0XX-01-XXXX How to Write an SAE International Technical Paper (The title should contain the main thoughts and ideas behind the The title needs to be short, but should be inclusive enough to search with any o the modern search engines.) Pranab Saha et al (The purpose o author listings is to give credit to those who have contributed to the research work. Be sure to include authors who have made a signiicant contribution to the concept, design, execution, or interpretation o the research study.) SAE International Technical Quality Response Team (TQRT) Copyright 0xx SAE International Helpul or experienced and new authors, the purpose o this paper is to provide guidance or the preparation o content o an SAE International technical Guidance on each technical paper element has been placed in the appropriate section as much as possible. A technical paper is a act-based document used to close a project or a piece o work. Papers are written in an objective, ormal, impersonal, third-person style. SAE International does not restrict the number o pages or a technical paper, although the recommended length is 9-1 pages in a -column ormat. Abstract The abstract is what readers review irst in order to decide whether the paper is relevant to their work and whether the paper deserves urther study. The abstract should provide clear and concise statements on the contents o the It should contain inormation on what the work is about; how the work is dierent rom other previously-published, related work; a brie discussion on the novelty o the work; the methodology that has been ollowed; and the theory that has been used to complete the work. The abstract is a selstanding document and should not include reerences, ootnotes, igures (or reerences to them), or tables (or reerences to them). It should include brie indings, solutions, impacts, and concluding remarks o the work. The abstract should be written in one paragraph and it should be less than 50 words. Introduction This document concerns content only. Formatting instructions can be ound in the Style Guide on the author resources page o the SAE International website - http://volunteers.sae.org/authors/styleguide.pd. Prior to writing the technical paper, it is recommended that the author prepare an outline ollowing the guidelines mentioned in this document. This will help the author to express thoughts in a systematic manner. knowledge o similar work that has been done and is enumerated in the literature review. Lastly, it gives an outline o the paper that helps the reader understand what to expect in the remainder o the Each o these three areas can be addressed by separate subsections within the Introduction. The Introduction must indicate why the work presented in the paper is signiicant and introduces the reader to the paper s objective, motivation, and scope. While writing an eective Introduction, the author(s) should present the results o a literature search. The author is most likely basing the paper upon another s past work and oten an author will orget to recognize those works. Reerring to other researchers work in the ield authenticates the current work and allows an author to acknowledge the related work o others. Reerence also allows one to distinguish what work has already been done and what new inormation is being presented in the current Among other things, the ollowing should be cited: historical data, statistical data, scientiic acts, and related studies. For additional inormation on citing reerences, see the How to Cite Reerences section. The Introduction should be concluded with a description o the paper s layout. The paper should have a smooth low o content telling a succinct story o the research work that has been completed. The conclusion o the Introduction should clearly identiy or the reader the paper s purpose and highlight discussions that will be covered in the remainder o the The Introduction o the paper is very important and serves three purposes. It discusses the importance and motivation behind the work. The Introduction states how the paper adds to the existing Page 1 o 7
Body o the Paper General Overview A paper will have several sections necessary to provide dierent types o inormation. Examples o these sections include Abstract, Introduction, Body o the Paper, Conclusion(s), Reerences, and Acknowledgements. Each section starts with a header. Following the Introduction is the Body o the Paper. This is the main section o the paper where the actual work is discussed. This section is not entitled Body o the Paper. Rather, it is comprised o multiple sections and subsections titled using topical headings in a multi-level structure suitable or the work presented. The subsections should start with a subheading. Likewise, there could be sub-subheadings within a subsection. Although no speciic heading titles are mandated, common examples include Methods, Results, and Discussion. This section should include a detailed and structured description o the work perormed, including (as appropriate) methodology, assumptions, hardware, observations, analysis, and a comparison o results with prior work. This may include theoretical work, analytical derivation, measurements, and such other topics. The inormation presented must be sel-contained (in the sense that the reader is not assumed to have read prior papers) and provide an appropriate level o detail or the intended audience. However, reerences are made to published work on related topics as appropriate. All terms must be deined the irst time they are mentioned and used consistently throughout the remainder o the Language Considerations Standard rules or written English should be ollowed in the text o the U.S. or UK rules are acceptable, but either must be applied consistently, not mixed. Standard grammar will ensure that the paper is easily understood by a wide audience including those not using English as a primary language. Spell-check and grammar-check sotware can be used to inspect the written text, but should not be a substitute or a thorough personal review. A review by non-authors luent in English is one way to check grammar, but must be completed prior to the SAE International peer-review process. (Oicial reviewers and organizers do not provide this service.) The complexity o the technical subject or an author s diiculty with technical writing are never excuses to avoid ollowing these guidelines. A person unamiliar with the topic should be able to read the paper and understand the general theme. Many companies provide substantive editing via the Web, including: The Charlesworth Group (http://www.charlesworthauthorservices.com/) American Journal Experts (http://www.journalexperts.com/) Editage (http://www.editage.com/) International Science Editing (http://www.internationalscienceediting.com/) Write Science Right (http://www.writescienceright.com/) Please note that SAE International does not endorse these vendors, nor guarantee acceptance o a submission edited by any o these vendors. Commercialism The paper should not be commercial in nature. Thereore, any commercialism should be eliminated and commercial overtones should be limited. However, the inclusion o the names o any hardware, sotware, or other tools used in the technical analysis, evaluation, or methodology is permissible as long as these are cited properly, as mentioned here. Note that a commercial reerence (e.g., product name) may be mentioned once each in the Title, Abstract, and Introduction (or instance, to mention the trade name o a product that is the subject o a paper). Alternatively, a commercial reerence may be placed at the end o the paper in the Acknowledgements section. There is no restriction on the number o citable (published) commercial reerences in the Reerences section. More inormation on commercialism is located at http://volunteers.sae.org/authors/commercialism.htm. The ollowing is an example o a statement demonstrating unacceptable commercialism or advertising: Tests on XYZ Corporation s SuperProduct 1000 have demonstrated the superior quality o our product. Plagiarism The paper should not have any plagiarism. Plagiarism is committed when an author purposely uses someone else s work, language, thoughts, or ideas without acknowledging the original source or getting proper approval rom the original source. Thereore, it is extremely important to cite and reerence others who have worked in the ield in order to avoid plagiarism. SAE International deines plagiarism as the use or presentation o the ideas or words o another person rom an existing source without appropriate acknowledgement to that source. For more inormation, see the How to Cite Reerences section. Examples o Unacceptable Text A ew examples o unacceptable text are: Editorial comments, such as: The jet aircrat costs $5,500,000. This is a substantial sum o money despite the casualness with which million-dollar sums are bandied about these days. Personal history, such as: The irst military pre-stressing problem that came to my desk was in 1938 in connection with a request rom the Army that we increase the displacement o its truck engines. Unsubstantiated sweeping statements, such as: I believe I can saely say that practically every ailure o a new or retreaded jet tire, where the cause could be ascertained, has proved to be the result o a manuacturing error. Units o Measure The long-term goal or SAE is international communication with minimal eort and conusion. Thereore, the use o S.I. units in all Page o 7
technical publications and presentations is preerred. SAE International will strive toward universal usage o S.I. units and will encourage their use whenever appropriate. However, SAE International also recognizes that sectors o the mobility market do not yet use S.I. units because o tradition, regulatory language, or other reasons. Mandating the use o S.I. units in these cases will impede, rather than acilitate technical communication. Thereore, it is the policy to allow non-s.i. units and dual dimensioning where communication will be enhanced. This shall not be viewed as an avenue to circumvent the long-term goal o 100% S.I. usage. Examples o Units The general rule or capitalization is based on whether the unit was based on a proper noun, e.g., Newton. A ew examples o units are shown here: Hz db km Nm kpa khz Methodology While writing a technical paper, it is very important to clearly state everything that is necessary in setting up the work. This may include a description o any hypotheses, all implicit and explicit assumptions, equations, boundary conditions, dierent analysis techniques or solving analytical problems, equation veriication, measurement setup, and all other pertinent items that make this paper a quality Also, it is important to use correct and consistent terminology used in the discipline. Addressing these elements properly is not only important or the credibility o the author and the paper, but also or successive researchers to classiy the work and also to duplicate the study should that be required. A ew speciic thoughts or preparing a paper based on experimental work would include the ollowing: a description o the work and method used; a description o the measurement setup such that the experiment can be reproduced by others; and a discussion o the basis o the measuring principle/comments on the accuracy, precautions, and limitations on the measurement technique in general. The paper should not list the equipment used as it may be listed in a laboratory report unless some speciic equipment needs to be described to understand the work. For simulation and analytical work, the system model needs to be described clearly. This includes identiying any commercially available sotware that may have been used to do the study. I proprietary sotware or special sotware has been developed, then the undamental equations that are involved need to be discussed and identiied so the credibility o the work is substantiated. However, the author has to be careul so there is no commercialism or commercial overtone. Inormation on various quality metrics, such as mesh geometry, justiication o mesh sizes, and/or nodal boundary conditions needs to be provided. Page 3 o 7 Analysis Analysis could be o two types, qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative means obtaining an in-depth understanding o properties o the product or the solution obtained. Quantitative means obtaining numerical values o the product or the solution obtained and thereby determining the perormance metric o the product and/or the solution. These should be clearly discussed and explained or the long term value o the work. In discussing the analysis process, tables, graphs, and photographs should be used to help visualize and explain the results o the analysis. The tables, graphs, and photographs need to be explained clearly in order to convey what they mean/stand or as opposed to just mentioning that the results are shown in the igure. Wherever possible, comparison results should be provided in graphical orms rather than tabular orms. Examples o Various Illustrations This section provides examples o various illustrations that may be used to prepare a quality Examples o Equations Three examples o equations are shown here. All equations wider than 3.5 inches must be wrapped to the next line as shown in Equations 1 and. Variables used in equations need to be deined in a Nomenclature section at the end o the paper or ollowing the actual equation as shown in Equation 3. = ΔK 1 + 161 aero _ 1 1 1 K (0) = W 1 F lr l β L aero _ y aero _ Where, N = number o possible designs L = number o levels or each actor m = number o actors 1 + 161 1 + M + β aero _ z l lrk r l mv K () (1) N=L m (3)
Examples o Figures Three examples o igures are shown here: 1. Photograph. A schematic or qualitative data 3. Graphical presentation o data Example o a Table Table 1. This is an example o a table and table caption Displaced Volume 1966 cc Stroke 154 mm Bore 17.5 mm Connecting Rod 55 mm Compression Ratio 14.3:1 Number o Valves 4 Exhaust Valve Open 34 BBDC @ 0.15 mm lit Exhaust Valve Close 6 BTDC @ 0.15 mm lit Inlet Valve Open BTDC @ 0.15 mm lit Figure 1. Example o a photograph igure and igure caption For a schematic or qualitative data presentation, the axes should be identiied and should be legible i printed on an 8.5 x11 or A4 size The preerred size or equations, igures, and tables is 3.5 inches or one-column width. I these elements are such that they cannot be placed in a 3.5 inch space (i.e., in one column), they can be placed using the entire width o the page (i.e., using both columns). (Requests to increase or decrease image sizes prior to publishing cannot be honored.) How to Cite Reerences m h Porous Mat l w/ Film Authors should provide direct reerences to original research sources whenever possible. Reerences to review articles can be an eicient way to guide readers to a body o literature; review articles do not always relect original work accurately. Figure. Example o a schematic and qualitative data When plotting data in a graphical orm, all the axes should be labeled with the proper units. I or proprietary reasons the actual data cannot be shared, the data should be non-dimensionalized, normalized, or provide relative data or presentation purposes. The axes inormation, including the numerical values o the tick marks, should be legible i printed on an 8.5 x11 or A4 size Random Incidence Absorp. Coe. [%] mass 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 0 10 0 Figure 3. An example o a igure used or data presentation with a reerence to related work [5] Page 4 o 7 spring Frequency Porous Material 5 mm iberglass tested at 13 acilities 50 1000 4000 1/3 Octave Band Center Frequency [Hz] Reerences need to be assembled in numerical order as they are cited in the Each reerence is cited using a number within square brackets [1]. These are numbered sequentially in the order o irst appearance. Examples o reerences are provided at the end o this paper under the heading o Reerences. The list o reerences is to be provided at the end o the paper, ater Summary/Conclusion(s) (and Recommendation, i present) and beore Acknowledgements or other closing sections. Depending on the content o the work, reerences could also be cited under dierent sections or subsections, such as Introduction, Methodology, Analysis, or something similar. Authors should not reerence inormation that could change or that may not be available at a later time. An example o this is certain inormation posted on the internet (company website, blog, Wikipedia, etc.) unless the inormation is truly archival as is the case or most online journals. Reerences to personal communication should only be used i providing essential inormation that is not available rom a public source. All details o the reerence citing need to be accurate - author, title o the article, proceeding, journal, where it was presented, date published, etc. I an author uses material that is directly taken rom another source (igures, tables, images, text, acts, equations, etc.), even i the source is another SAE International publication, the author is required to obtain permission to use the material. A reerence to the original
source o the inormation must be indicated at the end o the line o text in which the reerence is made by sequentially numbering each instance. This (reerence) number correlates to complete inormation about the original source which will be included in the Reerences section at the end o the In addition, images used with permission must include the copyright statement as provided by the copyright owner as part o the caption and must also include a reerence number. A Copyright Permission Form or this purpose is located at http://volunteers.sae.org/authors/copyrightpermission.pd. The actual reerences listed in Table are provided at the end o this Table. Reerence Examples Reerence type Corresponding Reerence Number Personal communication 1,13 Book,11,1 Conerence paper 3,4 Conerence paper with no paper number 5 or DOI Journal article 6 Journal article with DOI 7 Magazine articles 8 Standards 9,10 Patent 14 Internet reerence 15 Thesis/Dissertation 16 Sotware 17 CD-ROM 18 Video 19 For complete instructions on ormatting citations, please reer to the author resources http://volunteers.sae.org/authors/formattingcitations.pd. Discussion This section is important as the objective is to provide an interpretation o the data and important indings o the work discussed earlier. This section also leads to the Summary/Conclusion(s). Summary/Conclusion(s) Serving several purposes, this section should state a summary o the key learnings rom the work presented including the problem and the solution. For experimental work, this section should also state precautions, limitations, and disadvantages o the work, i any. Depending on the work, this section may also include an explanation on the impact o this work on uture work. Recommendation The Conclusion(s) may oten result in a recommendation. When done properly, the Conclusion(s) and Recommendation will be separate sections and one can easily deine the true value o the work and can, in act, generate uture work as a result. Page 5 o 7 Additional Inormation This is an optional section or inormation that could not be provided in the main paper, but is important in writing a high quality technical Completing Author Inormation Listing the authors tells readers who did the work and should ensure that the appropriate people get credit and take responsibility or the research. Misrepresentation o authorship is a orm o research misconduct. All author and co-author inormation must be entered correctly into MyTechZone at the time the inal manuscript is submitted. Reerences 1. Varsampopulos, G., How to Write a Technical Paper: Structure and Style o the Epitome o your Research, Publication location unknown at this point but had private discussion with the author, May 014.. Feal, R. and Nicholls, D., MLA Handbook o Writers o Research Papers, 7 th Edition," (New York, The Modern Language Association o America, 009), ISBN 978-1- 6039-04-1. 3. Chappuis, A., Small Size Devices or Accurate Acoustical Measurements o Materials and Parts Used in Automobiles, SAE Technical Paper 93166, 1993, doi:10.471/93166. 4. Kook, S., Bae, C., Miles, P., Choi, D. et al., The Eect o Swirl Ratio and Fuel Injection Parameters on CO Emission and Fuel Conversion Eiciency or High-Dilution, Low- Temperature Combustion in an Automotive Diesel Engine, SAE Technical Paper 006-01-0197, 006, doi:10.471/006-01-0197. 5. Saha, P., Pan, J., and Veen, J., Thoughts behind Developing a Small Reverberation Room-Based Sound Absorption Test Method or the Automotive Industry, Presented at NOISE- CON 008, USA, July 8-31, 008. 6. Yokosawa H., Fujita, H., Hirota, M., and Iwata S., Measurement o Turbulent Flow in a Square Duct with Roughened Walls on Two Opposite Sides, Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow 10:15-130, 1989. 7. Antanaitis, D., Monsere, P., and Riee, M., Brake System and Subsystem Design Considerations or Race Track and High Energy Usage Based on Fade Limits, SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Mech. Syst. 1(1):689-708, 008, doi:10.471/008-01-0817. 8. Veen, J., Pan, J., and Saha, P., Standardized Test Procedures or Small Reverberation Room, Sound and Vibration: 18-0, December 005. 9. The International Organization or Standardization (ISO), Acoustics Measurement o Sound Absorption in a Reverberation Room, ISO 354, May 003. 10. SAE International Surace Vehicle Recommended Practice, Laboratory Measurement o the Composite Vibration Damping Properties o Material on a Supporting Steel Bar, SAE Standard J1637, Rev. Aug. 007.
11. Larsen, R. and Marx, M., Statistics, (Saddle River, Prentice-Hall, 1990), ISBN 0-13-844085-9. 1. Richards, P., Automotive Fuels Reerence Book, Third Edition, (Warrendale, SAE International, 014), doi:10.471/r-97. 13. Smith, R., On the Development o Green Energy, Private Communication, Feb. 007. 14. Wilkinson, J., Nonlinear Resonant Circuit Devices, U.S. Patent 3,64,14, July 16, 1990. 15. Paulson, J., Menzericke, K., and Gurtoo, P., Technical Insights Lightweight Material Technology Analysis: Fuel Eiciency Stimulates Use o Lightweight Materials in Automobile Industry, http://www.scienceblog.com/community/older/004/8/0047 474.shtml, June 004. 16. Mathuria, P., Transer Path Analysis o Diesel Engine Noise Using Statistical Energy Analysis, Ph.D. thesis, Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute o Technology, Bombay, 000. 17. Miller, M., The Interactive Tester (Version 4.0), Computer Sotware, Psytek Services, Westminster, CA, 1993. 18. Acoustics Testing Laboratory o the NASA Glenn Research Center (Distributor), Auditory Demonstrations II: Challenges in Speech Communication and Music Listening, Available rom the NASA Glenn Research Center Acoustical Testing Laboratory 04 rom http://acousticaltest.grc.nasa.gov, Dec 003. 19. SAE International, How Does SAE World Congress Enable Industry Networking and Relationship-Building? SAE Video 10943, uploaded Nov. 11, 011. Nomenclature Acknowledgments This is an optional section to acknowledge a person or an organization assisting to make the paper possible. Example: Thanks to the SAE International TQRT (Technical Quality Response Team) members and the associated SAE Sta members or making this paper possible. Author Ailiation The author/co-author inormation should credit their respective ailiations at the time the paper was written. Should the ailiations change prior to publication, the current company(ies) can be acknowledged in the Acknowledgements section o the Deinitions, Acronyms, Abbreviations This is an optional section. The ollowing is an example: barrier SA A barrier is a material that causes the sound wave to lose energy as the wave is transmitted through the material and propagates rom one region to the other. Sample Abbreviations UBT Use borderless table 3.5 inches wide. test vector Don t capitalize term unless an acronym or proper noun. Theoretical papers are likely to have multiple equations. Various terminologies used in these equations should be identiied in a section entitled Nomenclature. Terminologies can also be listed ollowing each respective equation. Contact Inormation This is where the main author inormation (author name, phone, and email address) is listed. I desired, the author can include background, education, and web address details. This is a required section. Example: Pranab Saha, Ph.D., P.E., INCE Board Certiied Work phone: (48) 674-4100 e-mail: prsaha@kandse.com Page 6 o 7
APPENDIX Any bulk o inormation that interrupts the low o thought in the paper should be placed in an appendix. Examples include large tables, large images, or long mathematical derivations. Examples: STL = 4 Ps 4 s 10log10 1 ω Cos θ Bω P Cos B Sin Sin ω θ ω θ + η θ 1 4 + 4 ρc Pc s ρc Pc s (4) Table 3. DOE cases considered and their eect on the study Frequency Range Frequency (Hz) General System Behavior Inluence o dierent actors (%) Ratio o wear to mass illed layer density Mass-illed layer thickness Decoupler density Range 1 15 to 315 Coupled System 3 10 86 Range 400 to 1000 Double Wall Resonance Eects 1 3 96 Range 3 150 to 3150 Transition Region 3 3 90 Range 4 4000 to 8000 Double Wall Decoupled Region 7 7 77 S:\Content_Management\Private\Author_resources_014\How to Write an SAE International Technical Paper.docx\July 3, 015 Page 7 o 7