Planning Support Systems (PSS) 0722002 Assoc. Prof. Ayşegül Özbakır THEME 2: GIScience for Planners and Simulation-Scenario Construction
Outline Introduction GIScience applications Representative application areas and their foundations - Government and public service - Business and service planning - Logistic and transportation - Environment
Introduction Why GIS? Directly or indirectly, we interact with digital machines daily basis. GIS is used to improve many of our day-to-day working and living arrangements. It is used to answer the fundamental question, where? This is because of: Wider availability of GIS through the Internet, Reductions in the price of GIS hardware and software, Greater awareness that decision making has a geographic dimension, Greater ease of user interaction, using standard windows environment, Accumulated experience of applications that work.
Introduction- recall: scientific questions ad GIS operations GIS is fundamentally about solving real-world problems (Longley et al., pp.40). The goals of applied problem solving in geography and planning context: Rational, effective and efficient allocation of resources Monitoring and understanding observed spatial distributions Understanding the difference that place makes Understanding the processes in the natural and human environments Prescription of strategies for environmental maintenance and conservation
GIScience applications Early GIS applications New trends in GIS applications How the world looks? How the world works?
Representative application areas and their foundation The five Ms of GIS application: Mapping, Measurement, Monitoring, Modeling, 5 Ms Management
Representative application areas and their foundation Classification of GIS applications in time: Traditional GIS applications Developing GIS applications New GIS applications - military - government - education - utilities business uses: - banking and financial services - transportation logistics - real estate - market analysis - New forward looking applications areas in small office/home office (SOHO) and personal applications - security and intelligence concerns
Representative application areas and their foundation Selected applications: - Government and public service - Business and service planning - Logistics and transportation - Environment Main goal: To show the importance of geographic location and how geographic data can provide crucial context to decision making.
Government and public service Today, GIS is used at all levels of government from the national to the neighbourhood. Federal government National inspection, drafting legislation Regional and state policy Neighbourhood service provision Central government State/regional government Local government Real communities Top down Bottom up (Source: Longley et al., p.42)
Government and public service Some GIS applications in local governments: - Transportation and services routing - Housing - Infrastructure - Health - Environmental monitoring - Human services - Citizen information - Land use planning
Government and public service
Business and service planning 1. Applications overview: Focus use of geographic data to provide - operational: i.e. day-to-day processing - tactical: short term problems - strategic: long term goals context to decisions that involve the fundamental question, where? Geodemographics: is a term for composite indicators of consumer behaviour that are available at the small-area level Geodemographic data are the basis for market area analysis. These data are used to identify geographic variations in the incidences of customer types. (Source: Longley et al., p.46)
Business and service planning - consumption choices - shopping habits lifestyle data Geodemographic data Market Area Analysis: describes the activity of assessing the distribution of retail outlets relative to the greatest concentrations of potential customers. This approach is increasingly being adapted to improve: - Public service planning - Health - Education etc. (Source: Longley et al., p.46)
Business and service planning 2. Case study, TESCO a grocery retailer in the UK: Strategies that TESCO used to succeed in sustaining market growth Diversification Store loyalty card program Smaller neighbourhood stores Into consumer durables and clothing in the largest stores generates lifestyles data according to their weekly spend identify the locations based on all of the households resident within a 1km radius of the store GIS can be used to predict the success of a retailer in penetrating a local market area. (Source: Longley et al., p.46)
Business and service planning 3. Method: II. Overlay the pattern of geodemographic data geodemographic data Different coupon offerings to different consumption patterns III. Adding lifestyle data lifestyle data I. Identification of # households within 1 km radius of the store Identification of shopping choices
Logistics and transportation 1. Applications overview: Focus use of geographic data to deal with the movement of goods and people from one place to another, and the infrastructure (highways, railroads, canals) that moves them. - Highway authorities: need to decide what new routes are needed and where to build them, - Logistic companies (e.g., shipping companies): need to decide where to place their central sorting warehouses, how to route delivery trucks GIS has helped many service and delivery companies to reduce their operating costs and solve the optimization problem
Logistics and transportation 2. Case study, planning for emergency evacuation : Risk of disasters - earthquakes, - hurricanes, - accidental spills of toxic chemicals etc.
Logistics and transportation 2. Case study, planning for emergency evacuation : Evacuation vulnerability map of the area Santa Barbara, California, USA
Logistics and transportation 3. Method: Two types of data are used Census data Geographic data (Street centerline file) used to: - determine population and household counts, - estimate # vehicles involved in an evacuation used to: - obtain the geographic locations, names and other details
Environment 1. Applications overview: Focus use of geographic data to deal with the need for policies over the use of land and natural resources - Environmental authorities: need to know how much land is being lost to agriculture through urban development and how will this impact upon the ability of future generations to feed themselves SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - Planners: need to know the ways to monitor land use change GIS allows us to compare the environmental conditions prevailing in different nations
Environment 2. Case study, Analysis of the relationship between illegal housing settlements and forestry areas in Elmalı Catchment Area, İstanbul :
Environment 3. Method: Integration of GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques I. Digitizing the forestry management plans (in Turkish: amenajman planları )
Environment 3. Method: Integration of GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques Query Number of buildings All buildings in open spaces (barren areas) 1175 All buildings in young and middle-aged forests 737 All buildings in low-dense forests 279 All buildings in low-quality forests 211 The buildings constructed before 1990 in low-quality forests The buildings constructed after 1990 in low-quality forests The buildings that are still under construction in lowquality forests. 33 144 34 Figure 1: Overlay of all buildings and the open spaces in Elmalı II. Integrating graphic and non-graphic data and GIS analysis (overlay and buffer analysis)
Environment 3. Method: Integration of GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques Protection zones Building categories Absolute Protection Zone Short-range Protection Zone Mediumrange Protection Zone TOTAL 2 1 Buildings prior to 1990 18 164 605 787 3 Buildings after 1990 71 540 1023 1634 Buildings under construction 28 183 410 621 TOTAL 117 887 2038 3042 Figure 2: Overlay of all buildings and buffer zones in Elmalı II. Integrating graphic and non-graphic data and GIS analysis (overlay and buffer analysis)
Environment 3. Method: Integration of GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques III. Change Detection Analysis using Remote Sensing Techniques (change of land use categories in time)
Environment 3. Method: Integration of GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques 1975 1984 1986 1994 Legend Settlement Non-settlement Forestry Grass Water Area (ha) 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1975 1984 1986 1994 Years TEM Settlement Non-settlement Water Grass Forest III. Change Detection Analysis using Remote Sensing Techniques (change of land use categories in time)
Thanks for your attention and not sleeping during the meeting!