M- STrIPES Monitoring System for Tigers Intensive Protection & Ecological Status Field Protocols & Customized Software for Analysis, Mapping & Inference National Tiger Conservation Authority Wildlife Institute of India Zoological Society of London World Wide Fund for Nature - India
Aims Assist in Effective Patrolling & Protection Evaluate Status & Trends of Carnivores & Ungulates at Regular Intervals Monitor Habitat Change Evaluate Human Pressures Generate Reports to Provide Quantitative Information for Management Effectiveness Assessment and Decision Making
System Features Provide user friendly Field Protocols (inc training and material, data quality control), Data Storage and Report Generating Tool Administered and maintained at protected areas, landscapes, States and NTCA Captures detailed d information on population status t and trends, animal mortality, illegal activity, human pressures, patrol effort, habitat status for monitoring and guiding management Provides a comprehensive GIS and statistical tool for processing and reporting information needed for conservation and management purposes
M-STrIPES Field Protocols Protection Ecological Software Data Entry, Storage, Retrieval Analytical Engine Statistical, Spatial, Trends, etc. Output Reports, Maps Adaptive Management Informed Decision Making
Field Protocols & Equipment Patrol Data collection Routine / Anti-poaching / Investigation Patrol GPS Units (or PDA s) and Data Collection Forms Training i of Tiger Reserve Staff in Data Collection and Software Entry
Field Protocols & Equipment Ecological (Phase I) Data collection Carnivore Sign Survey Ungulate Line Transect Human Pressure Assessment on Plots on Transects Ungulate Dung on Plots on Transects Habitat Status on Plots on Transects Fixed Location PIP s for Tigers (min. 5 in each beat monitored once a week) GPS Units (or PDA s) and Data Collection Forms Training of Tiger Reserve Staff in Data Collection and Software Entry
Road Sampling Area Drainage Road & Drainage network in a Beat, Satpura Tiger Reserve
Tiger / Carnivore Sign Survey Intensive search for tiger / carnivore sign 3-5 searches each of f48k 4-8 km Minimum 15 km search in most likely areas in each Beat Record distance covered and time spent tin each search
Ungulate Encounter Rates Establish line transect 2-4km(or seg. >2 km) in each beat. Walk early morning. Count no. of each species, group size, young of the year.
Matkuli Vegetation of Matkuli Range, Satpura Tiger Satpura Vegetation Map with Beat BoundaryReserve Transects Occuring in Beats, Satpura Tiger Reserve
Human Disturbance Survey Along every 400m on established transect List signs of wood cutting, lopping, grass cutting, human trails within 15m radius
Ungulate Pellet Counts At every 400m plot along the line transect sample a 2 by 20 m strip. Classify and count ungulate pellets to species (wild & domestic)
PIP
Data Sheet-6 Patrol Form Name of Guard:.. Date: Forest Division.. Range:. Beat: No. of Persons on Patrol:.. Armed. Unarmed.. Patrol Type: General Duties, Investigations, Surveillance, Others Patrol Method: Foot, Jeep, Motorbike, Bicycle, Elephant and Others Dat a Ti me D eg Lat Long Anima M in Se c D e g Mi n S e c Plac e l speci es seen Gro up size seen Ty pe Illegal Activities Time elapse d Detail s Actio n take n Species Gender (M/F/Un) Animal Mortality Records Age (Y/Ad/Un) Carcass state Cause of death Sample s taken M Male, F Female, Un Unknown, Y Young, Ad Adult.
An entity relationship diagram tblstate tbldivision tblrange tblbeat tblcompartment tbltransectplot tbltransect tblplot tbltransectsample tblplotsample tbltransectsamplepre tbltransectsampleungulatedun tblplotsampleanimalsig tbltransectsamplehabitat tbltransectsamplehumandisturbance tbltransectsamplehabitatspecies
Patrolling Intensity & Spatial Coverage in Corbett TR
Spatial Mapping and Trends of Illegal Activities
Patrolling Intensity VS Illegal Activities 018 0.18 Snare Encounter rs per km patrolled 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.1 008 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 0 002 0.02 004 0.04 006 0.06 008 0.08 01 0.1 012 0.12 014 0.14 016 0.16 018 0.18 02 0.2 Patrolling Intensity (km/100 sq.km)
Human Disturbance in Corbett Tiger Reserve
Species Distribution, Status & Trends
Tiger Sign Encounters (Beats of Corbett Tiger Reserve 2006)
Tiger Sign Encounters (Beats of Corbett Tiger Reserve 2009)
System Process Computes adequacy of sampling effort and advises to sample more if required statistical power is not achieved Conduct Spatially Paired Statistical Comparisons Conduct Trend Analysis (Regression) Interpret Results at Appropriate Spatial Scales (Beat, range, 10x10 km Grid, Circle and State) both Statistically and Biologically Output User Friendly Results as Maps and Tables
System Output Tiger Status Change in Corbett
Tables for Carnivore Occupancy Estimates Spatial Scale Occupancy estimates (Season / Year) Tiger Leopard Dhole Hyena Etc Beat ID-1 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.09 Beat ID-2 0.12 0.05 0.12 0.05 Beat ID-3 007 0.07 009 0.09 007 0.07 009 0.09 Beat ID-4 0.06 0.34 0.06 0.34 Beat ID-5 0.03 0.23 0.03 0.23 Beat ID-6 018 0.18 014 0.14 018 0.18 014 0.14
Tables for Changes in Carnivore Occupancy Spatial Scale Change in Occupancy (Year 1 Year 2) Tiger Leopard Dhole Hyena Etc Range 1 Range 2 Range 3 Range 4 Range 5 = > -20% negative change = > +20% positive change = > no significant change - = no sighting data
Applications Monitoring population status, trends, and spatial occupancy Mapping of illegal activities and their trends Guiding Park Management for patrolling - spatially and intensity Mapping and trend analysis of human impacts Understanding interrelations between above parameters Export of data for in-depth analysis in desired format Entry, Analysis, Interpretation, and use of Phase I data at field level Ready reports at desired spatial & temporal scales and for evaluating management effectiveness and guiding decision and policy making
THANKS!
Tiger Occupied Landscape Complexes Out of 500,000 km 2 Surveyed about 300,000 of potential Tiger Habitat Remains in India 2006-07 Shivalik Terai North -East Central India Sunderbans Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Only 93 000 km 2 in 2007 Occupied by about 14 Only 93,000 km 2 in 2007 Occupied by about 14 hundred Tigers
Data Sheet-1 Data Sheet for Tiger, Leopard & Other Carnivore Sign Encounter Rate Observer Name: Date: Start Time: End Time: Begin GPS: Lat: N, Long: E Forest Division: Range Beat Total Kms. Walked: Km. Time Spent in any other activity Min. Sighting. No 1. 2. 3. 4. *Carnivore Species ^Sign Type Forest Type Terrain Type Remarks * Carnivore species to be recorded: tiger, leopard, wild dog, bear, hyena, wolf, jackal ^ Sign types to be recorded are pugmark (trails), scats (Old: dry with hairs and bones visible; fresh: dry but intact with shiny surface; very fresh: soft moist, and smelly), scraps, scent marks (spray, rolling), rake marks on trunks, vocalization (roaring), actual sighting.
Data Sheet-1 Data Sheet for Tiger, Leopard & Other Carnivore Sign Encounter Rate Observer Name: Date: Start Time: End Time: Begin GPS: Lat: N, Long: E Forest Division: Range Beat Total Kms. Walked: Km. Time Spent in any other activity Min. Sighting. No 1. 2. 3. 4. *Carnivore Species ^Sign Type Forest Type Terrain Type Remarks * Carnivore species to be recorded: tiger, leopard, wild dog, bear, hyena, wolf, jackal ^ Sign types to be recorded are pugmark (trails), scats (Old: dry with hairs and bones visible; fresh: dry but intact with shiny surface; very fresh: soft moist, and smelly), scraps, scent marks (spray, rolling), rake marks on trunks, vocalization (roaring), actual sighting.
Data Sheet-2 Encounter Rate on Line Transects Observer name:... Start time:... Date:... End time:... ID no. of line transect:... Total length: km Forest circle:... Forest division:... Range:... Beat:... Transect forest type:... Transect terrain type:... Weather condition: Cloudy/Clear sky Beginning GPS Lat:...N; Long:...E End GPS Lat:...N; Long:...E Sight Tim Species Total Nos. Youn Forest Type Terrain Type Remarks ing e * (Adults & g No Young) 1 2 3
Data Sheet-3B Human Disturbance Name of Observer:. Date: Forest Division. i i Range: Beat: ID No. of Line Transect: Plot No. Human Disturbances Wood Cutting (No. of trees cut) Lopping (No. of trees lopped) Grass/ Bamboo Cutting (Yes/No) Presence of Human/Livestock/Tra il (Yes/No) People Seen (Yes/No) Livestock Seen (Yes/No) Latitud e (D,M,S, North) Longitud e (D,M,S, East) 1 2 3 4 5 Are there any permanent human settlements in the beat? (Yes/No). If Yes, how many?. Approximate human population, Approximate livestock population Cattle, Goat/Sheep, Other Livestock. Is there NTFP collection in the beat Yes/No. If yes, what NTFP is collected,,,, Rate NTFP collection on a scale of 0-4, 0-No to 4-Very high,,,.
Data Sheet-4 Pellet Counts of Ungulates Name of Observer:. Date: Forest Division. i i Range: Beat: ID No. of Line Transect: Plot NO. Forest Type errain Type T Chital Sambar Wild Pig Nilgai Gaur Barasingha arking Deer B Hog Deer Chinkara Chowsingha Mouse deer Hare Blackbuck Wild buffalo Elephant Rhino Langur Cattle Go oat & Sheep Oth her Domestic livestock Others/Unid. 1 2 3 4 5 *Present / Absent *Based on your personal knowledge mention if the species occurs in the beat irrespective of whether its dung was recorded or not. 1. Do goat/sheep graze the sampled area? Yes / No 2. In case pellets are obtained in large piles then these could be categorized into the following categories: No. of Pellets Category 50-100 A 100-200 B >200 C
Data Sheet-5 Track Plot for Carnivores and Mega Herbivores Name of Observer:. Date: Forest Division. Range: Beat: ID No. of Track Plot:.. PIP No. Fo orest Type Te errain Type Tiger Leopard Sloth Bear Dhole Hyena Jackal Small Cat Gaur Elephant Rhino Wa ater Buffalo Others Others Deg N Min N Sec N Deg E Min E Sec E 1 2 3 4 5 If tracks of young carnivores (eg. tiger cubs) are observed, please mention in remarks. Remarks: