Cartography with ArcGIS

Cartography with ArcGIS

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C O N T E N T S 1 2 3 Introduction Welcome to Cartography with ArcGIS 1-1 Course objectives 1-2 Day 1 course content 1-3 Day 2 course content 1-4 Day 3 course content 1-5 Optional lessons 1-6 Course materials 1-7 Additional resources 1-8 ESRI Support Center 1-9 ArcGIS: A complete GIS 1-10 Logistics 1-11 Introductions 1-12 Exercise goals 1-13 Why GIS cartography? Why GIS cartography? 2-1 Exercise 2 overview: Map critique start 2-2 Lesson 2 overview 2-3 Cartography defined 2-4 The communication channel 2-5 Reading a book versus a map 2-6 Maps can fail 2-7 Advantages of GIS cartography 2-8 Limitations of GIS cartography 2-9 Non-GIS versus GIS cartography 2-10 Scale bar pitfalls 2-11 Ignoring cartographic issues 2-12 Projection and north arrow 2-13 Cartographic design Cartographic design 3-1 Lesson 3 overview 3-2 Cartographic design 3-3 Cartographers' responsibilities 3-4 Map objectives 3-5 Design objectives 3-6 Communication objectives 3-7 Cartographic processes 3-8 What controls cartographic design (overview)? 3-9 i

Cartography with ArcGIS Contents 4 5 Objective factor 3-10 Audience factor 3-11 Reality and generalization factors 3-12 Scale factor 3-13 Technical limits factor 3-14 Symbology and its graphic characteristics Symbology and its graphic characteristics 4-1 Lesson 4 overview 4-2 Forms of geographical phenomena 4-3 Classifying geographic data 4-4 Factors involved in symbol choice 4-5 The graphic characteristics 4-6 Which symbols to use? 4-7 Point data 4-8 Qualitative linear data 4-9 Quantitative linear data 4-10 Symbolizing areal data 4-11 Patterns: Secondary graphic characteristics 4-12 Design issues: Legibility thresholds 4-13 Design issues: Perception of graphic visuals 4-14 Design issues: Avoid optical illusions or vibration 4-15 Design issues: Visual contrast 4-16 Design issues: Visual hierarchy 4-17 Design issues: Visual hierarchy methods 4-18 Color in cartography Color in cartography 5-1 Lesson 5 overview 5-2 Why color? 5-3 The visible spectrum 5-4 The additive and subtractive primaries 5-5 Dimensions of colors 5-6 Color models and their parameters 5-7 HLS and HSV color models 5-8 RGB, CMY, and CMYK color models 5-9 Color to clarify 5-10 Color and background 5-11 Color preferences 5-12 Color conventions 5-13 Color associations 5-14 Color calibration chart 5-15 ii

Contents 6 7 Working with available symbols and creating custom ones Working with available symbols and creating custom ones 6-1 Lesson 6 overview 6-2 Cartographic tools available in ArcMap 6-3 Marker symbols for point features 6-4 Properties of a marker symbol in ArcMap 6-5 Creating custom marker symbols 6-6 Creating an Arrow Marker symbol 6-7 Creating a Character Marker symbol 6-8 Creating a Picture Marker symbol 6-9 Creating north arrows 6-10 Line symbology 6-11 Properties of a line symbol in ArcMap 6-12 Working with line symbol properties 6-13 Creating custom lines and markers 6-14 Customizing line symbols 6-15 Creating a Cartographic Line symbol 6-16 Working with the Cartographic Line properties 6-17 Creating a Hash Line symbol 6-18 Working with the line Template property 6-19 Creating a Marker Line symbol 6-20 Creating a Picture Line symbol 6-21 Fill symbols for polygon features 6-22 Properties of a polygon symbol in ArcMap 6-23 Customizing fill symbols 6-24 Creating Gradient Fill symbols 6-25 Communicating by color names 6-26 Text symbols 6-27 Working with fonts 6-28 Working with the color property 6-29 Saving your custom symbols 6-30 The StyleDump.dll for printing a style 6-31 Printing the style of your choice 6-32 Deploying custom symbols 6-33 3D symbols and styles 6-34 Fonts and styles in ArcScripts 6-35 Exercise 6 overview 6-36 Symbol levels and layer masking Symbol levels and layer masking 7-1 Lesson 7 overview 7-2 Group layers 7-3 Database design scenarios for symbol levels 7-4 Using the Symbol Levels tool 7-5 iii

Cartography with ArcGIS Contents 8 9 Variable-depth masking 7-6 Cul-De-Sac Masks 7-7 Feature Outline Masks 7-8 Intersecting Layers Masks 7-9 Exercise 7 overview 7-10 Qualitative and quantitative thematic mapping Qualitative and quantitative thematic mapping 8-1 Lesson 8 overview 8-2 Types of data 8-3 Choropleth maps 8-4 Data analysis is required 8-6 When to use absolute counts 8-7 Normalizing your data 8-8 Choosing an appropriate number of classes 8-9 Methods of choosing classes 8-10 Natural breaks, quantile, and equal interval 8-11 Standard deviation 8-12 Displaying quantitative values: Quantities 8-13 Graduated and proportional symbols 8-14 Showing quantity with dot density 8-15 Displaying quantitative values: Charts 8-16 Displaying multiple attributes 8-17 Creating bivariate maps 8-18 Classifying data pitfalls 8-19 Exercise 8 overview 8-20 Name placement guidelines Name placement guidelines 9-1 Lesson 9 overview 9-2 Purpose of text 9-3 Variety of textual information 9-4 Concerns and problems in text placement 9-5 General rules 9-6 Text legibility 9-7 Direction of lettering in maps 9-8 Names for large-scale versus small-scale maps 9-9 How near or far: Point features 9-10 Where to place names for point features 9-11 Why above is better for point features 9-12 Names for point features along linear features 9-13 Names at point features on coasts and shores 9-14 Labels at contour lines 9-15 Guidelines for linear features 9-16 iv

Contents 10 11 Names at linear features 9-17 Ambiguity and clarity placements 9-18 Names of areal features 9-19 Intersection of large and small names 9-20 Spacing of letters 9-21 Spacing of letters for areal features 9-22 Direction of lettering at map edges 9-23 Labeling in ArcMap Labeling in ArcMap 10-1 Lesson 10 overview 10-2 The labeling road map 10-3 Labeling options in ArcGIS 10-4 Label engines and Labeling toolbar 10-5 Label Manager 10-6 Label Priority and Weight Ranking 10-7 Zooming side effects: Standard Label Engine 10-8 Locking labeling 10-9 Labeling features: Standard Label Engine 10-10 Using label classes 10-11 Creating label classes 10-12 Formatting tags when labeling with VB 10-13 Conversion and formatting while labeling 10-14 Limiting decimals without rounding 10-15 Enhanced text effects 10-16 Text callouts and leader lines 10-17 Scaling marker to fit text 10-18 Other text properties 10-19 Label placement for points 10-20 Label placement for lines 10-21 Label placement for polygons 10-22 Duplicate labels 10-23 Labeling performance 10-24 Exercise 10 overview 10-25 Labeling with the Maplex extension Labeling with the Maplex extension 11-1 Lesson 11 overview 11-2 Benefits of Maplex for ArcGIS? 11-3 Label rules: Polygons 11-4 Label rules: Polygons 11-5 Label rules: Polygons 11-6 Label rules: Lines 11-7 Label rules: Lines 11-8 v

Cartography with ArcGIS Contents 12 13 Label rules: Lines 11-9 Label rules: Points 11-10 Label rules: Points 11-11 Label fitting strategies 11-12 Label stacking 11-13 Font size reduction 11-14 Abbreviations 11-15 Strategy order 11-16 Resolving label conflicts 11-17 Feature weights 11-18 Background labels 11-19 Exercise 11 overview 11-21 Working with annotation Working with annotation 12-1 Lesson 12 overview 12-2 The labeling road map 12-3 Feature-based versus non-feature-based anno 12-4 Annotation storage 12-5 Setting the reference scale 12-6 Map annotation groups 12-7 Creating feature-based annotation 12-8 Creating non-feature-based annotation 12-9 Managing annotation groups 12-10 Label classes 12-11 Creating annotation feature classes in ArcCatalog 12-12 Converting coverage or CAD annotation 12-13 Annotation settings before conversion 12-14 Annotation toolbar 12-15 Creating new annotation 12-16 Editing annotation appearance 12-17 Editing multipart annotation 12-18 Editing annotation attributes 12-19 Display and symbology properties 12-20 Keyboard shortcuts for annotation 12-21 Unplaced annotations 12-22 Exercise 12 overview 12-23 Map element characteristics Map element characteristics 13-1 Lesson 13 overview 13-2 Design units 13-3 Visual center 13-4 Visual balance 13-5 vi

Contents 14 What about gaps? 13-6 Main map body 13-7 Inset maps 13-8 Map title 13-9 Legend 13-10 Scale 13-11 North arrow 13-12 Map border 13-13 Source, projection, and author 13-14 Explanatory notes 13-15 A map s overall appearance 13-16 Cartographic planning 13-17 Visual balance: Test 1 13-18 Visual balance: Test 2 13-19 Visual balance: Test 3 13-20 Exercise 13 overview 13-21 Layout techniques Layout techniques 14-1 Lesson 14 overview 14-2 Setting up the page 14-3 Layout design tools 14-4 Creating a map at a specific scale 14-5 Linked extent rectangle between data frames 14-6 Clipping a data frame to an outline of a layer 14-7 Clipping a data frame to a selected graphic 14-8 ArcMap Advanced Settings 14-9 Rotating symbology with data frame rotation 14-10 Rotating maps 14-11 Preparing the legend labels 14-12 Modifying the appearance of a legend 14-13 Transparency of legend symbols 14-14 Showing transparency in legend 14-15 Inserting additional text 14-16 Incorporating a reference system 14-17 Inserting other objects 14-18 Adding a paragraph text element 14-19 Adding a gradual color ramp at coastlines 14-20 Building templates 14-21 Organizing templates 14-22 Creating a map book 14-23 Exercise 14 overview 14-24 vii

Cartography with ArcGIS Contents 15 16 Mapping raster data Mapping raster data 15-1 Lesson 15 overview 15-2 Raster management 15-3 ArcMap raster tools 15-4 Properties of raster data 15-5 Types of ArcMap display renderers 15-6 Resampling during display 15-7 Raster generalization 15-8 Color ramp stretching 15-9 The Effects toolbar 15-10 Rendering raster features on rasters 15-11 Rendering vector features on rasters 15-12 Labeling on rasters 15-13 Rendering relief with core ArcGIS 15-14 Rendering relief: Using ArcGIS Spatial Analyst 15-15 Spatial Analyst and ArcGIS ArcToolbox 15-16 The 3D Analyst extension 15-17 ArcScene 15-18 TINs: Three-dimensional data 15-19 ArcGlobe 15-20 Exercise 15 overview 15-21 Building a cartographic database Building a cartographic database 16-1 Lesson 16 overview 16-2 Importance of a cartographic database 16-3 Layers in a cartographic database 16-5 Highways and major road networks 16-6 Coastlines 16-7 Hydrography 16-8 Administrative boundaries 16-9 Landforms 16-10 Compiling data from other maps 16-11 Data accuracy 16-12 Database projection 16-13 Database scale 16-14 Creating data for different scale maps 16-15 Matching multiple datasets 16-16 National Map Accuracy Standards 16-17 PLTS MPS-Atlas extension 16-18 PLTS MPS-Atlas cartographic tools 16-19 viii

Contents 17 18 Generalization Generalization 17-1 Lesson 17 overview 17-2 Generalization defined 17-3 GIS-based generalization 17-4 Governing factors in generalization 17-5 Selection or omission of features 17-7 Aggregation 17-8 Simplification 17-9 Collapse 17-10 Typification 17-11 Exaggeration 17-12 Aesthetic refinement 17-13 Displacement 17-14 Generalizing data in ArcGIS 17-15 Generalization tools in ArcToolbox 17-16 Generalization on geodatabase features 17-17 Comparing algorithms 17-18 Topological error handling options 17-19 Aggregation options 17-20 Categorizing features and status 17-21 Generalizing buildings in street blocks 17-22 Simplification, smoothing in Advanced Editing 17-26 Remarks on generalization 17-27 Cartographic representations Cartographic representations 18-1 Lesson 18 overview 18-2 What are representations? 18-3 Why should I use representations? 18-4 How are representations stored? 18-5 Creating representations 18-6 Representation rules 18-7 Interacting with representation rules 18-8 Representation rule properties 18-9 Rule properties can be mapped to fields 18-10 Representation rule with geometric effects 18-12 Representation markers 18-13 The Marker Editor 18-14 Marker Placement styles 18-15 What is a representation override? 18-16 When to edit representations? 18-17 How do you edit representations? 18-18 Overriding properties explicitly: By typing 18-19 ix

Cartography with ArcGIS Contents 19 20 21 Overriding properties explicitly: Interactively 18-20 Representation toolbar 18-21 Free representations are valuable 18-23 Geoprocessing tools for representations 18-24 Automating symbology tasks 18-25 Graphic Quality toolset 18-26 Representation Management toolset 18-27 Symbolization Refinement toolset 18-28 Exercise 18 overview 18-29 Course conclusion Course conclusion 19-1 Course objectives 19-2 ESRI educational support 19-3 Learning pathways 19-4 Course evaluation 19-5 Thank you for attending 19-6 (Optional) Designing for the color impaired (Optional) Designing for the color impaired 20-1 Lesson 20 overview 20-2 Human eyes can have deficiencies 20-3 Deficiency in which colors? 20-4 What is difficult to distinguish? 20-5 Colors that are easier to identify 20-6 Which colors to avoid 20-7 Alternatives for point features 20-8 Alternatives for linear features 20-9 Alternatives for areal features 20-10 Useful URLs 20-11 Exercise 20 overview 20-12 (Optional) Map printing (Optional) Map printing 21-1 Lesson 21 overview 21-2 Output: Outside ArcMap 21-3 Did you think ahead? 21-4 Printing to a specific page size 21-5 Layout preview 21-6 Printing maps 21-7 Output raster quality 21-8 Creating device-specific color separates 21-9 What is ArcPress? 21-10 x

Contents 22 23 Why use ArcPress? 21-11 How ArcMap and ArcPress work 21-12 Choose correct printer driver 21-13 ArcPress print resolution 21-14 Standardize printing 21-15 Hints for better quality prints 21-16 Sharing maps 21-17 Export drivers 21-18 Exporting a map: EPS example 21-19 (Optional) Mapping for screen displays (Optional) Mapping for screen displays 22-1 Lesson 22 overview 22-2 Web-based GIS 22-3 Map content tuning for Web services 22-4 Rendering and image size 22-5 Overlaying multiple map image services 22-6 Top tips for optimizing the Web content display 22-7 Data generalization for performance 22-8 Scale factors for performance 22-9 Symbology for screen displays 22-10 What to avoid in screen displays 22-11 Text symbols for screen displays 22-12 Text on color-rich background 22-13 Label placement for screen displays 22-14 Other things to consider 22-15 (Optional) Language support in ArcGIS (Optional) Language support in ArcGIS 23-1 Lesson 23 overview 23-2 Levels of language support: Internationalization (I18N) 23-3 Levels of language support: Localization (L10N) 23-4 Internationalization 23-5 I18N: Steps 23-6 I18N Step 1: Install the language 23-7 I18N Step 2: Change System locale 23-8 I18N Step 3: Change user locale 23-9 I18N Step 4: Finalize the locale settings 23-10 Customizing the regional options 23-11 I18N: Typing with the language 23-12 I18N: Text symbol properties in ArcMap 23-13 Localization overview 23-14 Localization process 23-15 Exercise 23 overview 23-16 xi