2. Write the electron configuration notation and the electron dot notation for each: (a) Ni atom (b) Ni 2+ ion (c) Ni 3+ ion

EXTRA HOMEWORK 2A 1. Predict whether each of the following types of matter will be bonded with ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds, and identify whether each will be composed of atoms, ions, or molcules of particles. (a) Ni (b) F 2 (c) PtCl 4 (d) C 2 H 6 O 2 2. Write the electron configuration notation and the electron dot notation for each: (a) Ni atom (b) Ni 2+ ion (c) Ni 3+ ion 3. Arrange each of the following groups of atoms and/or ions in order of increasing size: (a) Be 2+, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, Sr 2+ (b) As 3-, Se 2 -, Br -, Rb + 4. Write the electron dot notation for each ionic compound: (a) BaF 2 (b) CaO 5. Draw Lewis structures that obey the octet rule for each of the following molecules or ions: (a) AsF 3 (b) H 2 Se (c) HI (d) SiBr 4 *6. Why do metal atoms achieve an octet configuration in compound formation? *7. Why do nonmetal atoms achieve an octet configuration in compound formation? *8. Predict whether each of the following will be bonded with ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds: (a) H 2 CO 3 (b) NaOH (c) brass (65% copper and 35% zinc) *9. Arrange each of the following groups of atoms and/or ions in order of increasing size: (a) V, V +, V 2+, V 3+ (b) P, P -, P 2-, P 3-

EXTRA HOMEWORK 2B 1. For each of the following diatomic molecules, (1) draw the Lewis structure, (2) identify the bond order of the bond in each molecule, (3) rank each molecule from lowest to highest bond energy, and (4) rank each bond from shortest to longest bond length: (a) Se 2 (b) Br 2 (c) I 2 2. Draw Lewis structures that obey the octet rule for each of the following molecules or ions, and identify the bond order of the bonds in each: (a) CCl 4 (b) SeF 2 (c) CO (d) ClO 4 - (e) HS - (f) CH 2 Cl 2 (g) TeO (h) CO 3 2-- 3. Predict which element in each of the following groups will have the highest electronegativity: (a) Be, B (b) Br, I 4. Predict which bond will be the most polar: (a) Mg F or Al F (b) Fe-Br or Fe-Cl *5. For each of the following diatomic molecules, (1) draw the Lewis structure, (2) identify the bond order of the bond in each molecule, (3) rank each molecule from lowest to highest bond energy, and (4) rank each bond from shortest to longest bond length: (a) CO (b) NO (c) O 2 *6. For each of the following diatomic molecules, (1) draw the Lewis structure, (2) identify the bond order of the bond in each molecule, (3) pick the molecule with the lowest and the highest bond energy, and (4) pick the molecule with the shortest and the longest bond length: (a) H 2 (b) As 2 (c) Cl 2 (b) I 2

EXTRA HOMEWORK FOR NOMENCLATURE 1. Name each of the following compounds: (a) CsF (b) CaCO 3 (c) MnBr 2 (d) FePO 4 (e) SiF 4 (f) NO (g) Ag 2 S (h) MgO 2 (i) PbI 2 (j) Ni(HSO 4 ) 2 (k) XeO 4 (l) PBr 5 (m) Li 3 P (n) Ag 2 SO 4 (o) TiO 2 (p) Pb(NO 3 ) 2 (q) P 4 O 6 (r) SO 3 (s) Ba(NO 2 ) 2 (t) FeCl. 3 2H 2 O (u) Al(CN) 3 (v) Bi 2 (CrO 4 ) 3 (w) As 2 S 3 (x) Br 2 O 2. Give the formula of each of the following compounds: (a) potassium nitride (b) zinc acetate (c) chromium (III) sulfide (d) mercury (I) hydroxide (e) sulfur dibromide (f) phosphorus triiodide (g) strontium chloride pentahydrate (h) potassium dichromate (i) chromium (III) sulfate (j) titanium (IV) oxalate (k) sulfur hexafluoride (l) silicon dioxide (m) sodium hydride (n) aluminum hydroxide (o) tin (II) fluoride (p) ammonium iodide (q) nitrogen disulfide (r) chlorine monoxide (s) strontium nitride (t) sodium bicarbonate (u) antimony (V) fluoride (v) cobalt (III) permanganate (w) chlorine trifluoride (x) tricarbon dioxide 3. Name each of the following acids: (a) HCl (b) HClO 3 (c) HClO 2 (d) H 2 CO 3 (e) HNO 3 (f) HNO 2 (g) HIO 4 (h) H 2 C 2 O 4 4. Give the formula of each of the following acids: (a) hydroiodic acid (c) phosphoric acid (e) hydrofluoric acid (g) perbromic acid (b) iodic acid (d) phosphorus acid (f) sulfuric acid (h) hypobromous acid

EXTRA HOMEWORK 2C 1. Give the formal charge for each atom in the following molecules and ions. (a) CCl 4 (b) SeF 2 (c) CO (d) ClO 4 - (e) HS - (f) CH 2 Cl 2 (g) TeO (h) CO 3 2-- 2. Draw the best Lewis structures for each of the following molecules or ions by minimizing formal charges: (a) SCN - (C central) (b) SCP - (C central) 3. Draw Lewis structures for each of the following molecules, which have central atoms that do not obey the octet rule: (a) BI 3 (b) XeF 4 4. Draw the best Lewis structures for each of the following molecules or ions by minimizing formal charges: (a) SO 2 (b) PO 4 3- (c) ClO 2 - *5. Three resonance structures can be drawn for carbon doxide. Which resonance structure is best from a formal charge stand point? EXTRA HOMEWORK 2D 1. Draw the best Lewis structure for each of the following, and predict their shapes: (a) BCl 3 2- (b) SeO 3 + (c) SF 5 + (d) IF 6 (e) SiH 4 + (f) NO 2 + (g) BrF 4 (h) KrF 4 2. Which one of the following molecules, O 3, ClF 3, or BF 3, will have bond angles of 120? - *3. Draw the best Lewis structure and predict the shape for XeF 3

EXTRA HOMEWORK 2E 1. Draw the best Lewis structure for each of the following, predict the shape of each, and predict whether each is polar or nonpolar: (a) CO 2 (b) ClF 3 (c) AsF 5 (d) SeF 6 (e) IF 5 (f) O 3 (g) Cl 3 - (h) SeI 2 (i) AsI 3 (j) HNO (N central) (k) BH 3 (l) BH 2 F *2. Draw the Lewis structure for ozone, and predict its shape and polarity. *3. Ozone has an experimentally determined dipole moment of 0.53 debye units, which means it is polar. Calculate the formal charges for each atom in ozone, and try to justify its actual polarity. *4. Carbon monoxide has a much smaller dipole moment than expected. Calculate the formal charges for each atom in carbon monoxide, and try to justify its actual polarity. EXTRA HOMEWORK 2F 1. A phosphorus atom can react with hydrogen to form phosphine, PH 3. (a) The phosphorus atom can bond to the three hydrogen atoms without undergoing hybridization. If this is the case, name the bonds in the phosphine molecule, and predict the bond angle in the molecule. (b) The phosphorus atom can bond to the three hydrogen atoms by undergoing hybridization. If this is the case, name the bonds in the phosphine molecule, and predict the bond angle in the molecule. 2. A fluorine atom can react with hydrogen to form hydrogen fluoride, HF. (a) If the fluorine does not undergo hybridization, name the bond in the molecule. (b) If the fluorine does undergo hybridization, name the bond in the molecule. EXTRA HOMEWORK 2G 1. Draw the best Lewis structure for each of the following, give the hybridization of the central atom, predict the shape of each, and predict whether each is polar or nonpolar: (a) PH 3 (b) BF 3 (c) BeH 2 (d) TeF 4 (e) RnF 4 (f) IF 2 - (g) NH 4 + (h) KrF 3 + *2. For IF 7, give the hydribization of the central atom, predict the shape, and predict whether each is polar or nonpolar:

EXTRA HOMEWORK FOR CRYSTALLIZATION 1. A mixture of 10. grams of calcium chloride and 2 grams of magnesium sulfate is to be separated by crystallization. The solubility curves of the two compounds are shown below. (a) The mixture is dissolved in 25 g of water and the temperature raised to 100 C. What are the solubilities of the two components at this temperature? (b) Do both substances dissolve completely in the 25 g of water at 100 C? (c) The mixture is cooled to 0 C. What are the solubilities of the two components at this temperature? (d) Are the crystals that are formed at 0 C pure calcium chloride? (e) What percentage of the calcium chloride from the orginal mixture have been collected as crystals? 2. A mixture of 10. grams of calcium chloride and 2 grams of magnesium sulfate is to be separated by crystallization. (a) The mixture is dissolved in 50. g of water and the temperature raised to 100 C. What are the solubilities of the two components at this temperature? (b) Do both substances dissolve completely in the 50. g of water at 100 C? (c) The mixture is cooled to 0 C. What are the solubilities of the two components at this temperature? (d) Are the crystals that are formed at 0 C pure calcium chloride? (e) What percentage of the calcium chloride from the orginal mixture have been collected as crystals? (continued on next page)

*3. A mixture of 10. grams of calcium chloride and 5 grams of magnesium sulfate is to be separated by crystallization. The solubiliy curves of the two compounds are shown below. (a) The mixture is dissolved in 50. g of water and the temperature raised to 100 C. What are the solubilities of the two components at this temperature? (b) Do both substances dissolve completely in the 50. g of water at 100 C? (c) The mixture is cooled to 0 C. What are the solubilities of the two components at this temperature? (d) Are the crystals that are formed at 0 C pure calcium chloride? (e) The crystals from part (d) are then dissolved in another 50. g of water and the temperature raised to 100 C. Do both substances dissolve completely in the 50. g of water at 100 C? (f) The mixture is cooled to 0 C. Are the crystals that are formed at 0 C pure calcium chloride? (g) What percentage of the calcium chloride from the orginal mixture have been collected as crystals? EXTRA HOMEWORK FOR SPECTROSCOPY 1. The concentration of the orange substance potassium dichromate in an unknown solution was to be determined. (a) What color wavelength will be the best to analyze the concentration of the potassium chromate? (b) The absorbances of a series of standard potassium chromate solutions were measured with a wavelength of 475 nm in a 1.00 cm cuvet, and a calibration line was created using LoggerPro, which is showed below. If the absorbance of the unknown solution was found to be 0.835, determine the concentration of dipotassium chromate in the unknown solution. (c) Calculate the extinction coefficient for potassium dichromate at a wavelength of 475 nm. (continued on next page)

2. Tartrazine is a synthetic lemon yellow azo dye primarily used as a food coloring. The concentration of Tartrazine in Mountain Dew was to be determined. (a) What color wavelength will be the best to analyze the concentration of the Tartrazine? (b) The absorbances of a series of standard Tartrazine solutions were measured with a wavelength of 425 nm in a 2.00 cm cuvet, and a calibration line was created using LoggerPro, which is showed below. If the absorbance of a sample of Mountain Dew was found to be 0.512, determine the concentration of Tartrazine in the Mountain Dew. (c) The Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of Tartrazine is 5.0 mg/kg of body weight/day. Use this information to calculate the number of cans of Mountain Dew a 60. kg person would need to drink to receive the ADI of Tartrazine. A can of Mountain Dew is 355 ml. (d) Calculate the extinction coefficient for Tartrazine at a wavelength of 425 nm.

EXTRA HOMEWORK 2H 1. For carbon atoms with the following hybridizations, sketch their valence atomic orbitals using lines to represent each orbital, as you would in a bond orbital model: (a) sp3 (b) sp2 (c) sp2 (rotated 90º) (d) sp 2. Draw the bond orbital model and label all of the bonds in the following molecules or ions: (a) CH 3 OCH 3 (b) CH 3 CCH (c) CH 2 CCHCH 3 3. Give the number of sigma and pi bonds in the following molecule: *4. For the ozone molecule, O 3, draw its bond orbital model. Labeling the bonds is not necessary. *5. For the arsenate ion, AsO 4 3-, draw the best Lewis structure and give the hydribization of the central atom. What atomic orbitals are being used for the pi bonding? EXTRA HOMEWORK 2I 1. Name each of the following molecular orbitals. (a) (b) 2. For the He 2 2+ ion, (1) draw the molecular orbital energy level diagram, (2) write the electron configuration notation, (3) determine the bond order, and (4) determine if the species is paramagnetic or diamagnetic. *3. Draw a picture of the molecular orbital that would be formed from the following combinations of atomic orbitals: (a) 2s + 2s (b) 2s 2s *4. For each of the following diatomic species, (1) draw a molecular orbital energy level diagram, (2) write the valence electron configuration notation, (3) determine the bond order, and (4) determine if the species exists or not (a) Li 2 (b) Be 2

EXTRA HOMEWORK 2J 1. Draw pictures of each bonding and antibonding molecular orbital created from combinations of the following atomic orbitals: (a) (b) (c) 2. For the SCl diatomic molecule, draw its molecular orbital energy level diagram. 3. For each of the following diatomic species, (1) write the electron configuration notation, (2) determine the bond order, (3) determine if the species is paramagnetic or diamagnetic, (4) indicate which one has the highest bond energy and which one has the lowest bond energy, and (5) indicate which one has the longest bond length and which one has the shortest bond length: (a) SCl (b) SCl - (c) SCl + 4. Draw the bond orbital model and label all of the bonds for NO 2 - *5. For the HF diatomic molecule, (1) draw the molecular orbital energy level diagram, (2) write the electron configuration notation, (3) determine the bond order, and (4) determine if the species is paramagnetic or diamagnetic. EXTRA HOMEWORK 2K 1. Determine the empirical formula of a compound of titanium and oxygen that is 59.9% titanium by mass. 2. A sample of a compound containing nitrogen and oxygen is decomposed in the laboratory, producing 24.5 g of nitrogen and 70.0 g of oxygen. Determine the empirical formula of the compound. 3. Determine the molecular formula of a compound that is 85.6% carbon and 14.4% hydrogen by mass, if its molar mass is 85 5 g/mol. 4. Determine the molecular formula of a compound that is 43.9% carbon, 4.9% hydrogen, and 51.2% nitrogen by mass, if its molar mass is 160 10 g/mol. *5. A compound, XF 5, is 42.81% fluorine by mass. Identify the element X, and predict the shape of the molecule. *6. How many moles of nitrogen atoms are in 51.7 g of ammonium nitrate? *7. What are the total number of moles of atoms in 62.4 g of silver sulfate? *8. The Statue of Liberty is made of 2.0 x 10 5 lbs. of copper sheets bolted to a framework. How many moles off copper are on the statue? (1 lb = 454 g)

EXTRA 2A ANSWERS 1. (a) metallic, atoms (b) covalent, molecules (c) ionic, ions (d) covalent, molecules 2. (a) [Ar]4s 2 3d 8 (b) [Ar]3d 8 (c) [Ar]3d 7 3. (a) Be 2+, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, Sr 2+ (b) Rb +, Br -, Se 2 -, As 3-, 4. (a) (b) 5. (a) (b) (c) (d) *6. Metal atoms have low electron affinities for electrons being added to their outer shell so they do not gain electrons, and low ionization energies for their valence electrons so they are lost easily, achieving an octet configuration in the next lowest energy level. Further ionization energies for the core electrons are too high to allow them to be removed. *7. Nonmetal atoms have high ionization energies for their valence electrons so they do not lose them, and high electron affinities for electrons being added to their outer shell so they gain these electrons easily, achieving an octet configuration. Further electron affinities are low so additional electrons are not added. *8. (a) covalent (b) ionic and covalent (c) metallic *9. (a) V 3+, V 2+, V +, V (b) P, P -, P 2-, P 3-

EXTRA 2B ANSWERS 1. (a) (b) (c) B.O. = 2 B.O. = 1 B.O. = 1 Highest B.E. Lowest B.E. Shortest B.L. Longest B.L. 2. (a) (b) (c) (d) B.O. = 1 B.O. = 1 B.O. = 3 B.O. = 1 (e) (f) (g) (h) B.O. = 1 B.O. s = 1 B.O. = 2 B.O. = 1⅓ 3. (a) B (b) Br 4. (a) Mg-F (b) Fe-Cl *5. (a) (b) (c) B.O. = 3 B.O. = 2 B.O. = 2 B.E. = Highest B.E. = Lowest (more electron repulsion) B.L. = Shortest B.L. = Longest (more electron repulsion) *6. (a) (b) (c) (d) B.O. = 1 B.O. = 3 B.O. = 1 B.O. = 1 B.E. = Highest B.E. = Lowest B.L. = Shortest B.L. = Longest

EXTRA NOMENCLATURE ANSWERS 1. (a) cesium fluoride (b) calcium carbonate (c) manganese (II) bromide (d) iron (III) phosphate (e) silicon tetrafluoride (f) nitrogen monoxide (g) silver sulfide (h) magnesium peroxide (i) lead (II) iodide (j) nickel (II) bisulfate (k) xenon tetraoxide (l) phosphorus pentabromide (m) lithium phosphide (n) silver sulfate (o) titanium (IV) oxide (p) lead (II) nitrate (q) tetraphosphorus hexaoxide (r) sulfur trioxide (s) barium nitrite (t) iron (III) chloride dihydrate (u) aluminum cyanide (v) bismuth (III) chromate (w) diarsenic trisulfide (x) dibromine monoxide 2. (a) K 3 N (b) Zn(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 (c) Cr 2 S 3 (d) Hg 2 (OH) 2 (e) SBr 2 (f) PI 3 (g) SrCl. 2 5H 2 O (h) K 2 Cr 2 O 7 (i) Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (j) Ti(C 2 O 4 ) 2 (k) SF 6 (l) SiO 2 (m) NaH (n) Al(OH) 3 (o) SnF 2 (p) NH 4 I (q) NS 2 (r) ClO (s) Sr 3 N 2 (t) NaHCO 3 (u) SbF 5 (v) Co(MnO 4 ) 3 (w) ClF 3 (x) C 3 O 2 3. (a) hydrochloric acid (b) chloric acid (c) chlorous acid (d) carbonic acid (e) nitric acid (f) nitrous acid (g) periodic acid (h) oxalic acid 4. (a) HI (b) HIO 3 (c) H 3 PO 4 (d) H 3 PO 3 (e) HF (f) H 2 SO 4 (g) HBrO 4 (h) HBrO

EXTRA 2C ANSWERS 1. Lewis structures for these molecules and ions are found in Extra Homework 2B, question 2. (a) C = 0, Cl = 0 (b) S = 0, F = 0 (c) C = -1, O = +1 (d) Cl = +3, O = -1 (e) H = 0, S = -1 (f) C = 0, H = 0, Cl = 0 (g) Te = +2, O = -2 (h) C = 0, O = 0, -1, -1 2. (a) (b) 3. (a) (b) 4. (a) (b) (c) *5.

EXTRA 2D ANSWERS 1. (a) (b) (c) (d) trigonal trigonal trigonal octahedral planar pyramidal bipyramidal (e) (f) (g) (h) tetrahedral linear see-saw square planar 2. Only BF 3 has bond angles of exactly 120º *3. SN = 6 with 3 lone pairs will give either a trigonal pyramidal shape with 90º angles, or a T-shape

EXTRA 2E ANSWERS 1. (a) (b) (c) (d) linear T shape trigonal bipyramidal octahedral nonpolar polar nonpolar nonpolar (e) (f) (g) (h) square pyramidal bent 120º linear bent 109.5º polar nonpolar nonpolar polar (i) (j) (k) (l) *2. *3. trigonal pyramidal bent 120º trigonal planar trigonal planar polar polar nonpolar polar bent 120º, nonpolar *4. The different formal charges of each oxygen contribute to the bonds being polar. Because the δ+ and δ- oxygen atoms are arranged asymmetrically, a molecular dipole is produced. Because the more electronegative atom oxygen has a positive formal charge (and the more electropositive atom carbon has a negative formal charge), the oxygen end of the bond is not as negative as would be expected, and the cabon end of the bond is not as positive as would be expected

EXTRA 2F ANSWERS 1. (a) (3p + 1s) 90.0º (b) (sp 3 + 1s) 109.5º *2. (a) σ(1s + 2p) (b) σ(1s + sp 3 ) EXTRA 2G ANSWERS 1. (a) (b) (c) (d) sp 3 sp 2 sp sp 3 d trigonal pyramidal trigonal planar linear see-saw nonpolar nonpolar nonpolar polar (e) (f) (g) (h) sp 3 d 2 sp 3 d sp 3 sp 3 d square planar linear terahedral T-shape nonpolar nonpolar nonpolar polar *2. sp 3 d 3, pentagonal bipyramidal, nonpolar

EXTRA CRYSTALLIZATION ANSWERS 1. (a) 13 g CaCl 2, 11 g MgSO 4 (b) yes (c) 1 g CaCl 2, 2 g MgSO 4 (d) yes (e) 90% CaCl 2 2. (a) 26 g CaCl 2, 22 g MgSO 4 (b) yes (c) 2 g CaCl 2, 4 g MgSO 4 (d) yes (e) 80% CaCl 2 *3. (a) 26 g CaCl 2, 22 g MgSO 4 (b) yes (c) 2 g CaCl 2, 4 g MgSO 4 (d) no (e) yes (f) yes (g) 60% CaCl 2 EXTRA SPECTROSCOPY ANSWERS 1. (a) blue (b) 3.27 mg/l (c) 0.255 L mg -1 cm -1 2. (a) violet (b) 0.350 mg/l (c) 2,410 cans (d) 0.725 L mg -1 cm -1 EXTRA 2H ANSWERS 1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (continued on next page)

2. (a) (b) a = (1s + sp 3 ) a = (sp + sp) d = (1s + sp 3 ) b = (sp 3 + sp 3 ) b = (2p + 2p) e = (1s + sp) c = (sp + sp 3 ) (c) (d) 3. 14σ, 2π *4. a = (sp 2 + sp) d = (1s + sp 2 ) b = (2p + 2p) e = (1s + sp 3 ) c = (sp 2 + sp 3 ) although not required to identify: a = (sp 2 + sp 2 ) b = delocalized system *5. 4d orbitals from the arsenic, and 2p orbitals from the oxygens

EXTRA 2I ANSWERS 1. (a) σ 1s * (b) σ 1s b 2. ( 1s b ) 2 B.O. = 1 diamagnetic *3. (a) (b) *4. (a) (b) ( b 2s ) 2 ( b 2s ) 2 ( * 2s ) 2 B.O. = 1 B.O. = 0 Exists does not exist EXTRA 2J ANSWERS 1. (a) (b) (c) 2. 3. (a) SCl ( b 3s ) 2 ( 3s *) 2 ( b 3p ) 4 ( b 3p ) 2 ( 3p *) 3 B.O. = 1.5 paramag (b) SCl - ( b 3s ) 2 ( 3s *) 2 ( b 3p ) 4 ( b 3p ) 2 ( 3p *) 4 B.O. = 1.0 diamag lowest BE longest BL (c) SCl + ( b 3s ) 2 ( 3s *) 2 ( b 3p ) 4 ( b 3p ) 2 ( 3p *) 2 B.O. = 2.0 paramag highest BE shortest BL (continued on next page)

4. a = (sp 2 + sp 2 ) b = delocalized pi system *5. ( n ) 2 ( b ) 2 ( n ) 4 B.O. = 1 diamagnetic EXTRA 2K ANSWERS 1. TiO 2 2. N 2 O 5 3. C 6 H 12 4. C 6 H 8 N 6 *5. I, square pyramidal *6. 1.29 mol N *7. 1.40 mol atoms *8. 1.4 x 10 6 mol Cu