Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics 26 High-Dynamic-Range (HDR) Vision Microelectronics, Image Processing, Computer Graphics Bearbeitet von Bernd Hoefflinger 1. Auflage 2007. Buch. xvi, 241 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 540 44432 9 Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 603 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Technik > Technik Allgemein > Physik, Chemie für Ingenieure Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.
Contents 1 The Eye and High-Dynamic-Range Vision Bernd Hoefflinger... 1 References...................................................... 12 2 The High-Dynamic-Range Sensor Bernd Hoefflinger and Verena Schneider... 13 2.1 General Considerations...................................... 13 2.2 The HDRC (High-Dynamic-Range CMOS) Pixel............... 19 2.3 The HDRC Sensor.......................................... 27 2.4 Fixed-Pattern Correction of HDR Imagers..................... 32 2.4.1 Physical Background of Logarithmic OECF............. 32 2.4.2 Parameter Extraction with Software................... 33 2.4.3 Effects of Parameter Variation on the OECF............ 35 2.4.4 Presentation of Three Correction Algorithms............ 37 2.4.5 New Parameterized Correction Algorithm............... 38 2.4.6 Masking Process..................................... 40 2.4.7 Algorithm Including Temperature...................... 41 2.4.8 Correction Procedure and Runtime.................... 46 2.4.9 Summary........................................... 47 2.5 HDRC Dynamic Performance................................ 47 2.6 HDRC Sensor with Global Shutter............................ 53 References...................................................... 56 3 HDR Image Noise Bernd Hoefflinger... 57 References...................................................... 63 4 High-Dynamic-Range Contrast and Color Management Bernd Hoefflinger... 65 References...................................................... 71
X Contents 5 HDR Video Cameras Markus Strobel and Volker Gengenbach... 73 5.1 Introduction............................................... 73 5.2 HDRC CamCube Miniaturized Camera Module................ 75 5.2.1 Features of the HDRC CamCube...................... 76 5.2.2 Assembly Techniques................................. 76 5.2.3 System Design...................................... 77 5.2.4 Application Example................................. 78 5.3 HDRC Camera Front-End................................... 78 5.4 Digital HDRC Camera Link TM System... 82 5.4.1 Features of the HDRC Camera Link Camera............ 84 5.4.2 Features of the IP3 Control Software................. 84 5.4.3 Application Example................................. 84 5.5 Intelligent HDRC GEVILUX CCTV Camera................... 85 5.5.1 Features of the Camera............................... 85 5.6 HDRVideo-BasedAircraftDockingGuidance... 90 5.6.1 Summary........................................... 90 5.6.2 Introduction........................................ 91 5.6.3 Operation.......................................... 92 5.6.4 Challenges to the Sensor System....................... 93 5.6.5 HDR Camera with Improved Sensitivity................ 94 5.7 Conclusion... 97 References...................................................... 97 6 Lenses for HDR Imaging Hans-Joerg Schoenherr... 99 7 HDRC Cameras for High-Speed Machine Vision Bela Michael Rohrbacher, Michael Raasch and Roman Louban...107 7.1 General Requirements....................................... 107 7.2 SpecialCharacteristics...108 7.3 Methods for Obtaining the Specific Image Information.......... 109 7.4 Optoelectronic Transfer Function (LookupTable,LUT)...110 7.4.1 Mode 1:1........................................... 111 7.4.2 Mode Rec. 709...................................... 111 7.4.3 Mode Stretched..................................... 112 7.4.4 Mode CatEye....................................... 112 7.4.5 Mode CatEye2...................................... 112 7.5 Application Example Surface Inspection...................... 113 7.6 Evaluation Algorithms...................................... 114 7.7 Robot Controlled Image-Processing System for Fully Automated Surface Inspection.......................................... 118 References...................................................... 121
Contents XI 8 HDR Vision for Driver Assistance Peter M. Knoll...123 8.1 Introduction............................................... 123 8.2 Components for Predictive Driver Assistance Systems........... 124 8.2.1 Ultrasonic Sensors................................... 124 8.2.2 Long Range Radar 77 GHz............................ 125 8.2.3 Video Sensor........................................ 125 8.3 Driver Assistance Systems for Convenience andforsafety...127 8.4 Video-BasedDriverAssistanceSystems...128 8.4.1 Video System....................................... 128 8.4.2 Image Processing.................................... 130 8.5 NightVisionImprovementSystem...130 8.6 Night Vision Enhancement by Image Presentation.............. 131 8.7 NightVisionWarning...132 8.8 Sensor Data Fusion......................................... 133 8.8.1 Lane Detection and Lane Departure Warning........... 134 8.8.2 Traffic Sign Recognition.............................. 134 8.9 Conclusion...135 References...................................................... 136 9 Miniature HDRC Cameras for Endoscopy Christine Harendt and Klaus-Martin Irion...137 References...................................................... 139 10 HDR Sub-retinal Implant for the Vision Impaired Heinz-Gerd Graf, Alexander Dollberg, Jan-Dirk Schulze Spüntrup and Karsten Warkentin...141 10.1 Introduction............................................... 141 10.2 Electronic HDR Photoreceptors.............................. 142 10.3 The Differential Principle.................................... 143 10.4 The Complete Amplifier Cell................................. 143 10.5 The Retinal Implant....................................... 145 References...................................................... 145 11 HDR Tone Mapping Grzegorz Krawczyk, Karol Myszkowski, and Daniel Brosch...147 11.1 Taxonomy................................................. 148 11.1.1 Spatially Invariant Operators.......................... 149 11.1.2 Spatially Variant Operators........................... 153 11.2 HDR Video: Specific Conditions and Requirements............. 159 11.3 Tone Mapping for HDR Video............................... 161 11.3.1 Response Curve Compression......................... 161 11.3.2 Local Details Enhancement........................... 162 11.3.3 Temporal Luminance Adaptation...................... 163
XII Contents 11.3.4 Key Value.......................................... 164 11.3.5 Tone Mapping....................................... 165 11.4 Simulating Perceptual Effects................................ 166 11.4.1 Scotopic Vision...................................... 166 11.4.2 Visual Acuity....................................... 167 11.4.3 Veiling Luminance................................... 168 11.4.4 Tone Mapping with Perceptual Effects.................. 169 11.5 Bilateral Tone Mapping for HDRC Video...................... 170 11.6 Summary.................................................. 175 References...................................................... 175 12 HDR Image and Video Compression Rafa l Mantiuk...179 12.1 Introduction............................................... 179 12.2 Device-Referred and Scene-Referred Representation of Images.... 180 12.3 HDR Image and Video Compression Pipeline.................. 180 12.4 HDR Image Formats........................................ 181 12.4.1 Radiance s HDR Format.............................. 181 12.4.2 LogLuv TIFF....................................... 182 12.4.3 OpenEXR.......................................... 183 12.4.4 Subband Encoding JPEG HDR...................... 183 12.5 HDR Extension to MPEG Video Compression................. 184 12.6 Perceptual Encoding of HDR Color........................... 187 12.7 Software for HDR Image and Video Processing................ 191 References...................................................... 191 13 HDR Applications in Computer Graphics Michael Goesele and Karol Myszkowski...193 13.1 Introduction............................................... 193 13.2 Capturing HDR Image Data................................. 194 13.2.1 Multiexposure Techniques............................ 194 13.2.2 Photometric Calibration.............................. 194 13.3 Image-Based Object Digitization............................. 196 13.3.1 Image-Based Capture of Spatially Varying BRDFs....... 196 13.3.2 Acquisition of Translucent Objects..................... 197 13.4 Image-Based Lighting in Image Synthesis...................... 199 13.4.1 Rendering Techniques for Image-based Lighting.......... 200 13.4.2 A CAVE System for Interactive Global Illumination ModelinginCarInterior...203 13.4.3 Interactive Lighting in Mixed Reality Applications....... 205 13.5 Requirements for HDR Camera Systems....................... 206 References...................................................... 208
Contents XIII 14 High-Dynamic Range Displays Helge Seetzen...211 14.1 HDR Display Requirements.................................. 211 14.2 HDR Display Design........................................ 213 14.2.1 LED Backlight...................................... 215 14.2.2 LCD Panel.......................................... 216 14.2.3 Image Processing Algorithm.......................... 216 14.3 HDR Display Performance................................... 221 14.4 Alternative Implementation.................................. 222 14.5 Conclusion................................................ 222 References...................................................... 222 15 Appendix...225 15.1 Symbols................................................... 225 15.2 Abbreviations.............................................. 229 15.3 Glossary.................................................. 230 15.4 Some Useful Quantities and Relations......................... 231 15.5 Trademarks................................................ 231 Index...233