תפישות סדר וכאוס בפיסול הרומנסקי: חצר המנזר, הכנסייה ופיסול השוליים



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תפישות סדר וכאוס בפיסול הרומנסקי: חצר המנזר, הכנסייה ופיסול השוליים Concepts of Order and Chaos in Romanesque Sculpture: The Cloister, the Church and Marginal Sculpture 1280-6633-10 סמסטר ב', תשע"ד ד"ר גיל פישהוף סמינריון לתואר ראשון שעות קבלה של המרצה ומיקום: בתיאום טלפוני מראש טלפון: 158-6216036 כתובת אימייל: fishhofg@post.tau.ac.il תיאור הקורס: תחייתו של פיסול האבן המונומנטלי בצרפת במאות ה- 11 וה- 11, לאחר שלא התקיים במשך מאות בשנים, מהווה תופעה מרכזית בהתפתחות האמנות האירופית. בתקופה זו נבנו ועוטרו מאות רבות של כנסיות על דרכי עולי הרגל, בערים הצומחות ובמרכזים נזיריים שונים. בעוד חלק מן הפיסול הרומנסקי מציג נושאים קנוניים בעלי זיקות לכתבים הקדושים, חלק אחר כולל פיסול אשר נושאיו אניגמטיים, גרוטסקיים וקשים לפענוח. מאז ראשית המאה העשרים ניסה המחקר להתמודד עם הקושי בפיענוחם של מערכי הפיסול הרומנסקי אשר פעמים רבות מציבים זה לצד זה נושאים פיסוליים אשר לכאורה אין ביניהם דבר, וזאת לצד דימויים אניגמטיים או גרוטסקיים. קשיים אלו הביאו לפיתוח מתודות ותפישות שונות לפענוח תוכניות הפיסול הרומנסקי, ובהן תפישות של פטרונות, הקשרים ליטורגיים, תפישות של קהלים וצפייה, ועד לגישות הבוחנות את הפיסול הרומנסקי כביטוי לתרגילים רטוריים, ולשיטות זיכרון של הקהל המלומד. בד בבד, הדיון באפשרויות פענוחן של תוכניות פיסוליות רומנסקיות פותח פתח לדיון בעצם קיומן של תוכניות סדורות שכאלה, ובעצם תפישות הסדר של המאה ה- 11, לעומת תפישות מודרניות של סדר ותוכנית. במהלך הסמינר נבחן את הגישות השונות שפותחו ביחס לפענוח תוכניות הפיסול הרומנסקי, ונעמוד על הנחות היסוד ותפישות הסדר השונות העומדות ביסוד כל אחת מהן.

The rebirth of monumental stone sculpture in France, after a break of five centuries, constitutes a central phenomenon in the development of western art. In this short period (ca. 1050-1150), hundreds of churches were built, along the emerging pilgrimage routes, in the ever-growing towns, and in numerous monasteries. While part of the Romanesque sculpture presents canonical images originating in the Scripture or in Hagiographic traditions, another part presents images whose subjects are enigmatic, grotesque and difficult to decipher. Ever since the beginning of the 20 th century, research has been concerned with the difficulty to decipher Romanesque sculptural cycles, in which seemingly unrelated subjects are often juxtaposed, frequently alongside enigmatic and grotesque images. These difficulties have led to the development of different approaches for deciphering Romanesque sculptural plans among them patronage, study of audiences, as well as approaches perceiving Romanesque sculpture as an expression of rhetorical exercises or puns of the highly learned (often monastic) audiences. At the same time, these discussions served as a starting point for a critical analysis of 12 th -century conceptions of order, in comparison with the modern ones. The course wishes to analyze the different approaches used to decipher Romanesque sculptural plans, and question the basic assumptions and concepts of order behind each approach. Among the issues to be discussed are: 1. The Romanesque cloister an expression of monastic memorization 2. The Romanesque façade and its audiences 3. The grotesque in Romanesque Art 4. Survival of forms - continuity of meaning?: Romanesque sculpture and its sources. 5. Between patron and artist דרישות הקורס ומרכיבי הציון הסופי: השתתפות פעילה בדיון במהלך השיעורים ומטלות קריאה; עבודה סופית. 11% 01%

המפגשים יוקדשו לפרקים הבאים: )רשימת הקריאה הספציפית לכל מפגש תוגדר במהלך הסמסטר בהתאם לדיונים בכיתה(. תפישות של תוכנית בפיסול הרומנסקי Ambrose, K., The Nave Sculpture of Vézelay : The Art of Monastic Viewing, Toronto, 2006..0 Angheben, M., Les chapiteaux romans de Bourgogne. Thèmes et programmes, Turnhout, 2003. Guillouët,. J.-M and Rabel, C. (eds.), Le Programme : une notion pertinente en histoire de l art médiéval?, Cahiers du léopard d or 12 (2011). 8. האמנות בחצר המנזר ביטוי לפרקטיקות זיכרון נזיריות? Carruthers, M. J., The Book of Memory, A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture, 2 nd ed., Cambridge and New-York, 2008 (1990). -----, The Craft of Thought: Meditation, Rhetoric, and the Making of Images, 400-1200, Cambridge, 1998. Rutchick, L., "A Reliquary Capital at Moissac: Liturgy and Ceremonial Thinking in the Cloister", in: Decorations for the Holy Dead: Visual Embellishments on Tombs and Shrines of Saints, eds. S. Lamia and E. Valdez del Alamo, Turnhout, 2002, pp. 129-150. Forsyth, I., The Monumental Arts of the Romanesque Period: Recent Research: the Romanesque Cloister", in: The Cloisters: Studies in Honor of the Fiftieth Anniversary, eds. E. Parker and M. Shepard, New-York, 1992, pp. 3-25. -----, "The Vita Apostolica and Romanesque Sculpture: Some Preliminary Observations", Gesta 25 (1986), pp. 75-82. Valdez del Almo, E., "The Saint's Capital, Talisman in the Cloister", in: Decorations for the Holy Dead: Visual Embellishments on Tombs and Shrines of Saints, eds. S. Lamia and E. Valdez del Alamo, Turnhout, 2002, pp. 111-128. 6. החזית הרומנסקית וקריאתה על ידי קהלים שונים. Abou-el-Haj, B., "The Audiences for the Medieval Cult of Saints", Gesta 30:1 (1991), pp. 3-15.

Bouche, A.-M., "Vox Imaginis: Anomaly and Enigma in Romanesque art", in: The Mind's Eye: Art and Theological Argument in the Middle Ages, eds. J. Hamburger, and A.-M. Princeton, NJ, 2006, pp. 306-335. Christe, Y., L'apocalypse de Jean sens et développements de ses visions synthétiques, Paris, 1996. Denny, D., "The Last Judgement Tympanum at Autun: its Sources and Meaning", Speculum 57/3 (1982), pp. 532-547. Katzenellenbogen, A., "The Central Tympanum at Vézelay. Its Encyclopedic Meaning and Its Relation to the First Crusade", The Art Bulletin 26 (1944), pp. 141-151. Kendall, C. B., The Allegory of the Church Romanesque Portals and their Verse Inscriptions, Toronto, Buffalo and London, 1998. Low, P., "You Who Once Were Far Off: Enlivening Scripture in the Main Portal at Vézelay", The Art Bulletin 85 (2003), pp. 479-489. 4. הגרוטסקי באמנות הרומנסקית דימוי אפוטרופאי? עיטורי? סימבולי? Camille, M., "Mouths and Meanings: Towards an Anti-Iconography of Medieval Art", in: Iconography at the Crossroads, ed. B. Cassidy, Princeton, NJ, 1993. Dale, T., "Monsters, Corporal Deformities and Phantasms in the Cloister of St.- Michel-de-Cuxa", The Art Bulletin, 83/3 (2001), pp. 402-436. Mellinkoff, R., Averting Demons: the Protective Power of Medieval Visual Motifs and Themes, Los Angeles, 2004, pp. 123-142 Rudolph, C., "Bernard of Clairvaux's Apologia as a Description of Cluny, and the Controversy over Monastic Art", Gesta 27 (1988), pp. 125-132. -----'Things of Greater Importance': Bernard of Clairvaux's Apologia and the Medieval Attitude towards Art, Pennsylvania, 1990. Sutterlin, Ch., "Universals in Apotropaic Symbolism: A Behavioral and Comparative Approach to Some Medieval Sculptures", Leonardo 22 (1989), pp. 65-74. Trivell ne A. "Têtes li ns et attrib ts sex els: s rvivan es et v l ti ns de l sage apotropaïque des images de l Antiq it a M yen Âge", Les cahiers de Saint-Michel de Cuxa 39 (2008), pp. 209-221.

המשכיות של צורה? תחייה של משמעות? בעיית הקשר של הפיסול הרומנסקי אל מקורותיו.5 Darling, M. T., "A Sculptural Fragment from Cluny III and the Three-Headed Bird Iconography", in: Animals and the Symbolic in Mediaeval Art and Literature, eds. R. Munk and L. A. J. R. Houwen, Groningen, 1997, pp. 209-223. Forsyth, I., "The Ganymede Capital at Vézelay", Gesta 15 (1976), pp. 241-246. -----, "The Theme of Cockfighting in Burgundian Romanesque Sculpture", Speculum 53 (1978), pp. 252-282. Jacoby, Z., "The Beard Pullers in Romanesque Art: An Islamic Motif and its Evolution in the West", Arte medievale 1 (1987), pp. 65-85. Janson, H. W., Apes and Ape Lore in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, London, 1952. Kenaan-Kedar, N., ''The Devouring Monster. A Source for the Depiction of Hell in Romanesque Last Judgments,'' Assaph - Studies in Art History 1 (1980), pp. 67-86. Pendergast, C. S., "The Cluny Capital of the Three-Headed Bird", Gesta 27 (1988), pp. 31-38. פיסול השוליים ואפשרויות קריאתו Camille, M., Image on the Edge: the Margins of Medieval Art, Cambridge, MA, 1992. Kenaan-Kedar, N., Marginal Sculpture in Medieval France Towards the Dechiphering of an Enigmatic Pictorial Language, Aldershot, 1995..3 Weir, A. and Jerman, J., Images of Lust: Sexual Carvings on Medieval Churches, London, 1986.

ספרות כללית כנען-קדר, נ., האמנות הנוצרית בימי הביניים מושגי יסוד, ספריית "אוניברסיטה משודרת", תל-אביב, 0991. כנען-קדר, נ., האישה ודימוייה באמנות ימי הביניים, ספריית "אוניברסיטה משודרת", תל-אביב, 0991. כנען-קדר, נ., תחייתו של הפיסול המונומנטלי באירופה, תל-אביב, 2112. Anthony, E.W., Romanesque Frescoes, Princeton, NJ, 1951. Avril, F., X. Barral-î -Altet et al., Les royaumes d Occident, Paris, 1983. Conant, K. J., Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture 800-1200, The Pelican History of Art, Harmondsworth, 1978 (1959). Demus, O., Romanesque Mural Painting, London, 1970 (1968). Dodwell, C.R., Painting in Europe 800-1200, The Pelican History of Art, Harmondsworth, 1971. Focillon, H., The Art of the West in the Middle Ages, I: Romanesque Art, London and New York, 1980 (1963). Grodecki, L., Le siècle de l an mil, Paris, 1973. Grabar, A. and Nordenfalk, C., Romanesque Painting from the Eleventh to the Thirteenth Century, Geneva, 1958. Hearn, M. F., Romanesque Sculpture The Revival of Monumental Stone Sculpture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries, Ithaca, NY, 1981. Kenaan-Kedar, N., Marginal Sculpture in Medieval France Towards the Dechiphering of an Enigmatic Pictorial Language, Aldershot, 1995. Lasko, P., Ars Sacra: 800-1200, The Pelican History of Art, Harmondsworth, 1972. Mâle, E., Religious Art in France The Twelfth Century, Princeton, NJ, 1978 (1922) Mellinkoff, R., Averting Demons, Los Angeles, 2004. Réau, L., Iconographie de l art chrétien, Paris, 1959. Schapiro, M., Romanesque Art Selected Papers, New York, 1977. Schapiro, M., Romanesque Architectural Sculpture, ed. L. Seidel, Chicago, IL, 2006.

Schiller, G., Iconography of Christian Art, 2 vols., trans. J. Seligman, London, 1971-1972 (1966). Stoddard, W.S., Art and Architecture in Medieval France, New York, 1972 (1966). er r rnstein C., Portals and Politics in the Early Italian City-State: The Sculpture of Nicholaus in Context, Parma, 1988. Zarnecki, G., Romanesque Art and Architecture, London, 1989 (1971). Zodiaque Series, La-Pierre-qui-Vire.