Waste-to-Energy s contribution to Resource & Energy Efficiency

Waste-to-Energy s contribution to Resource & Energy Efficiency Index What is Waste-to-Energy? Energising your waste Local Energy from residual waste EU Legislation paving the way Policy Recommendations Waste-to-Energy in Energy & Resource Efficiency Waste-to-Energy & Energy Efficiency Energy content of waste The Waste-to-Energy Cycle Waste-to-Energy in Daily Life Examples: Paris, Amsterdam & Cologne Some other examples of good practice Sustainable Energy from Waste-to-Energy Waste contributing to renewable energy Waste-to-Energy & Resource Efficiency The waste hierarchy Municipal waste treatment in 2014 in the EU 28 Why is landfill diversion so important? Reducing waste disposal the EU Landfill Directive Circular Economy proposal December 2015 Cutting GHG emissions from municipal waste Moving up the waste hierarchy Municipal waste treatment in 2014 in the EU 28 Can t everything be recycled? Recycling metals from Waste-to-Energy bottom ash Sustainable waste management Waste-to-Energy: Cleanly & Safely Treating Remaining Waste Waste-to-Energy is clean and safe Inside a Waste-to-Energy Plant Waste-to-Energy plant animation Waste-to-Energy Reducing Emissions Health Studies Safe, clean and full of energy! Waste-to-Energy in Europe in 20134 CEWEP Who we are Contact us

Waste-to-Energy Energising your waste Waste-to-Energy Plants (waste incineration with energy recovery) thermally treat household and similar waste that remains after waste prevention and recycling generating energy from it. This energy can be in the form of steam, electricity or hot water: Electricity is fed into the grid and distributed to the end-users, Hot water can be sent to a nearby district heating (or cooling) network to heat (or cool) homes, hospitals, offices etc. And steam can be used by nearby industry in production processes. Spittelau Waste-to-Energy plant in Vienna, Austria

Waste-to-Energy providing local energy from our residual waste Helping to reduce dependence on fossil fuels imports Saving millions of tonnes of CO 2 Contributing to security of energy supply Sustainable, local, low carbon, cost-effective and reliable energy While helping to divert waste from landfills

Thanks to progressive EU legislation Enormous strides have been made in Waste-to-Energy Waste Framework Directive Incentives for Waste-to-Energy Plants to improve their energy efficiency Waste hierarchy Waste Incineration Directive/Industrial Emissions Directive and Best Available Techniques Reference Document Most stringent emission levels, strictly controlled Landfill Directive Sets targets to divert waste from landfilling to more sustainable methods of waste management, i.e. Recycling and Waste-to-Energy for remaining waste Renewable Energy Directive Biodegradable waste is a renewable energy source Energy Efficiency Directive/ Cogeneration Directive Promoting the use of district heating and cooling Maximizing the energy use of residual municipal waste that is currently not suitable for recycling

Policy recommendations Circular Economy: Waste-to-Energy can help achieve the EU s aim of improving Resource Efficiency if: Existing EU waste legislation is fully implemented in order to divert waste from landfills to Recycling and to Waste-to-Energy, treating the remaining part not suitable for recycling by generating precious energy from it More ambitious policy to divert waste from landfills and create responsible circular economy would be implemented, contributing to health, environment and climate change mitigation Energy Union: Waste-to-Energy contributes to Energy Efficiency goals: Major opportunity to use even more energy from waste in the form of heat, if linking of heat (or process steam) customers to Waste-to-Energy Plants would be encouraged. Therefore we need drivers for improving infrastructure for district heating and cooling in addition to incentives to maximize electricity production from waste (incl. grid access)

The role of Waste-to-Energy in Circular Economy and Energy Union Diverting waste from landfills Local, cost-effective, secure energy Circular Economy Quality Recycling Waste-to-Energy Energy Efficiency Energy Union Sink for pollutants Replacing fossil fuels with Renewables

EU Waste Hierarchy set out in the Waste Framework Directive The 5 step waste hierarchy in the EU Waste Framework Directive helps to achieve sustainable waste management, placing prevention at the top and disposal (such as landfilling) as the least favoured option.

Municipal waste treatment in 2014 EU 28 Graph by CEWEP, Source: EUROSTAT 2016 44% Recycled + Composted 28% Landfilled Waste is a Resource. However 28% of municipal waste across the EU 28 is still landfilled (some 67 million tonnes), although landfill gases (methane) contribute significantly to global warming. 27% Waste-to-Energy

Why is landfill diversion important? In order to : protect soil and groundwater from contamination prevent microplastics from being blown into the seas and rivers avoid the creation of methane - a potent greenhouse gas (equal to 25 times CO 2 in mass) harness the energy content of residual waste boost recycling economy increase the volume of secondary raw materials

Reducing waste disposal: The current Landfill Directive Closing landfills that do not conform with EU standards Technical standards for the installation of new landfills Reduction of landfilling biodegradable waste compared to amount of biodegradable waste produced in 1995 2006: reduction to 75% 2009: reduction to 50% 2016: reduction to 35% Derogation: prolongation up to 4 years for Member States which in 1995 landfilled more than 80% of municipal waste

Circular Economy Package Proposal December 2015 Amendments to the Landfill Directive Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that by 2030 the amount of MW landfilled is reduced to 10% of the total amount of MW generated Estonia, Greece, Croatia, Latvia, Malta, Romania and Slovakia may obtain 5 additional years for achieving the target. If they ask for an extension, they have to achieve 20% by 2030 An early warning report will be issued 3 years before each time limit 11

Potential for cutting GHG emissions from municipal waste that is still landfilled Diversion from landfill is the main contributor to GHG mitigation in the waste management sector * In the EU 28, diverting municipal waste from landfill could save the emission of 92 million tonnes of CO 2equ by 2030* * Source: The Climate Change Mitigation Potential of the Waste Sector, Institute for Applied Ecology (Öko-Institut) and the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (IFEU) on behalf of German Federal Environment Agency (UBA), http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/the-climate-change-mitigation-potential-of-the Huge potential benefits for climate change mitigation if more ambitious waste policies were implemented

Moving up the waste hierarchy Lessons to be learnt from the countries in the EU28 landfilling 4% of municipal waste or less: Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Denmark & Sweden They have all introduced landfill bans Waste-to-Energy & Recycling are complementary to divert waste from landfills Turning the waste not suitable for recycling into precious energy!

Recycling & Waste-to-Energy diverting waste from landfills 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 44% Municipal waste treatment 2014 in EU 28+ Iceland, Switzerland and Norway - Source: EUROSTAT 12% 19% 16% 12% 8% 17% 25% 25% 25% 12% 2% 37% 33% 30% 32% 33% 31% 31% 39% 40% 44% 47% 45% 43% 46% 45% 50% 51% 2% 55% 54% 58% 61% 64% 19% 10% 9% 21% 15% 12% 50% 18% 6% 40% 27% 35% 21% 50% 27% 56% 35% 88% 92% 81% 82% 83% 74% 75% 76% 30% 20% 10% 28% 54% 50% 48% 44% 38% 35% 49% 53% 55% 59% 60% 56% 39% 42% 34% 26% 28% 17% 18% Recycling + composting Incineration Landfill 54% 49% 46% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 4% 8% 3%

Can t everything be recycled? New recycled materials depend on the quality of the sorted waste: Materials too dirty or too contaminated (e.g. vacuum-cleaning bags) Mixed materials (too difficult/expensive to sort) Materials degraded after repeated recycling If high quality recycling is not possible, the waste should be turned into energy, rather than being landfilled. It is worth noting that residues from recycling also often need thermal treatment Even countries with the highest recycling rates in Europe (e.g. Germany, Netherlands, Austria and Sweden) depend on Waste-to-Energy to treat remaining waste not suitable for recycling.

Recycling valuable metals from Waste-to-Energy bottom ash Ferrous and non-ferrous metals can be extracted and recycled into new products, e.g. aluminium castings for the automotive industry. Minerals can be used as secondary aggregates, e.g. in road construction or in building products. Waste-to-Energy Plants contribute to achieving a recycling society and to improving Europe s Resource Efficiency, by using unavoidable waste as a valuable resource wherever possible.

Sustainable waste management In order to achieve sustainable waste management, waste should be diverted from landfills, recycled as much as possible with the remaining waste (i.e. waste not suitable for recycling) used to generate energy. Recycling and Waste-to-Energy are complementary options to divert waste from landfills, helping the EU to reach a Circular Economy.

Energy content of waste 1 tonne Municipal Waste 1 tonne brown coal or =ca. 0.330 tonnes hard coal or Assuming that the calorific value of municipal waste = 10 MJ/kg, brown coal = 9 MJ/kg, hard coal = 30 MJ/kg, oil = 42 MJ/kg 250 litres oil

Other examples of good practice Alkmaar Waste-to-Energy plant (Netherlands) delivering heat to the AZ football club s stadium, to buildings at the Boekelermeer business estate, and a further heating and cooling distribution project in Alkmaar. Twence Waste-to-Energy plant (Netherlands) supplies steam to AkzoNobel s salt production unit. As a result, 300,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions are avoided annually. Renergia Waste-to-Energy plant (Switzerland) was built next to the local Perlen Paper AG paper mill where the heat from the waste processing will be used in the production lines in order to dry the paper. For further Good Practice examples: http://www.cewep.eu/information/energyclimate/goodpractice/index.html

Sustainable Energy from Waste-to-Energy Projection of Total Energy from WtE in TWh Half of this energy is renewable Enough to supply 70m inhabitants. 196 TWh 134 TWh 100 TWh Includes both renewable and fossil components. 1 TWh is equal to 1 billion kwh.

Waste as contributor to renewable energy production The Directive on Energy from Renewable Sources recognizes the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste as a renewable energy source. ~ 50% of the energy produced by Waste-to-Energy Plants is Renewable

Waste-to-Energy is clean and safe Waste-to-Energy Plants are equipped with sophisticated filtering devices to deal with the pollutants that are in the waste and minimise emissions into the atmosphere. Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste makes the incineration of waste one of the most stringently regulated and controlled industrial activities. Answer given by Mr. Potočnik, Environment Commissioner, to a Parliamentary Question on 10 th June 2010

Inside a Waste-to-Energy Plant

Waste-to-Energy Plant Animation Animation kindly provided by TIRU (France) www.tiru.fr

Health studies The Scientific Advisory Council of the Federal Medical Association (Germany) investigated potential health risks caused by emissions of Waste-to-Energy Plants, concluding: The evaluation conducted shows that currently operating Waste-to-Energy Plants, which conform to the technical standards, cause very marginal health risks, which can therefore be classified as negligible health risks for the population living in the vicinity of Waste-to-Energy Plants Source: German Medical Journal 90, edition 1 / 2, 11 th of January 1993, p. 45-53 since then Waste-to-Energy technology improved even more

Lisbon University's Institute of Preventive Health studies Medicine: waste incineration "does not impact on dioxin blood levels of nearby residents" of Waste-to-Energy plants http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s00456 53506016158 UK Committee of Carcinogenity: any potential risk of cancer due to residency near to municipal solid waste incinerators was exceedingly low, and probably not measurable by the most modern epidemiological techniques http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/coc/munipwst.htm A recent Spanish study concluded that the Tarragona Waste-to-Energy plant does not produce additional health risks for the population living nearby. It presents results from monitoring of the Tarragona (Catalonia, Spain) Waste-to-Energy plant regarding PCDD/Fs levels in soil, vegetation, and air samples collected in the period 2009 2010. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in the surroundings of the Tarragona plant were monitored over the last 15 years. http://wmr.sagepub.com/content/30/9/908.full.pdf+html For further Health Studies please visit http://www.cewep.eu/information/healthandenvironm ent/index.html

Modern Waste-to-Energy Plants safe, clean and full of energy! Isle of Man, UK A2A Brescia, Italy Spittelau Vienna, Austria Issy-les-Moulineaux Paris, France Garstad, Sweden KARA Roskilde, Denmark Meath, Ireland

Waste-to-Energy Plants (in 2013) CEWEP Members : 70 Mio. tonnes (86%); 394 plants Capacity Europe: 81 Mio. tonnes; 453 plants

Waste-to-Energy Plants in Europe 2014 Waste-to-Energy Plants operating in Europe (not including hazardous waste incineration Plants) Waste thermally treated in Waste-to-Energy Plants in million tonnes Data supplied by CEWEP members and national sources * Includes plant in Andorra Portugal 3 0.97 Ireland 1 0.22 Spain* 12 2.5 Norway 17 1.58 Denmark 26 3.5 Sweden 33 5.7 United KingdomNetherlands 32 7.9 12 7.6 Germany Belgium 99 25 Czech 18 3.3 Republic Luxembourg 3 0.64 1 0.13 Austria France Switzerland 11 2.4 126 14.7 30 3.8 Slovenia Croatia Italy 44 6.3 Poland 1 0.04 Finland 9 1.2 Estonia 1 0.22 Latvia Lithuania 1 0.14 Slovakia 2 0.19 Hungary 1 0.38 Romania Bulgaria Greece

For more information on Waste to Energy: CEWEP Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants Avenue de Tervueren 113 B-1040 Brussels Tel. +32 2 770 63 11 Fax +32 2 770 68 14 info@cewep.eu www.cewep.eu