511: Organization of Information Name Authorities Margaret E.I. Kipp - kipp@uwm.edu https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/kipp/public/courses/511/ 1
Discussion Based on your readings for this week: Do we still need authorities? What role could name authorities fill on the web? 2
Access Points and Authority Control Access Points are expected search terms AACR2 uses Paris Principles for access points e.g. name, title or name-title Authority Control standardization of terms used in access points in other words, value standards Authority control is used to control the form of access points and provide lists of variant forms 3
Why Access Control? users and authors do not use the same terms to refer to the same things words may have multiple unrelated meanings authors or organisations may have different name forms or acronyms improve search experience by controlling the vocabulary and format of terms so items are indexed under consistent forms of terms and provide access for common variants 4
Access Control allows users to locate information under various forms of author names, corporate names and titles by controlling the official form and offering pointers to it from older/colloquial forms if a consistent form is used, users can search more easily if they know the rules used to create access points Staple of bibliographic control, now in development for the web 5
Authority Control in Metadata value standards controlled vocabulary list of values you can use syntax encoding scheme rules for formatting, arranging and displaying metadata values vocabulary encoding scheme rules for selecting terms or a list of terms/controlled vocabulary 6
Which Fields Should Use Authority Control? AACR2 Title and statement of responsibility Edition Publication Physical description Dublin Core dc.title dc.creator, dc.contributor dc.subject dc.description dc.publisher, dc.date Series Notes Standard numbering and terms of availability dc.type, dc.format dc.identifier dc.source, dc.relation dc.language dc.coverage, dc.rights 7
Access Points access points represent the intellectual content of an item these may include: Author, Title, Editor (Translator, Illustrator, etc.), Series and Form as well as Subjects AACR2 and MARC also control the form of some non access points like language and date via AACR2 transcription rules DC uses value standards such as RFC4646 and W3CDTF for dates, DCMITYPE for Format, etc. 8
Choice of Access Points access points should allow works by the same author, publisher or subject to be collocated and allow links between different manifestations of a work access points were created to highlight the bibliographic relationships between items, manifestations, expressions and works as described in AACR2 (and now RDA) e.g. name, title or name/title, subject 9
Main Entry primary access point represented by a full surrogate (catalogue card) with abbreviated cards for other access points (e.g. title and subjects) MARC main entries are in fields numbered 100-199 and added entries (other access points) are in fields numbered 700-899 main entry was a shortcut to cut down on duplication of information and time required when libraries created their own cards 10
Abolish Main Entry? two schools of thought: main entry is important and should be retained to standardize bibliographic control elements main entry is obsolete and no entry is more important than others now that full surrogates are available for every entry main entry is often considered to be obsolete, but it is present in RDA as primary access point 11
Justifications for Main Entry citation purposes when citing a work you select a main entry (author usually) subarrangement useful for sorting search results harder to justify since a computer can potentially sort on any field which is indexed collocation works can be collocated by main entry can also be done electronically with added entries 12
Access Points in AACR2 Part 2 21. Choice of access points. dictates the choice of main entry and which added entries should be added 22. Form of personal name. 23. Form of geographic name. 24. Form of corporate name. 25. Form of uniform title. 26. References. these chapters discuss the syntax or form of the entries to use 13
Choosing Access Points - Main Entry (1XX fields) Author Title 1-3 authors party who did the most work Corporate author administrative, legal, gov, religious, collective activity, cartographic more than 3 authors or multiple corporate authors anonymous compilation corporate work scripture serials 14
Additional Access Points (7XX and other fields) authors not listed as main entry translators, editors, etc. uniform titles corporate bodies performers/actors producers geographic location etc. 15
MARC Bibliographic Coding for Entries 100-199 Main entries 100/700 Personal, 110/710 Corporate, 111/711 Conference 240 Uniform title entered under a personal name 400-499 Series [uniform] title 600-600 Subject headings 700-799 Added entries 800-899 Added entries for series 16
Authority Control process of determining the authorized form for every entry with variant forms e.g. authors with similar names, pseudonyms, name of corporate body (which may change), serial names (also change) all access points should be under authority control so they collocate and so users can find documents by typing in any of the variant forms of the access points 17
Authority Files identifies the authority controlled form of a name provides lists of variant forms which point to the authority controlled form 18
Principles for Choosing Form of Access Points use the form most commonly used e.g. C.S. Lewis not Clive Staples Lewis use the form used by the person in their country of residence note that this can be difficult when the form is in another alphabet and there are multiple transliterations in use e.g. Tchaikowsky, Tchaikovsky or Cjaikovskii generally, the form is: family name, given name(s), and dates 19
Corporate Bodies and Serials use the most recent form and make connections to older forms use a subdivision's name if it stands alone, otherwise add full corporate/organisational name e.g. University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Library not just Library 20
Uniform Title used for works with many variant titles (includes multiple languages) e.g. the Bible a uniform title is chosen for the work and all items are entered with this as the main entry, other title forms would be listed as added entries 21
MARC Authority for Authority Records Used to encode authority records Similar to MARC Bibliographic but used for authority record data while MARC Bibliographic is used to encode AACR2 descriptions http://www.loc.gov/marc/uma/ authority records are part of all library catalogues, to search using authorities the user would select a specific kind of search (e.g. author) instead of the default keyword search 22
ARN: 2889517 Rec stat: c Entered: 19910204 Type: z Upd status: a Enc lvl: n Source: Roman: Ref status: a Mod rec: Name use: a Govt agn: Auth status: a Subj: a Subj use: a Series: n Auth/ref: a Geo subd: n Ser use: b Ser num: n Name: a Subdiv tp: n Rules: c 1 010 n 91011484 2 040 DLC $c DLC $d DLC 3 005 19920702111848.3 4 100 1 Jackson, P. E. $q (Paul E.) 5 400 1 Jackson, Paul E. 6 670 The Physics and tech. of laser resonators, c1989: $b t.p. (P.E. Jackson, Dept. of Physics, Heriot-Watt Univ., Edinburgh) Brit. CIP (Jackson, P. E. (Paul E.)) This is a MARC authority record. 23
Fields and Tags Fixed Fields Name use:a Subj use: a Ser use: b 1XX/7XX fields 6XX fields 4XX/8XX fields Code a - 1XX field contains proper heading Code b - 1XX field not a proper heading 040 field still denotes libraries which have contributed to this record 24
UWM PantherCat Authority File Taylor, Arlene G., 1941- (12) Results of an author search for Taylor, Arlene See: Taylor, Arnold C. (Arnold Charles), 1867- (1) Taylor, Arnold H. (2) Taylor, Arnold Joseph (0) See: Taylor, A. J. (Arnold Joseph), 1911-25
Library of Congress Authorities name authorities for access points personal, corporate and geographic names; titles and subjects http://authorities.loc.gov/ 26
Authority Records for Personal Names Look up the following names in the Library of Congress Name Authority File http://authorities.loc.gov/ (or http://connexion.oclc.org/ authorities tab) artist formerly known as prince Karen Markey Charles Lutwidge Dodgson Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky James Tiptree, Jr. University Microfilms International The Who 27
In Class Exercise: Name Authorities Using the LC Name Authorities, find authority controlled forms for the terms in the following exercise: https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/kipp/public/courses/511/511exercise-authoritycontrol.html 28
Authority Control in RDA FRAD (Functional Requirements for Authority Data) RDA's authority control model group 2 entities (access points) types of entities person: individual or persona family: collective authorship of a family corporate body: organisation or group of people (not a family) identified by a name and acting as a unit 29
FRAD Entities and Relationships 30
FRBR ER Model Including Authorities and Subjects 31
RDA Authorities a different model, but similar implementation to the AACR2 authorities Section 3: Recording Attributes of Person, Family, & Corporate Body (Name Authorities) currently using Library of Congress Name Authorities Section 4: Recording Attributes of Concept, Object, Event & Place subjects are not yet fully defined 32
Section 3: Recording Attributes of Person, Family, & Corporate Objectives: Body find persons, etc. that correspond to the user's stated search criteria identify person, etc. represented by the data (i.e., confirm that the name represented is the one sought, or distinguish between two persons with same or similar names) understand relationship between different forms of a name used by a person, etc. understand why a particular name has been recorded as a preferred or variant name. 33
Access Points and Authority Control on the Web name authorities and subject authorities have had limited use on the web, but the increasing proliferation of information means a need to distinguish between people with the same names other authorities are used on the web including authorities for language, country, type, format, etc. 34
Language and Country Standards (in DC) ISO country and language codes ISO 3166: 2 and 3 letter codes for countries (e.g. US for the United States, CA for Canada and FR for France) ISO 639: 2 and 3 letter codes for languages (e.g. eng or en for English, fra or fr for French. ( http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/)) RFC 1766: combined language and country codes (e.g. en_us for US English, en_ca for Canadian English, en_gb for British English or fr_fr for French and fr_ca for Canadian French. ( http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1766.html) 35
Format and Type Standards AACR2/MARC GMD: format in Area 1 e.g. activity card, art original, art reproduction, braille, chart, diorama, electronic resource, filmstrip, flash card, game, globe, kit, manuscript, map microform, microscope slides, model, motion picture, music, picture, realia slide, sound recording, technical drawing, text, toy, transparency, videorecording 36
Format and Type Standards 2 RDA: RDA Content Types (336) e.g. performed music, text, tactile threedimensional form RDA Media Types (337) e.g. microform, unmediated, video RDA Carrier Types (338) e.g. audio disc, online resource, volume see http://www.loc.gov/marc/rdainmarc.html for links to controlled terms 37
Format and Type Standards 3 DC: IMT (Media Types) describe file types (first used in email) (e.g. application/msword, application/pdf, text/html, image/jpeg) http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/ DCMI Type vocabulary (e.g. PhysicalObject, Text) http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-type-vocabulary/#h7 38
Attempts to Create Name Authorities on the Web Library Thing Author Pages http://www.librarything.com/author/taylorarleneg http://www.librarything.com/author/haynesdavid-3 uses links and user input to join pages E-LIS Author Browse http://eprints.rclis.org/view/creators/ relies on authors/editors for consistency What are some of the issues here? How could name authorities be incorporated into the web? 39
Linked Data for Authorities Many web based data repositories make use of hyperlinks to connect to additional information Authority Control could use linked data connected to authorities on the web LCSH Subject Heading http://id.loc.gov/ e.g. http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008102962.html VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) http://viaf.org/ e.g. http://viaf.org/viaf/89664672/#confucius 40
VIAF.org 41
VIAF Example http://viaf.org/viaf/99258155/#tchaikovsky,_peter_ilich,_1840-1893 42
In Class Exercise: Identify Access Points Identify access points in a Dublin Core, AACR2 and RDA record (https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/kipp/public/course s/511/511exercise-identifyaccesspoints.html) access points for AACR2/MARC: 1XX, 7XX, 6XX, 4XX access points for DC: type, format, language, subject, creator/contributor access points for RDA: FRBR relationships, FRAD entities (e.g. persons, families, corporate bodies), FRAD relationships, subject relationships, type or format (e.g. MARC 336, 337, 338) 43
The Future of Cataloguing MARC and AACR2 were developed long before the web and designed for linear presentation they are still in use because it is hard to convert old records and because they work well enough Perhaps the biggest drawback with the current library catalogue is the limited information available during search. With the presence of a competitor (i.e. Google) which appears easier to use, libraries and librarians must consider the importance of the combination of ease of use and the power of searching a well organised system. 44
Next Week Bring an item to catalogue, preferably a non-fiction book We will generate records in AACR2/MARC, RDA and DC in XML We will also try entering a DC record into Omeka and explore OCLC and its Cataloguer's Interface 45