate others Friendly Rambling, repetetive Loyal, supportive Interpersonal skills Forgiving, trustful Compassionate, gentle
IDEAL WORK SITUATIONS Thinking Feeling Objectivity valued Dealing with principles policy rules& regulations criteria Needs for firmness Facts & Figures One is treated fairly Where thinking is important Persuasion valued Working to create harmony Need for empathy Seeing others needs One is praised Where values are important
MUTUAL NEEDS Thinking person needs a Feeling person to: Feeling person needs a Thinking person to: Persuade Conciliate Predict others feelings, reactions Arouse enthusiasm Teach Sell Advertise Appreciate the Thinker Analyze Organize To find flaws in advance Reform Hold consistently to policy Weigh evidence Fire or discipline Stand firm against opposition
STEREOTYPES OF EACH Thinking Feeling Impersonal Doesn t like people Lacks tact Suspicious Rigid Seen as bull-headed Heartless Cold Remote Intellectualizers Unyielding Unforgiving Hurt people s feelings Warm fuzzy Doesn t like to think Lacks logic Naïve Inconsistent Seen as weak Soft-hearted Lacking in firmness Won t take a firm stand Too emotional Break down under pressure Can t maintain discipline Heart on sleeve
COMMUNICATION WITH ONE S OPPOSITE Thinking persons must: Feeling persons must: Not find fault or disagree so forcefully & blunt that the Feeling type takes it as a personal attack Try to be logical and orderly If you disagree, begin by mentioning points you agree on Tell thinking types how you feel (They don t know) Stop and listen to the other person s side of the matter Understand that enthusiasm won t work Make special effort to appreciate others work Understand that reason is the key to convincing Recognize the Feeling person s need for peace and harmony
COMPARISON OF JUDGING AND PERCEPTION Judgment Perception Attitude decisive planful be right self-regimented purposeful exacting curious spontaneous miss nothing flexible adaptable tolerant Work Environment focus on completing task makes decisions quickly Wants only the essentials of the job focus on starting task postpones decisions wants to find out all about the job
JUDGING-PERCEPTIVE Judging (50% pop.) Perception (50% pop.) (70% Cont. Ed.) (30% Cont. Ed.) Structured Decisive Conforming Scheduler, planner, listmaker Wants control over life Plans, standards, customs Likes matters settled, decided Advice givers Finish & complete work Joy of scheduled completion Purposeful Exacting Self-regimented Formal Outcome-oriented Unstructured Curious Nonconforming Non-planner Flows with experience of life Unexpected Keep options open Interested Starts new work Joy in last minute panic Adaptable Tolerant Flexible Casual Process-oriented
IDEAL WORK SITUATIONS Judging Perceptive Settled, structured environment Decision-making Closure needed on schedule Get the show on the road Clear-cut problems Black and white Follow a clear-cut plan One project at a time Changing environment Information-gathering Open-ended No decision-rushing Ambiguous problems Lots of grey Fly by the seat of pants Several projects welcome
STEREOTYPES OF EACH Judging Perceptive Pressured, pressuring Only want to work Jump to conclusions Rigid Arbitrary Controlled, controlling Have to be in control Compulsive Aimless drifters Won t make decisions Indecisive Procrastinate, foot-dragging Wait and see Something will turn up Won t take control Tentative
MUTUAL NEEDS Judging needs a Perceptive to: Perceptive needs a Judging to: Gather more data when needed See more deeply, broadly Look at from all angles Supply understanding Open-mindedness Provide tolerance Provide spontaneity Adapt to changing circumstances Provide curiosity Zest for new experience Help push to conclusion To develop a system Provide consistency Institute order Make plans Set goals Sustain the effort Provide will power Get others to conform Accept routine
COMMUNICATION WITH ONE S OPPOSITE Judging persons must: Perceptive persons must: Explain reasons for rules, regulations, policies, procedures Gain deadline commitments from the perceptive Avoid driving oneself and others too hard Try to be reasonably uncritical Explain logic of any changes Explain benefits of delaying decisions Always make sure the J type Sees the Reason for doing something Always make sure the J type Sees the Need, that any new action Makes sense. Don t burn bridges behind you
Characteristics frequently associated with each type Sensing Types Intuitive Types ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ Serious, quiet, earn success by concentration and thoroughness. Practical, orderly, matterof-fact, logical, realistic, and dependable. See to it that everything is well-organized. Take responsibility. Make up their own minds as to what should be accomplished and work toward it steadily, regardless of protests or distractions. Quiet, friendly, responsible, and conscientious. Work devotedly to meet their obligations. Lend stability to any project or group. Thorough, painstaking, accurate. Their interests are usually not technical. Can be patient with necessary details. Loyal, considerate, perceptive. Concerned with how other people feel. Succeed by perseverance, originality, and desire to do whatever is needed or wanted. Put their best efforts into their work. Quietly forceful, conscientious, concerned for others. Respected for their firm principles. Likely to be honored and followed for their clear convictions as to how best to serve the common good. Usually have original minds and great drive for their own ideas and purposes. In fields that appeal to them, they have a fine power to organize a job and carry it through with or without help. Skeptical, critical, independent, determined, sometimes stubborn. Must learn to yield less important points in order to win the most important. ISTP ISFP INFP INTP Cool Onlooker quiet, reserved, observing and analyzing life with detached curiosity and unexpected flashes of original humor. Usually interested in cause and effect, how and why mechanical things work, and in organizing facts using logical principles. Retiring, quietly friendly, sensitive, kind, modest about their abilities. Shun disagreements, do not force their opinions or values on others. Usually do not care to lead but are often loyal followers. Often relaxed about getting things done, because they enjoy the present moment and do not want to spoil it by undue haste or exertion. Full of enthusiasms and loyalties, but seldom talk of these until they know you well. Care about learning, ideas, language, and independent projects of their own. Tend to undertake too much, then somehow get it done. Friendly, but often too absorbed in what they are doing to be sociable. Little concerned with possessions or physical surroundings. Quiet and reserved. Especially enjoy theoretical or scientific pursuits. Like solving problems with logic and analysis. Usually interested mainly in ideas, with little liking for parties or small talk. Tend to have sharply defined interests. Need careers where some strong interest can be used and useful. ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP Good at on-the-spot problem solving. Do not worry, enjoy whatever comes along. Tend to like mechanical things and sports, with friends on the side. Adaptable, tolerant, generally conservative in values. Dislike long explanations. Are best with real things that can be worked, handled, taken apart, or put together. Outgoing, easygoing, accepting, friendly, enjoy everything and make things more fun for others by their enjoyment. Like sports and making things happen. Know what s going on and join in eagerly. Find remembering facts easier than mastering theories. Are best in situations that need sound common sense and practical ability with people as well as with things. Warmly enthusiastic, high-spirited, ingenious, imaginative. Able to do almost anything that interests them. Quick with a solution for any difficulty and ready to help anyone with a problem. Often rely on their ability to improvise instead of preparing in advance. Can usually find compelling reasons for whatever they want. Quick ingenious, good at many things. Stimulating company, alert and outspoken. May argue for fun on either side of a question. Resourceful in solving new and challenging problems, but may neglect routine assignments. Apt to turn to one new interest after another. Skillful in finding logical reasons for what they want. ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ Practical, realistic, matter-of-fact, with a natural head for business or mechanics. Not interested in subjects they see no use for, but can apply themselves with necessary. Like to organize and run activities. May make good administrators, especially if they remember to consider others feelings and points of view. Warm-hearted, talkative, popular, conscientious, born cooperators, active committee members. Need harmony and may be good at creating it. Always doing something nice for someone. Work best with encouragement and praise. Main interest is in things that directly and visibly after people s lives. Responsive and responsible. Generally feel real concern for what others think or want, and try to handle things with due regard for the other person s feelings. Can present a proposal or lead a group discussion with ease and tact. Sociable, popular, sympathetic. Responsive to praise and criticism. Hearty, frank, decisive, leaders in activities. Usually good in anything that requires reasoning and intelligent talk, such as public speaking. Are usually well informed and enjoy adding to their fund of knowledge. May sometimes appear more positive and confident than their experience in an area warrants.