A second Look at UNICEF-supported ECOSAN latrines construction: technology and social norms Guy Mbayo Kakumbi UNICEF RWANDA 4 th DRY TOILET CONFERENCE Tampere University, 23 August, 2012 FINLAND
Introduction Speech or power point presentation? 23-Aug-12 2
Presentation outline 1. Everyday situations 2. Sanitation situation analysis 3. Sanitation causal analysis 4. The study: scope, results and recognized challenges 5. Definitions 6. Community 7. Key concept 8. Conclusions 9. Photo gallery 23-Aug-12 3
1. Everyday situations 23-Aug-12 4
1. Everyday situations 23-Aug-12 5
1. Everyday situations 23-Aug-12 6
1. Everyday situations 23-Aug-12 7
1. Everyday situations Los Angeles; Highway inter-connections between 105 et 110. Source: Ingeniblagues.free.fr 23-Aug-12 8
1. Everyday situations Laughter Astonishment/Surprise Denial (photo shop?) Pity/compassion or empathy Failure to understand Desire to act differently 23-Aug-12 9
2. Sanitation situation analysis 2.5 billion still lack improved sanitation Every year, unsafe water, coupled with a lack of basic sanitation, kills at least 1.6 million children under the age of five years. Significant regional disparities in access e.g. Sanitation coverage in sub-saharan Africa 30% versus 69% in South-East Asia 41% of South Asia population (692m) practice open defecation versus 15% in South-East Asia 23-Aug-12 10
2. Sanitation situation analysis Rural-urban disparities 86% of the 1.1 billion that practice open defecation live in rural areas 79% urban versus 47% of the rural population use improved sanitation Disparities across wealth quintiles analysis of 35 sub-saharan African countries: urban areas >90% of richest quintile use improved sanitation and drinking water; 60% have piped water on premises poorest quintile in rural areas: piped water not available; open defecation practiced by >60% of households 23-Aug-12 11
3. Sanitation causal analysis Low political prioritization insufficient investments Historical focus on supply-driven approaches Lack of private sector participation Dormant (un-triggered) demand Insufficient capacity to deliver services at scale 23-Aug-12 12
4. The study * : Scope 20 UNICEF-assisted ecosan projects in 12 countries: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bolivia, Congo Brazzaville, Guinea Conakry, India, Malawi, Nigeria, People Democratic Republic of Korea (PDRK), Rwanda, Togo and Zimbabwe. School UDDT in Rwanda (Courtesy of UN-Habitat) The study was financed by GIZ; the projects were financed by UNICEF and partners. A. Belinda (UNICEF Cambodia) and E. Muench (GIZ, Germany were instrumental in the process. Original paper presented at 35 th WEDC conference in 2011 by A. Monirul and G. M. Kakumbi on behalf of the four) 23-Aug-12 13
4. Study Results: implementing partners by type Figure 1: Implementation partners for UNICEF-assisted ecosan projects Household UDDT in Rwanda (Unicef) 23-Aug-12 14
4. Study Results: numbers of users per projects Figure 2: Number of users in 20 UNICEF-assisted ecosan projects worldwide School sanitation and hygiene promotion using UDDT technology in Togo Courtesy of Ms. F Salami ( UNICEF) 23-Aug-12 15
4. Study Results: motivation to opt for ECOSAN latrines Sandy soils or volcanic rock (difficult to dig) Unplanned settlements (no sewers) High water table Hilly areas 1 1 1 1 Rural, disadvantaged communities 2 Water scarcity 1 Not specified 4 Combination of the above 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Number of projects (total is 20) 23-Aug-12 16
4. Study Recognized challenges Limited monitoring on use or follow-up Limited documentation shared with outside organizations Information access on ecosan not widely available to people who needs it the most Health risk using composted feces in farming-need further study Inadequate management of infrastructure - an issue across the board Poor replication due to somehow high initial investment Social /cultural barriers - need to create social norms 23-Aug-12 17
5. Definitions Social norms: Social norms are the behavioral expectations and cues within a society or group. (Wikipedia) Social norm: Pattern of behavior in a particular group, community, or culture, accepted as normal and to which an individual is accepted to conform (Business dictionary). http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/social-norm.html#ixzz241gwsf62 23-Aug-12 18
5. Definitions Social norms: Social norms are described by sociologists as being laws that govern society s behaviors [1]. Although these norms are not considered to be formal laws within society, they still work to promote a great deal of social control. Social norms can be enforced formally (e.g., through sanctions) or informally (e.g., through body language and non-verbal communication cues.) If people do not follow these norms then they become labeled as deviants and this can lead to them being considered the outcast of society. What is considered normal is relative to the location of the culture in which the social interaction is taking place. Norms in every culture create conformity that allows for people to become socialized to the culture in which they live. [1Marshall, G. Oxford Dictionary of Sociology.] 23-Aug-12 19
5. Definitions Ecosan: Ecosan does not equate to a specific technology but is rather a way of thinking. It includes diverse technologies such as urinediversion dehydration (UDD) toilets, composting, rainwater harvesting, constructed wetlands, vacuum sewers, biogas reactors and many more. Source: www.giz.de/ecosan 23-Aug-12 20
6. Community Source: Ecosan latrines construction guide, GoR 2011 23-Aug-12 21
Which type of latrine Why No latrine at all. ECOSAN LATRINE What motivated choice 23-Aug-12 24
6. Community Some of the drivers/barriers weighing heavily on people s choice of technology or decision to build and use given facilities: Beliefs and practices (culture and religion) Peer or celebrity emulation Leadership and good governance (social/economic) Costs (economic) Willingness to pay (economic) 23-Aug-12 25
7. Key concept Social barriers: bottlenecks analysis Forces stimulating social change are stronger over time than barriers. So change is inevitable in the long term. Social barriers Likelihood: * Unlikely * Likely * Certain Social barriers Impact: * Negligible * Moderate * High Social barriers Significance: Low, Medium L, MH, High 23-Aug-12 26
Negligible IMPACT Moderate Critical 7. Key concept SOCIAL BARRIERS SIGNIFICANCE/ LEVEL 5 4 3 MEDIUM TO HIGH HIGH 2 1 LOW MEDIUM TO LOW 1 2 3 4 5 Unlikely Likely Certain LIKELIHOOD 23-Aug-12 27
8. Conclusions Ecological sanitation is indeed a viable option to contribute to solving the issue on hand; Further studies required on impact and likelihood of social/cultural barriers to up-taking of ecosan at scale by communities; Other presentations scheduled during this twodays conference will bring more insights to the matter and additional food for thoughts; More emphasis needed on behavioral change related interventions (C4D). 23-Aug-12 28
9. Photo gallery: Opportunities Demonstration plots in Bangladesh (above) and Rwanda (below) 23-Aug-12 29
9. Photos gallery: Types Public and family latrines in Burera and Rusizi districts (Rwanda) 23-Aug-12 30
9. Photos gallery: Innovations Hand rail for people with disabilities and pregnant women Larger footrest for menstrual hygiene management issue Courtesy of Practical Action Structural adjustment in the evaporation bed for menstrual hygiene management issue 23-Aug-12 31
9. Photos gallery: compact Hand washing device Pictorial chart for use & maintenance Courtesy of Practical Action 23-Aug-12 32
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION Contact: gmbayokakumbi@unicef.org 23-Aug-12 33