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Magnus Wikander FKAB Marine Design Will LNG change the way ships are bunkering? LNG fuel for shipping

Introduction - Objective; to create discussion - Very short about FKAB - Fuel properties, comparison - LNG bunkering today - Design of LNG fuelled ship, location of LNG bunker station. From LNG bunkering point of view - Design of LNG bunker vessel - If there is time: Ship to ship bunkering scenario

Sweden Offices 35 Naval Architects and Marine Engineers UDDEVALLA GOTHENBURG SHANGHAI China Office 33 Naval Architects and Marine Engineers

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Will LNG change the way ships are bunkering? Safety Environment Operation

To start with! some fuel properties Fuel oil (HFO) LNG Temp. bunkering liquid >60-162 (cryogenic) On your hands Can be carcinogenic Causes frost bites Spill on deck Slippery Will cause brittle fracture to ship steel Leakage into sea We all know what happened in the Gulf of Mexico last year LNG will almost immediately evaporate into the atmosphere as methane gas Emissions to air Hydrocarbon VOC (volatile organic compound) Methane gas will contribute ~25 times more to the global warming compared to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) Fire & Explosion risk Flash point above 60 Methane gas is flammable in 5-15% mixture with air, explosive clouds can occur

LNG bunkering today Truck to ship pictures: Cryo & GASNOR

LNG bunkering today Onshore terminal to ship pictures: GASNOR

Bunkering of larger ships today HFO/MDO/MGO Bunkering Ship to Ship We believe that LNG bunkering will be performed in a similar way

Design of LNG fuelled ships LNG is cold - reduce exposure of pipes and couplings - strive to eliminate risk for damage or injury if there is a small leakage LNG is harmful - reduce length of bunkering lines to minimize air emissions - ensure very good ventilation to reduce risk of fire & explosion SAFETY is key to success LNG require more volume - To get the same energy content, twice the amount is needed - Higher transfer flows? - Larger or more bunker hoses?

Design of LNG fuelled ships Ecore, Very Large Ore Carrier LNG tanks on each side of Cargo hold Reduce exposure of pipes, short bunker lines Bunker station in side of hull LNG tank Tanks just below IMO Type C main deck and in front of the machine room, will facilitate easy ventilation

Design of LNG fuelled ships Product & Chemical tanker Ventilation is very good on open deck LNG tanks LNG Bunker station Close to tanks to reduce bunker line lengths Gas fuel lines On open deck Stainless Steel In case of Spill tray LNG leakage

Design of LNG fuelled ships 8000 dwt, Geared Bulk Carrier LNG Bunker station On open deck, close to both tanks and machinery room On open deck Very good LNG tanks ventilation Short bunker Reduces air lines emissions & increases safety

Design of LNG fuelled ships 6800 dwt, General Cargo Carrier Below poop deck, easy Ventilation LNG tanks LNG Bunker station On open deck, ensures proper ventilation and short LNG piping

Design of LNG fuelled ships LNG bunker station Drip free Quick Connect coupling Ventilation LNG Bunker station Close to tanks to reduced bunker line length Minimal LNG leakage at all times Break Away coupling Optimized for both LNG & Fuel oils Bunkered at the same time Separate LNG Spill tray SAFETY is key to success Stainless steel with Overboard drain

Design of LNG bunker vessel FKAB L1 IMO Type C Safety & Pressure resistance without air emissions LNG tanks LNG Pumps, deep well or submerged Redundant system, 2 pumps in each tank No air emissions during bunkering operation Venting of hoses & cargo lines after unmooring and when in safe area IMO IGC classed vessel LNG & Fuel oils Transfer of gas & fuel oils at same time Flow meter & Quality measure system Quality system & Flow meter with receipt (Gas chromatograph)

Design of LNG bunker vessel LNG hose handling Reduce risks of leakage Less wear & tear on hoses LNG Hose crane Fast & Safe handling of many hoses Automatic closing eliminates drip & air emissions Quick Connect / Release coupling

Design of LNG bunker vessel bunkering area Safe emergency shut down ESD - system Both LNG & Marine Fuel oils Hose parking for LNG & Vapour return Liquid & gas return to limit air emission Taking care of hoses is most vital in risk elimination Secure hose storage Large spill tray Stainless steel Under complete hose handling area, water curtain is optional

Design of LNG bunker vessel FKAB L1 FKAB L1 series 700-1900m 3 LNG, 500-1000m 3 FO LNG fuel propulsion, optional

Bunkering scenario Bunkering during loading & unloading Fast & Safe operation is required Very short time in port Ports are often close to urban areas Port location Sensitive cargo Passengers LNG & Fuel oils Most often the receiving vessel requires both fuels Dangerous cargo Trucks & Cars are possible ignition sources

LNG BUNKERING TIMELINE TOTAL AVAILABLE BUNKER TIME 50 Min. EVENT BEFORE BUNKERING 15 Min. DURING BUNKERING 25 Min. AFTER BUNKERING 10 Min. CALL ARRIVAL MOORING CHECKLIST TO RECEIVING SHIP CONNNECTION LINK / EARTHING CONNECTION HOSE RETURN OF SIGNED CHECKLIST OPEN MANUAL VALVES READY SIGNAL BOTH SHIPS PUMP START SEQUENCE TRANSFER SEQUENCE PUMP STOP SEQUENCE PURGING OF CARGO LINES (BOTH SHIPS) SHUT MANUAL + REMOTE CONTROLLED VALVES DISCONNECTION HOSES INERTING OF CARGO LINES (RECEIVING SHIP) DISCONNECTION LINK / EARTHING DELIVERY CARGO DOCUMENT UN-MOORING DEPARTURE INERTING OF CARGO LINES (BUNKER SHIP) Transfer rate = 320 m3/h at 5 m/s 24 min = 130 m3 = 65 tonnes Available bunker time - 50 minutes, for this RoPax Transfer Rate = 320 m3/h at 5 m/s

Thank you for listening! Magnus Wikander FKAB Marine Design magnus.wikander@fkab.se www.fkab.com