Farm Mechanization in India: V.N.KALE Additional Commissioner Mechanization and Technology Division Dept. of Agriculture and Cooperation Ministry of Agriculture Government of India
India Total population:1.21 billion (2011) Population growth rate:1.5% annually Majority (69%) of people live in rural areas. Land area: 297.3 million ha (2.4% of world) 17% of population; Only 4.2% of world water; 1200 mm annual rainfall Agriculture accounts for 80% of water needs; 60% from ground water. 52% workers in Agriculture: 14% of GDP;
Sales of Tractors and Power Tillers in India 700000 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 Sale of Tractors 696828 607000 590672 545109 352835 346501 342836 393836 247351 296080 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 60,000 50,000 40,000 Sale of Power Tillers 35,294 38,794 55,100 60,000 47000 56000 30,000 20,000 17,481 22,303 24,791 26,135 10,000 0 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 3
Trend of power availability from different sources 100% 90% 10.79 15.82 24.84 26.31 25.66 25.13 Electric motors Diesel engines 80% Power Tillers 70% 8.45 Tractors 60% 50% 40% 18.46 26.14 36.77 38.45 41.67 Draught Animals Agriculture Workers 30% 20% 10% Share of agricultural worker & draught animals came down from 63.5% in 1971-72 to 13.67% in 2009-10 0% 1971-72 1981-82 1991-92 2001-02 2005-06 2009-10
Comparison of Mechanization with Other Countries Sl. No. Country Farm Power No. of Tractors per 1000 Ha. No. of Combine Harvesters per 1000 Ha. (kw/ha) 1 India 1.36 15.75 0.026 2 Japan 8.75 461.22 236.98 3 U.K. 2.5 88.34 8.3 4 France 2.65 68.5 4.93 5 Italy 3.01 211.08 4.71 6 Germany 2.35 79.817 11.41 7 Argentina -- 10.74 1.79 8 Brazil -- 13.66 0.915 9 China -- 6.98 2.53 10 Pakistan -- 16.47 0.08 11 Egypt -- 30.7 0.79 Source: FAO Yearbook 2003
Population engaged in Agriculture vis-a-vis level of farm mechanization United States [2.4%, 95%] Brazil [14.8%, 75%] Western Europe [3.9%, 95%] Africa [60%, 20%] Former Soviet Union [14.4%, 80%] India [55%,40%] China [64.9%, 38%] Argentina [9.4%, 75%] Higher share of labour (55%) with lesser contribution to GDP (14%) makes farming in India less remunerative and incidence of farmers poverty
4 Farm Mechanization: Key driver of productivity 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.522 Foodgrain Yield (T/ha) Farm Power (Kw/Ha) 0.71 0.872 0.25 0.31 0.35 1.023 0.63 1.38 0.92 1.723 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2010 1.35 1.92 1.66 Agricultural productivity has positive correlation with level of farm mechanization
1200 Fig. : Exports - Imports of selected agriculture equipments (USD million) 1000 997.37 985.02 1045.9 800 760.84 600 400 462.18 505.3 427.87 436.74 444.76 440.59 200 166.35 240.85 261.94 322.75 282.6 102.79 0 2007-08 2008-09 2009-210 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 (Apr-Jun) Total Imports Total Exports (USD million) 8
Level of Farm Mechanization in India Inter Cultivation Tillage & seedbed Preparation Sowing/ Planting Fertiliser Application Irrigation Harvesting Post Harvesting Plant Protection Overall about 40-45%
Farm Mechanization: SWOT Analysis Strengths Large No. of manufacturers Equipment manufacturers Agricultural tractors Power tillers Irrigation pumps Plant protection equipment Combine Harvester Reapers Threshers Seed Drills and planters Diesel oil engines Plough, cultivators, harrows Chaff cutter Rural artisans (hand tools) No. of units 13 2 600 300 48 60 6000 2500 200 5000 50 >1 million Source: ICAR 2011 Testing Facility at : 4 FMTTIs, 30 designated centers and BIS labs Vast network of academic and R&D institutions including 100 centers for research, technology transfer and extension
Average size of operational holdings Source: Agriculture Census 2012. Average size (in 'ha) 2.50 2.00 1.50 2.28 2.00 1.84 1.69 1.55 1.41 1.33 1.23 1.16 1.00 0.50 0.00 1970-71 1976-77 1980-81 1985-86 1990-91 1995-96 2000-01 2005-06 2010-11 Reference year
The Core Issues Small/Medium Farmers : Low credit worthiness Adverse Economies of Scale ; Weak financial strength of majority of farmers (SMF); Lack of access to credit to Rural Entrepreneurs for setting Custom Hiring Centre; Need for promoting appropriate Farm Equipment: Low cost, region and crop specific, indigenous technology
Policy Framework : Addressing Issues Addressing adverse Economies of Scale Unbundling Agriculture Services from Farmers; Facilitate Entrepreneurs to establish Custom Hiring Centre; Access to Credit Facilitating rural entrepreneurs Promotion of appropriate Farm Equipment: Low cost, region and crop specific, indigenous Special incentives to Small and Marginal farmers Focusing on village level mechanization : low cost, region crop specific, indigenous technology
Other Key Focus Area : Gender-friendly tools and equipment High women workforce in agriculture both in production and processing Ergonomically designed tools and equipment for Reduced drudgery Enhanced safety & comfort
SUB-MISSION ON AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION
Mission Objectives Increasing the reach of farm mechanization to small and marginal farmers and to the regions where availability of farm power is low; Promoting Custom Hiring Centres to offset the adverse economies of scale arising due to small landholding and high cost of individual ownership; Creating hubs for hi-tech& high value farm equipments; Creating awareness among stakeholders through demonstration and capacity building activities; Ensuring performance testing and certification at designated testing centers located all over the country.
Sub Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM) : Key Interventions 1. Promotion and Strengthening of Agricultural Mechanization through Training, Testing and Demonstration 2. Demonstration, Training and Distribution of Post Harvest Technology and Management (PHTM) 3. Financial Assistance for Procurement of Agriculture Machinery and Equipment 4. Establish Farm Machinery Banks for Custom Hiring 5. Establish Hi-Tech, High Productive Equipment Hub for Custom Hiring 6. Promotion of Farm Mechanization in Selected Villages 7. Financial Assistance for Promotion of Mechanized Operations/hectare Carried out Through Custom Hiring Centres 8. Promotion of Farm Machinery and Equipment in North-Eastern Region:
Financial Assistance: Training Trainees sponsored by the state nodal agencies to the User Level Courses at the FMTTIs will be paid stipend @Rs. 500/- per week per trainee. Travel expenses to the trainees admitted in these courses will be paid on actual basis by ordinary mode of transport from their place of residence to the training institute and back. The training institutions will claim Rs 4000/- per person per week for the conduct of these courses. This includes: stipend of Rs. 500/- per trainee per week Actual to and fro travel expenses by ordinary mode of transport in ordinary class, upto maximum of Rs. 500/- per trainee boarding and Lodging Charges @ Rs. 1500/- per trainee per week Institutional charges (including stationary, training material, honorarium) @ Rs. 1500/-per trainee per week
Capacity Building Location of FMTTI S Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute Hissar, 1963 North-Eastern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute, Biswanath-Chariali 1990 Central Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute Budni 1956 Southern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute, Garladinne, Anantpur 1983
Demonstration Field demonstrations of package of machines/equipments will be conducted on cropping systems based approach in the districts identified for AAP. Financial Assistance: Demonstrations will be organized by ICAR, PSUs of GOI and State Government s organizations. Government of India will provide 100% assistance for contingency expenditure per demonstration, as per following norms: Power operated/selfpropelled equipment Animal drawn equipment Rs. 4000/- per hectare Rs. 2000/-per hectare For hilly areas, cost per demonstration will be 1.5 times of said cost. Manually equipment operated Rs. 1500/-per hectare
Establishment of post harvest technology The units utilizing the available post harvest technologies and management, value addition, scientific storage, packaging technologies and technologies for bi-product management. Technical guidance on the available post harvest technologies will be provided by CIPHET Ludhiana and also by other ICAR/CSIR/SAU centers. Financial assistance: PHT units shall be established in the production catchments with 50% assistance from the Government of India limited to Rs. 1.25 lakhs per machine/technology. (Additional 10 % assistance limited to Rs. 1.50 lakhs will be available for SC, ST, small & marginal farmers, women, and NE States beneficiary). Remaining cost will be borne by beneficiary.
Financial Assistance for Procurement of Agriculture Machinery and Equipment Ranges 25% to 50% subsidy per machine 10% more subsidy to SC/ST/Women/Small & Marginal farmers/ NER states beneficiery
Farm Machinery Banks for Custom Hiring S.N ITEM MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE PROJECT COST PATTERN OF ASSISTANCE A Procurement subsidy for establishment of Custom Hiring Centre upto 10 lakh B Procurement subsidy for establishment of Custom Hiring Centre upto 25 lakh C Procurement subsidy for establishment of Custom Hiring Centre upto 40 lakh D Procurement subsidy for establishment of Custom Hiring Centre upto 60 lakh Project based Rs. 4.0 lakh Project based Rs. 10.0 lakh Project based Rs. 16.0 lakh Project based Rs. 24.0 lakh 40% 40% 40% 40%
Hi-Tech, High Productive Equipment Hub for Custom Hiring: Financial Assistance S.N ITEM MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE PROJECT COST A Procurement subsidy for establishment of Custom Hiring Centre upto 100 lakh B Procurement subsidy for establishment of Custom Hiring Centre upto 150 lakh C Procurement subsidy for establishment of Custom Hiring Centre upto 200 lakh D Procurement subsidy for establishment of Custom Hiring Centre upto 250 lakh Project based Rs. 40.0 lakh Project based Rs. 60.0 lakh Project based Rs. 80.0 lakh Project based Rs. 100.0 lakh PATTERN OF ASSISTANCE 40% 40% 40% 40%
Promotion of farm mechanisation in selected villages Objectives: To establish farm machinery banks by the Cooperative Societies of farmers, Self Help Group of Farmers etc. in the selected villages of low mechanized states so as to encourage members to take up appropriate mechanized operations To conduct demonstrations through Custom Hiring Centres in large areas with the assistance of Custom Hiring Centres set up under component (4). Financial Assistance: Each village will be eligible for setting up of farm machinery banks upto a maximum project cost of Rs. 10 lakhs. Financial assistance @ 80% of the project cost will be provided for such machinery banks.
Assistance for Mechanized operations. Financial Assistance: Financial assistance will be available to the beneficiaries upto a maximum of 1 ha area as per following norms: For tractor/power operated operations 50% of the cost of operation /ha limited to Rs. 2000/ha per farmer per year For animal drawn mechanized operations- 50% of the cost of operation /ha limited to Rs. 1000/ha per farmer per year For manual operations 50% of the cost of operation /ha limited to Rs. 750/ha per farmer per year
Promotion of farm machinery and equipment in North-Eastern States Financial Assistance ITEM MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE PROJECT COST PATTERN OF ASSISTANCE (a) Financial assistance for procurement of machinery/ implements (b) Financial assistance for Farm Machinery Banks for group of farmers Upto Rs.1.25 lakhs per beneficiary Upto Rs.10 lakhs per Farm Machinery Bank 100% of cost of machinery/implement /equipment 95% of cost of Farm Machinery Banks
Distribution of Agricultural Machinery and Tools-(2014-15) 800000 700000 679442 600000 500000 400000 300000 275972 200000 186594 100000 0 1515 20108 19755 92852 59266 23380 28
RKVY MMA NHM NFSM RKVY NHM NFSM RKVY MIDH NFSM NMOOP SMAM RKVY MIDH NFSM NMOOP SMAM Fig : Details of fund released to the state Governmnet during the last three years and the current years for Farm Mechanisation (Rs in Lakhs) 129914 89426 92054 23445.6 5624.4 24016.1 5507.67 28440.59 8039.57 13562.92 5123.85 16584.64 0 0 0 6657.5 14968.38 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 RKVY- Rastriya krishi Vikas yojna MMA-Micro management in Agriculture NHM National horticulture Mission NMOOP- National Mission on oil seed and oil palm NFSM- National food security Mission SMAM- Sub mission on Agricultural mechanisation 29
104 78 104 376.29 324.56 862.11 894.5 928.8 1299.2 Fig. : Performance of RKVY (Farm Machinery Component) During 12 th Plan ( Rs In Crores) No. of Project Approved 30 Project Cost Expenditure No. of Project Approved Project Cost Expenditure No. of Project Approved Project Cost 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 Expenditure
The total investment in Farm Mechanization sector through the various Schemes of Government of India is about Rs. 1354 crores during 2014-15 which needs to be enhanced to Rs. 13000 crores per annum by supplementing through State plan or other sources like Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) etc. to achieve the target of farm power availability of 2kW/ha by 2017 which is presently about 1.73kW/ha. 31