Integrating New Technologies & Design RFID: technologies, applications, future Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 Steven Schilthuizen 1
Contents presentation RFID 10 Connective technologies Tracking & tracing What is RFID? Frequencies RFID-tags Silicon RFID Printed RFID Polymer RFID Nano RFID Costs of RFID RFID-roadmap RFID-readers Sensors Applications Options and challenges Discussion / questions Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 2
10 connective technologies institute for the future 18 Oct 2004 3
What is RFID. R(adio) F(requency) ID(entification) ~~~~ radio waves RFID is contactless / wireless RFID is ranked among the top 10 of dominant future technologies RFID has also limitations Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 4
Technology components of RFID. RFID-tags: IC/ μ-processor+antenna+packaging RFID-reader: antenna+coupler+μc Software: Embedded protocol handling in reader Data management and connection RFID-system to ERP and other software Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 5
Working principle RFID Working principle RFID Interface to host computer (RS485, RS232/422, ethernet, 802.11, etc) tag ID: 01.43200B9.23AE1F.345C4D012 RFID reader 01.43200B9.23AE1F.345C4D012 Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 6
RFID is based on radio waves Physical description of a rf-wave Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 7
Spectrum of the (Radio) Waves Band Frequencies RF(ID) Technology name Used Frequencies VLF 3~30 khz (EM - EAS electro magnetic) 2-4 khz LF 30~300 khz (First RFID Proximity Standard) 125-135 khz HF 3~30 Mhz (RF-EAS / ISO RFID Range) 8.2 / 13.56 Mhz UHF 300~3000 Mhz (UHF / EPC RFID Range) 330 /868 968 Mhz SHF 3~60 Ghz Wireless LAN and Telecom (micro, radar waves) Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 8
Passive vs active RFID-tags ATTRIBUTE PASSIVE ACTIVE Power Inductive Battery Frequency LF (125 KHz), HF (13.56 MHz), UHF (868-968 MHz), Microwave (2.4 GHz) HF (303, 433 MHz), Microwave (2.4 GHz) Read Distance < 1 m ~ 2 to 500 m Memory Life Cost 128 bits 32 kbits Unlimited ~ $0.15 to $10 64 bites -? 2 to 7 years $10 to $20 Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 9
Barcode vs RFID-tags Barcodes RFID / EPC + Low Cost Broad Utilization Human Readable Integrated in printed mat. No Line of Sight Large Memory Data Moves with Product / Asset Dynamic Data Reads - Data Transfer Requires Line of Sight Data Storage is Limited Environmentally Sensitive Higher Costs Read Sensitive to Product Attributes (metal, H2O) Limited Adoption Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 10
RFID-TAGS Smart CARDS (13.56 MHz) CAR KEY TAGS / HARD TAGS GLASS TAGS (125 KHz) Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 11
RFID-TAGS Silicon RFID -tags Silicon chip (IC or μc): thickness 120 μm- 500 μm Tag: IC-antenna-polymer carrier-packaging 13.56 MHz- UHF-2.45 GHZ RO and RW IC s Al, Cu and screen/rotoprinted antennas Price level too high for most primary packaging (0.15-0.30 EUR) Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 12
RFID-TAGS Chip-antenna connection + antenna: Expensive Vulnerable (P, T) Bonding necessary Solutions: Coil on chip: rf-link to label antenna (Microsensys) Use chipmodules Develop new bonding materials and methods Flexible Si-chip with integrated antennas (Philips) Microsensys Philips Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 13
UHF RFID-labels Frequency 868-968 MHz up to 2.45 GHz. Some companies use two antenna lines connected to UHF IC, creating by this a di-pole antenna Some use other shapes for better performance Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 14
Examples UHF RFID-labels Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 15
RFID-labels, TNO competence TNO models and designs various RF-antennas for RFIDtags (13.56 MHz, UHF, 2.45 GHz), reader and detection systems We use other shapes for better performance We improve chip-antenna connections We use other materials (Cu, Al, conductive inks and polymers etc.) We integrate antennas in labels, products (clothing, sails) etc. We will start developing all polymer RFID-tag Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 16
RFID-labels, UHF-antennas and 13.56 Mhz labels (design&protoyping TNO) Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 17
RFID-TAGS, standards ISO 15693 ISO 14443 A/B ISO 18000 (13.56 MHz-UHF) See www.nen.nl Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 18
RFID-TAGS EAS-tags Anti-theft tags RF or magnetic Al or other metals Low costs: 0.01 EUR Options to use as sensor or authenticity tag Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 19
RFID-TAGS Printed RFID-tags Antenna: ink filled with silver parts RF-parts: connection pads, capacitor element Printed EAS/authenticity tags Printed fuse in EAS-tag Printed EAS-tag (TNO) UHF RFID-tag 13.56 MHZ RFID-tag Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 20
RFID-TAGS Polymer / plastic RFID-tags Replace silicon with polymer logic circuitry Basic elements are: FET, antenna, rectifier Use inkjet and/or lithographic technology Integrate tags in printed labels/packaging Ultra low cost tags Photo Philips Plastic wafer Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 21
RFID-TAGS Polymer / plastic RFID-tags Focus at: production technology, accuracy of FETs, antenna/rectifier (speed) Integration of low cost polymer sensor possible All-Polymer Field-Effect Transistor source source gate - - - - - - - - - - insulator + + semiconductor + + + + + + + + substrate drain Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 22
RFID-TAGS Polymer / plastic RFID-tags Focus at upgrading operating frequency: 50-60-125 KHz. Aim at 13.56 MHz for first prototypes. Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 23
RFID-TAGS Nano and molecular RFID Molecular FETs to make molecular logic circuitry Use of nanoparticles (CNT- FET) for logic and nanowires Smaller and cheaper than CMOS chips Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 24
RFID-TAGS SMART DUST Micro/nano devices Integrated MEMS+ID+power+rf antenna Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 25
Passive RFID-tags roadmap 2002 2005 2010 2015 Cost/size reduction Hitachi 0.4 mm 2.45 GHz tag 13.56 MHz passive tag 868 Mhz-2.45 GHz UHF passive tag POLYMER FET gate ---------- insulator + + semiconductor + + + + + + + + source drain source substrate Hybrid Sipolymer tag All Plastic 13.56 MHz tag Smart Dust (ID+sensor+pos+power+rf) Nano/Molecular electronics Data rate 125 Khz 13.56 MHz UHF-tag 868 MHz 2.45 GHz Frequency Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 26
Costs of RFID Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 27
Silicon RFID vs Plastic RFID Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 28
RFID READERS Fixed: Gate readers Industrial readers on forklift trucks, transport lines Handheld: Mobile scanner/pda PDA with RFID-card reader module Mobile phone? SAMsys Dialoc ID Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 29
RFID READERS Basic construction Antenna, amplifier, coupler, μc, battery, user-interface RFID-reader coupler (μc/pic/fpga) interface 13.56 /UHF Antenna Protocol Management + RF interface Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 30
RFID READERS, FUTURE RFID coupler chipset in mobile phones: R2R, R to Tag (for payment, access control, info etc.) Credit card sized microreaders for consumers with display, battery RFID -tag Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 31
POLYLED (RF)ID-card Fine maskpattern in polyled Optical cardreader and/or RFID-reader Store biometric info also in IC Supply power to polyled via reader Integration biometric data: fingeprint, irisscopic, facial etc. Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 32
SENSORS Optical RF Acoustic Passive vs active Integration in packaging to monitor: T Humidity B/C influences Tampering Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 33
Conductive and active polymers for sensors Senstenna All plastic optical sensor RF-antenna with reactive polymer parts POLYLEDs Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 34
BIOSWITCH SENSORS Bioswitch sensor for B/C detection in materials/packaging Nanosensor with protective/reactive coating (RF or optical reading) Nanosensor B/C element Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 35
RF antenna sensor, wireless reading RF antenna resonator sensor with reactive nanotubes or reactive dielectric substrates: autonomous condition sensor also possible: B/C sensor, RF wireless DNA -array for food, health care etc. Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 36
RFID APPLICATIONS Services: Loyalty and membership cards Payment (with car, at vending machines, automatic cash machines etc.) Library Safety & security: Access control, passports Identification of soldiers, military equipment Logistics: Supply chain management of returnable transit items (pallets, kegs, containers) Wharehouse control Automatic ID of products Production of hardware / components: Tagging of products under manufacturing or assembling (smart factory) Wharehousing Service supply / maintenance Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 37
RFID APPLICATIONS Retail: Pricing / automatic payment Individual item tagging of food, pharma packaging, FMCG (EPCcoding vs EAN-barcode) Smart shelf EAS and authenticity tagging Liability, traceability Info supply to consumer Clothing: EAS Find right size, colour etc Find matching clothing Pharma/ healthcare: ID, traceability, authenticity of pharmaceuticals ID-tagging of blood bags Diagnostic packaging. Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 38
RFID APPLICATIONS: HEALTH Diagnostic and talking packaging: electronics to give info to consumer + feedback on dosis/use/need for medication Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 39
RFID APPLICATIONS: HEALTH Blisters and dispensers with RFID tag or capacitor system Containers with RFID tag Personal Medical RFID card with prescription RFID-tagging of pharmaceuticals Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 40
RFID APPLICATIONS: LOGISTICS Inmoulded RFID-tags in plastic crates/trays Main Goal t Development of integration method for RFIDtags in injection moulded and blowmoulded packaging and development of read/write system Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 41
RFID APPLICATIONS: LOGISTICS Inmoulded RFID-tags in plastic crates/trays/drums/pallets Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 42
RFID APPLICATIONS: LOGISTICS Inmoulded magnetic or polymer RFID-tag in mineral water PET-bottle Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 43
RFID APPLICATIONS: LOGISTICS RFID-tagging of transport packaging, boxes, bags Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 44
RFID APPLICATIONS: RETAIL Printed EAS or authenticity tags on expensive goods (anticounterfeit) Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 45
RFID APPLICATIONS: RETAIL Payment (via EPC) EAS, tr&tr info for consumer, smart shelf (for pricing, info, inventory control) Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 46
RFID APPLICATIONS: RETAIL Anti-allergic or anti-obesity indicator tag on packaging (scan with handheld pen in supermarket) Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 47
RFID APPLICATIONS: SAFETY & SECURITY Identification, access control, passports Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 48
RFID APPLICATIONS: SERVICES Payment, library, loyalty cards Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 49
RFID APPLICATIONS: PRODUCTION Identification of parts in automotive, aerospace, electronics production, professional equipment Identec /VW Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 50
RFID APPLICATIONS: CLOTHING Identification, EAS, find right size, colour, matching clothing, dressing up Prada store NY Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 51
RFID: OPTIONS, CHALLENGES OPTIONS CHALLENGES Tag every product/item Combine RFID+sensor Supply info via tag and web Improve efficiency Improve quality &safety Develop new services Integrate in printed materials Reduce costs Privacy aspects of tagging Readability, long distance reading Multiple tag reading > 500 t/s Printable plastic tags Memory capacity chips Universal protocols and frequencies Positioning with RFID-tags Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 52
Thank you for your attention! steven.schilthuizen@tno.nl Future Technology Center TNO Science & Industry Future Technology Center Jan 31 2005 53