PBS Freight and Heavy Vehicles Access & Safety

PBS Freight and Heavy Vehicles Access & Safety

Housekeeping matters location of toilets lunch and coffee/tea arrangements mobile phones please mute them or turn them off evacuation procedures 2

Program Topic Introduction to heavy vehicles and basic principles Freight trends, truck size and weight and regulations Performance Based Standards overview Higher Productivity Freight Vehicles PBS Overview: Measuring vehicle performance Vehicle Classification Criteria Low speed manoeuvrability Rollover stability High speed dynamic stability Route Assessment Principles PBS RAT background A look at the site If we have time: Bridges & Pavements Safety Technologies 3

Path to meeting the freight demand Vehicles Performance Measure Freight demand Classification Assess Access Efficiency gains Classification Infrastructure Standards Evaluate 4

Freight demand The transport and logistics industry is a critical part of the Australian economy is the oil in the engine of Australia, without which our nation would grind to a halt. Australia Logistics Council http://www.flickr.com/photos/kleinmatt66 5

Trucks in Australia (2011) 85,965 Articulated vehicles (15.7%) 22,656 Other (4.2%) 119,539 Light 39,460 Rigid Light (21.9%) Rigid (27.1%) 84,401 318,223 Heavy Rigid Heavy Rigid (57.9%) (58.2%) Light rigid 4.5 t to 12 t capacity Heavy rigid over 12 t 6

Trucks in SA (2011) 1,864 Other (4.71%) 7,835 Articulated vehicles (19.79%) 6,196 Light Rigid (15.65%) 23,692 Heavy Rigid (59.85%) Light rigid 4.5 t to 12 t capacity Heavy rigid over 12 t

Freight share % Freight trends Total road freight moved by vehicle type 60 B-doubles 50 Six-axle semi-trailers Five-axle semi-trailers (or less) 40 30 10,000 20 10 0 First B-double on Hume Hwy, Sydney-Melbourne 500 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Source: Adapted from Dept. of Transport (Victoria) 8

Freight trends 25 20 tonnes per vehicles Articulated trucks Rigid trucks 15 10 5 0 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 Source: Adapted from Dept. of Transport (Victoria) 9

Conventional Australian articulated heavy vehicles Tri-axle Semi A-double road train A-triple road train 10

Coupling types Typical 'A' coupling Typical 'B' coupling 11

A-type couplings Pin type coupling Drawbar eye Source: BPW Transpec 12

B-type couplings Fifth wheel Source: SAF Holland Australia Provides roll coupling between two units 13

Couplings Ball race turntable Pin coupling Source: BPW Transpec 14

Coupling types The naming convention used for multi-combination vehicles is based on coupling types B A A 15

Typical Australian B-train combinations B-double B-triple 16

Innovative articulated heavy vehicles BAA Quad Road Train AAB Quad Road Train (double road train plus B-double) 17

Types of heavy vehicles General access as of right complying with ADRs and AVSRs Restricted access Gazetted vehicles. e.g. Special purpose vehicles, 26m B-doubles, access governed by states and can vary between states PBS access Level of access based on performance access granted by states 18

Rigid truck 6x4 rigid truck PBS Rigid truck Length: 12.5 m Gross mass: 23 tonnes Access: Level 1 Refer to truck size and weight handout 19

Articulated Semi-trailer General Articulated Length: 19.0 m Gross mass: 43 tonnes Access: Level 1 Refer to truck size and weight handout 20

Truck and trailer Truck and trailer Length: 19.0 m Truck and 3-axle dog trailer Gross mass: 45 tonnes Access: Level 1 General Refer to glossary of terms 21

Truck and trailer Truck and 5-axle dog trailer PBS Truck and trailer Length: 23 m Gross mass: 63 tonnes Access: Level 2 Refer to glossary of terms 22

B-double Restricted B-double Length: 25.0 m Gross mass: 63 tonnes Access: Level 2 23

Six axle truck and dog PBS Load: Various Length: 26 m Gross mass: 68 tonnes Access: Level 2 24

A-double road train Load: Milk Length: 26 m Gross mass: 70 tonnes Access: Level 2 PBS 25

40-40 B-double Load: Containers Length: 30.0 m Gross mass: 77.5 tonnes Access: Level 3 PBS 26

40-40 A-double Load: Containers Length: 30.0 m Gross mass: 79.5 tonnes Access: Level 2 PBS 27

PBS approved triple road train Load: Mineral sands Length: 37.5 m Gross mass: 130 tonnes Access: Level 4 PBS 28

ABB quad road train Load: General freight Length: 53.5 m Gross mass: 130 tonnes Access: Level 4 Restricted 29

AAB quad road train Load: Sulphuric Acid Length: 53.5 m Gross mass: 160 tonnes Access: Level 4 Restricted 30

BBAB five trailer road train Load: Coal Length: 72.0 m Gross mass: 410 tonnes Access: Mining roads Wherever it wants 31

Innovation Source: Department of Transport (Vic) 32

High Productivity Freight Vehiclesvity freight vehicles Re-inventing the wheel? A 66-tonne truck with 9 axles and trailer-axle steering mechanisms, from 1938 33

What is productivity? Productivity can be defined as freight efficiency Any method which allows extra mass/volume to be carried Can be very simple (e.g. increased length), or quite involved (e.g. entirely new vehicle designs) Payload efficiency Volume efficiency 34

Local advances in productivity Many advances in productivity over the years Productivity improvement Gross vehicle mass (GVM) increase Year 1950s Trailer length increase 1989 Introduction of B-doubles 1990 s Increases in cubic capacity 1997 Truck and dog trailer improvements 1997 Introduction of PBS 2000s 35

B-doubles: a case study The impetus for B-doubles: only slightly longer than a semi-trailer one extra axle group allows more payload First request from Shell Australia in 1979 Twelve years later, 500 B-doubles in operation, and approvals or trials in most Australian states 36

22% less fuel 15% lower operating costs Road-handling capabilities and on-road stability 23 metres and 56 tonnes Largest vehicle to date was 16 metres and 38 tonnes Source: Pearson (2009) 37

Quantifying the benefits of HPFVs Productivity Increased economic competitiveness Improved infrastructure management Reduced environmental impact Benefits Improved dynamic performance Safety Better and safer equipment Added safety technologies 38

B-double productivity 1984: 22 metres, 49 tonnes Source: Pearson (2009) mid-2000s: <20 metres, 55 tonnes Source: MGC (2012) 39

Productivity metrics Productivity Increased economic competitiveness Improved infrastructure management Reduced environmental impact Number of vehicles to perform the freight task Fuel used to shift each tonne of freight Effects on infrastructure road wear 40

Productivity in terms of vehicles GCM (t) Length (m) Payload (t) Volume (m 3 ) 42.5 19 29 91.5 6.0 16.5 20.0 62.5 26 44.5 141.5 6.0 16.5 20.0 20.0 82.5 33.3 65.3 191 6.0 16.5 20.0 20.0 20.0 41

Productivity in terms of vehicles Vehicle type B-double 35% increase in payload and volume 27% increase in length 42

Productivity in terms of vehicles Vehicle type B-triple 43% increase in length 56% increase in payload and 52% increase in volume 43

Performance Based standards

What is the PBS scheme? Performance Based Standards, established 2008 Innovative regulatory scheme for innovative vehicles Focuses on what the truck can do, not what it looks like Network access is based on vehicle performance 16 safety standards and 4 infrastructure standards Source: NTC 45 45

Why do we have the scheme? The demand for freight is increasing Freight demand in 2050 will triple that of 2006 Source: Infrastructure Partnerships Australia, Meeting the 2050 Freight Challenge. 46 46

How does the scheme operate? Performance based standards (PBS) 47 47

How does the scheme operate? Performance based standards (PBS) 48 48

The Standards Vehicle Powertrain Standards Vehicle Manoeuvrability Vehicle Stability Standards Vehicle Ride and Handling High speed dynamic performance Infrastructure Standards Startability Gradeability Acceleration Capability Static Rollover Threshold Directional Stability Under Braking High Speed Transient Off Tracking Rearward Amplification Tracking Ability On A Straight Path Yaw Damping Coefficient Frontal Swing Tail Swing Low Speed Swept Path Difference of maxima Maximum of difference Steer Tyre Friction Demand Ride Quality* Handling Quality* Overtaking Provision* Pavement Vertical Loading Pavement Horizontal Loading Tyre Contact Pressure Distribution * Assessment against this standard is not required Bridge Loading 49

Matching vehicles to the roads Best performance Level 1 Vehicle performance Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Access to the road network General access 50

Road Classification in Australia Previous vehicle types at similar levels of access PBS Road Class PBS vehicle example PBS Length limit A B From passenger cars to articulated (19 m) Level 1 Truck and trailer 20 m B-double (26 m) Level 2 A-double 26 m 30 m Double road train (Type I) Level 3 Triple road train 36.5 m 42 m Triple road train (Type II) Level 4 Quad road train 43.5 m 60 m 51

Vehicle Classification Criteria

53 Why is maneuverability an important consideration?

Overview Why is low speed manoeuvrability important? How do we measure it? What vehicle factors affect performance? Practical tools and assessment methods 54

Low speed swept path (LSSP) The maximum width of the swept path of the vehicle simulated driving through a 90º turn of 12.5 m radius at a speed of 5 km/h 55

Typical performance levels What are the typical performance levels for a range of different vehicles 56

Static rollover threshold (SRT) The vehicle driven along a tight radius path increasing the speed at a slow, steady rate until the point of rollover. PBS Performance Targets Dangerous goods & buses: > 0.40g Other vehicles: > 0.35g 57

Testing rollover stability Target 28 degrees 58

Vehicle assessment High speed lane change manoeuvre Left screen shows a vehicle undergoing a full lane change manoeuvre during an ARRB testing program. The driver must follow the yellow markers. Right screen shows the same manoeuvre using computer simulation. The four white lines represent the maximum off-tracking permitted for each level. Note this vehicle does not exceed Level 1 (0.6m). 59

Tracking ability on a straight path TASP is determined by the maximum swept width obtained from the lateral movement of a vehicle when it is travelling along a section of road with a varying profile. The total swept width while travelling on a straight path, including the influence of variations due to crossfall, road surface unevenness 60

Tracking Ability on a Straight Path (TASP) Measured by simulation 61

Longitudinal performance 62

Route Assessment Principles

Route assessment benefits Achieves consistency in classification across jurisdictions Identifies the weak links and allows prioritised plans Can support access and compliance monitoring 64 64

Route assessment guidelines Advances in innovative policy (PBS), vehicle assessment and data collection and processing Used to develop a more comprehensive approach to route assessment and access decision making NTC s Network Classification Guidelines published in 2007. 65

Route assessment guidelines Managing road characteristics in accordance with aspects of vehicle performance that relate to access Acceleration performance Turning performance Road space requirements Road and bridge widths Overtaking provision Entry length onto main roads and highways Approach visibility Vertical (overhead) clearance Off-road truck parking Roadside infrastructure 66

The route assessment process A particular route or set of routes is defined Road/route data is collected or collated The classification guidelines are applied The access Levels are determined Lane width Level 1 Shoulder width Grade AADT volume Level 2 Level 3 intersections Level 4 67

Roads owned by local government (comprising 85% of the transport network) were not captured The NTC guidelines are not suitable for local government road networks Are constantly facing requests for access, with few alternatives or options 68

The PBS RAT

Overview 1. What is PBS RAT and why 2. How the tool helps you 3. Basic PBSRAT concepts 4. Using PBS expert 5. Building routes 6. Reports 7. Outputs and privacy 8. Getting access and help if you need it 9. Demo case study etc

Path to meeting the freight demand Vehicles Performance Measure Freight demand Assess Access Efficiency gains Standards Evaluate Infrastructure 71

The route assessment process Applying the NTC s route classification guidelines to strategic freight routes in Australia Completed by each State Road Authority in 2007-08 Achieved national consistency and improved uptake of PBS vehicles Source: NTC 72

What s it all about?

What is PBS RAT? PBS Route Assessment Tool for Victorian Local Govt ARRB - MAV Project Development of LG guidelines and On-line software tool

Where Does PBS Fit In? Supplements not replaces Local manager decision making!

How the Tool Helps You Push for HPV access to local roads, National Regulator means a change in responsibilities for LG Goal is to achieve consistency in route classification (access) by using a tool that is: Suitable for local government Easy to use, quick or detailed Support for both near-zero and rich data inputs Simplifies PBS guidelines for local road infrastructure Exists to make life easier and support local managers Repeatable and traceable workflow and record for access decisions in local area

Supplementing Existing Access Processes Tool supplements, not replaces existing process PBS RAT provides a practical technical classification More detailed classification possible using Guidelines Ultimate decision is still Local Road Manager System Publishes completed routes to 3 rd parties

PBS RAT Features Web-based tool (PBS RAT) - No special software required System supports, educates and simplifies local government HV access decision making Provides both classification and indication of classification reliability

Operation Overview

Pinch Points Assumes highest level of access, but lowest reliability Considers routes in terms of its restrictive limitations (pinch points) Allows for progressive classification of routes with quick and dirty followed by adding more detail Lane Width (2B) Signal Timing (2A) Swept Path (3A) Storage Lane Length (2B) Actual route classification (2A) is the lowest access level granted by these restrictive features

You can estimate then confirm later Ranges rather than absolute values, user can specify level of certainty and update later if seen to be critical

Sometimes you already Know the Answer! Practicality with understanding constraints on local government.

Design Features You can pick the eyes out, do classification by road section or by PBS classification item.

Building Routes Routes are built by using from here to here functions

Building Routes Elements are automatically detected by the system

BUILDING ROUTES Additional points of interest can be added Right click to add additional points

Building Routes Edit element details

Building Routes Road Type is very important

Building Routes Right click on the route Update element details

Building Routes Notice change in colour = Element reviewed

Building Routes Completed Route

Building Routes Check that all required elements are included Close route editor

Route Overview Screen Note all elements are unclassified

Assessing Routes Click on the PBS Expert tab

Assessing Routes Note: the route diagram

Assessment process

Assessment Process Question and answer format Routes can be assessed by issue or individual element

Data Sources and Reliability System will ask How reliable is this information?

Assessment Process Lane width for Thomas St has now been classified

Assessment Process Intersection example Real world results apply

Assessment Process Amenity Issues Users can classify amenity related issues

Assessment Process Amenity Issues Amenity issue has been classified

PBS Expert Summary Screen

PBS Expert Summary Screen Element details

Route Setup Guidelines You must add all bridges and railways crossings along a route since these are special cases. You can re-visit this screen later if you make a mistake, and edit the route. The system will automatically detect existing (pre-classified) sections of routes

System Outputs PBS Classification Score (PBS level 1-4 a/b) Detailed classification reports, including pinch point(s) Consolidated published route reporting area Mapping outputs - route and location Data export linkages through road ID s etc Additional linkages to be considered in national context SRO s Research PBS RAT NHVR National Route Maps

Reports and Outputs Reporting Survey drive sheets for things to check/measure on the route Detailed route classification reports Route response audit reports Network summary reports CSV download

Privacy and Security The system is designed to support local manager decisions, therefore: Your routes are shared within your organisation only All information is private and secure, some reporting for support and research purposes only (anonymous and aggregated data only) Only the results of completed routes that you choose to publish are made available to other authorities No details, comments or inner workings are released:

Typical Usage 1. Local Government Manager get request to classify route 2. Set s up route in PBS RAT using mapping 3. Does an initial desk survey, gets initial result 4. May then do more detailed classification (s) a) Drive the route b) Use the route issues report c) Order engineering site inspections 5. Checks results and determines classification 6. Publish route (uploads) 7. Grants access (currently paper based)

Getting Access Access is currently provided at no cost www.pbsrat.com Login details emailed to your nominated address

Getting further help There is lots here and only a very small amount of time to go through it. Most should be self explanatory. If you need help: Check out the Resources section of the website for documents and FAQ. There are numerous videos available to assist you Submit a support request via website Support via telephone and email also available May be other workshops and opportunities for further training Don t hesitate to ask for help!