Chapter 2 Religious Practices and Beliefs More than nine-in-ten Hispanics identify with a specific religion. That, along with several other measures of belief and behavior, means that Hispanics as a group are highly religious. How does this affinity for spirituality vary among Latinos with different demographic characteristics or religious affiliations? And how precisely do the religious beliefs of Latinos set them apart from the rest of the population? For the great majority of Latinos, regardless of their religious tradition, God is an active force in daily life. Most Latinos pray every day, most have a crucifix or other religious object in their home and most attend a religious service at least once a month. By significant majorities, Latinos who identify with a religion believe that miracles are performed today just as they were in ancient times and that true believers are rewarded with health and wealth. In some ways, Hispanics as a group are no different than the rest of the U.S. population which by and large is also fairly religious. But in other ways, Latinos appear to be different, both in the intensity of their beliefs and in how they practice those beliefs. Sometimes it is a question of degree: Latinos are somewhat more likely than non-hispanics to say that religion is very important in their lives. Sometimes the difference is within religious traditions: Almost half of Latino s more than twice the rate of white s say the Bible is the literal word of God. And sometimes the difference centers on a core belief: More than the public as a whole, Latinos who are religious largely subscribe to the belief that Jesus will return to Earth in their lifetime, a teaching common among Protestant proponents of rapture theology, which posits that the faithful will be rescued and taken to heaven before the world comes to an end. Religious beliefs and practices vary among Latinos, and especially between s and evangelicals. s pray more, they attend religious services more frequently, they are more avid readers of the Bible and they evangelize or share their faith with non-believers more than do other Latinos. These differences at times extend to core beliefs. For example, Latino s are very devoted to the Virgin Mary, while Latino evangelicals are far less so. Most evangelicals hold that the Bible is literally true, word for word; while many s agree, they are not nearly as likely to believe this. There are also differences in how religion is practiced in everyday life. Latinos who are evangelicals take part in prayer groups and in Bible readings far more regularly than do those who are s, for instance. For their part, Latino s are more likely than are Latino evangelicals to display religious objects in their home and to pray directly to the saints or to the Virgin Mary. These differences are not in and of themselves measures of religious commitment; they may instead reflect different traditions of spirituality. 17
This chapter examines Hispanic religious practices and beliefs across different religious traditions, with comparisons to non-hispanics. It looks at the frequency of attendance at religious services, which is an important indicator of overall religious commitment, as well as how religious beliefs and practices vary among different demographic segments of the Latino population. Finally, there is a separate discussion of how Hispanics view different religious groups. Religious practices Among Latinos, significant majorities of s (68%) and mainline Protestants (65%) say religion is very important to them. The percentages are higher still among evangelical Protestants (85%) and other Christians (88%). These figures are somewhat higher than among non-hispanics. Figure 2.1 Like Most Americans, Hispanics Are Fairly Religious % who Say religion Attend is very church at Among important least weekly Pray daily 68% 44% 69% 68 42 64 85 70 87 Mainline Protestant 65 36 76 Other Christian 88 71 91 29 8 N/A All non-hispanics 60 40 70 White 57 39 70 60 48 63 81 61 87 Mainline Protestant 44 23 54 13 3 N/A Black 84 51 N/A Based on those who belong to a particular religion Source for the religious importance and church attendance items is the 2006 Pew U.S. Religion Survey; source for the prayer item is the 2006 Pew Forum Global Survey of Pentecostals More than four-in-ten (44%) Hispanics say they attend religious services at least once a week, and 63% attend at least monthly. Non-Hispanics report church attendance at similar levels. Here again, however, there are substantial differences across religious traditions. While 70% of Latino evangelicals say they attend church at least once a week, attendance rates are much lower among Latino s (42%) and mainline Protestants (36%). Conversely, 28% of Latino s say they attend church a few times a year or seldom, compared with 14% of evangelicals. In this regard, however, Latinos are not substantially different from non-hispanics of the same religious tradition. 18
Figure 2.2 Church Attendance of Hispanics by Religious Affiliation 100 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 All Mainline Other Hispanics Protestant Christian % who attend church weekly or more % who attend church monthly or a few times a year % who seldom or never attend church There is a similar pattern when it comes to private prayer. Nearly seven-in-ten (69%) Hispanics say they pray every day. But daily prayer tends to be even more common among Latino evangelicals (87%) than it is among mainline Protestants (76%) and s (64%). Again, the same patterns are evident among non-hispanics of different religious traditions. Tradition-specific practices While several religious practices are common to all Hispanics regardless of religious tradition, other behaviors are more tradition-specific. For instance, participation in prayer groups, Bible study groups and other small religious meetings are quite common among Latino evangelicals (75% participate in such groups at least once a month). By contrast, such practices are much less common among Latino s and mainline Protestants; among these groups, fewer than half (31% and 47%, respectively) participate in such activities at least once a month. The same generally holds true for two other religious activities: Bible reading and evangelism. More than three-quarters of Latino evangelicals (78%) read the Scriptures at least once a week, while only 38% of Latinos who are mainline Protestants and 27% of s do so. And about eight-in-ten Latino evangelicals (79%) evangelize at least once a month. Latinos who are mainline Protestants and s, on the other hand, are much more reticent when it comes to spreading their faith. Overall, Hispanics participate in these activities at rates roughly comparable to those seen among members of the same religious traditions in the general population. Hispanic evangelicals, however, participate in prayer groups and share their faith with others at somewhat higher rates than do their non-hispanic counterparts. 19
Figure 2.3 Protestants More Likely to Participate in Prayer Groups, Bible Reading and Evangelism % of Hispanics who Participate in Share faith prayer groups Read scripture with others at Among at least monthly at least weekly least monthly 41% 38% 42% 31 27 32 75 78 79 Mainline Protestant 47 38 53 Other Christian 88 81 81 Based on those who belong to a particular religion Some religious practices are more common among s than among other religious groups, reflecting both the distinctive natures of Protestant and spirituality and theological differences between the two traditions. For instance, Latino s are far more likely (86%) than any other group to display a crucifix or other religious object in their home; only three-in-ten Latino evangelicals (30%) do so. Nearly eight-inten s (79%) say that they pray to saints or to the Virgin Mary during difficult moments in their lives. By contrast, only 9% of Latino evangelicals and 23% of mainline Protestants acknowledge praying to saints in times of trouble. Figure 2.4 s More Likely to Display the Crucifix and Pray to Saints % of Hispanics who Have a crucifix Pray to saints or or other religious Virgin Mary in Among object in home difficult moments 70% 58% 86 79 30 9 Mainline Protestant 54 23 Other Christian 39 20 20
Religious beliefs Divine intervention A large majority of Hispanics believe that God is actively involved in the world. Among those who identify with a religion, three-in-four say that miracles still occur today just as in ancient times. This belief is held by significant majorities of Latino s, evangelicals and mainline Protestants. Figure 2.5 Hispanics Believe God Is an Active Force in their Lives % who believe that Miracles still God grants Jesus will occur today as wealth and return to in ancient health to those earth in my Among times who have faith lifetime 75% 73% 52% 74 73 51 84 76 60 Mainline Protestant 73 73 36 Other Christian 47 64 39 All non-hispanics 80 N/A 34 White 80 N/A 30 81 N/A 22 86 N/A 40 Mainline Protestant 71 N/A 26 For the miracles and wealth/health items, the and All non- Hispanics categories include all those who belong to a particular religion; for the return of Jesus item, the and All non-hispanics categories include all those who are Christian. The source for the non-hispanic numbers is the 2006 Pew Forum Global Survey of Pentecostals. Regardless of religious tradition, Latinos also largely subscribe to views sometimes described as the prosperity gospel, the belief that God rewards the faithful with physical well-being and financial prosperity in this life. About three-in-four Latino s, evangelicals and mainline Protestants subscribe to this view. Roughly half of all Hispanic Christians (52%) also believe that Jesus will return to Earth in their lifetime. This belief is most common among Latino evangelicals (60%), but it is strong even among s (51%). In this regard, Latinos are very different from non-hispanic Christians; only about one-in-three non-hispanic Christians, including 40% of white evangelicals and 22% of white s, believe that Jesus will return during their lifetime. 21
Contrasts between s and Protestants One of the most significant differences between s and Protestants concerns their widely disparate views of the Virgin Mary, a central figure for s generally and especially for Hispanic s. Figure 2.6 Most Latino s Believe Mary Watches over Believers Mary is the virgin mother of God and watches over believers? DK/ Among Agree Disagree Refused Hispanic Christians 75% 18% 7% 88 7 5 35 58 8 Mainline Protestant 43 32 26 Other Christian 26 72 3 Belief that Mary is the mother of God and that she watches over believers is very common among Latino s (88% agree). Though rarer, the belief also is espoused by some Latino Protestants even though many Protestant churches have traditionally discouraged the kind of devotion to Mary practiced by s. About four-in-ten (43%) Latinos who are mainline Protestants and one-in-three evangelicals (35%) agree with this belief. However, a significant majority (58%) of Latino evangelical Protestants disagree. Figure 2.7 Many Hispanics Believe the Bible Is the Literal Word of God % who believe that Bible is Bible is word Bible is the literal of God, not word of but not word of Among God literally true God 50% 31% 12% 49 33 12 76 20 2 Mainline Protestant 44 40 8 Other Christian 44 52 3 29 29 34 All non-hispanics 35 43 18 White 31 46 20 18 64 16 62 34 2 Mainline Protestant 15 61 19 3 27 62 Black 62 26 8 Source: 2006 Pew U.S. Religion Survey 22
If devotion to the Virgin Mary sets s apart from other Hispanics, belief in the literal truth of the Bible distinguishes Latino evangelicals from other groups. More than three-quarters of Latino evangelicals say the Bible is the word of God and is to be taken literally, word for word. Among Latino s and other Christians, by contrast, fewer than half hold that view. Although Hispanic s are less likely than evangelicals to view the Bible as literally true, they still stand out compared with non-latino s. Among Latino s, for example, 49% interpret the Bible as literally true, a much higher figure than among non-hispanic s, only 18% of whom share this view. Frequency of church attendance Religious tradition is not the only factor that shapes religious practices and beliefs and influences social values and political attitudes. Research confirms that the level of religious commitment also plays a major role. A simple but effective measure of religious commitment is attendance at religious services. Frequency of church attendance is closely related to several other measures of religious practice and as such it serves as a good indicator of religious commitment. Across all three major Christian traditions, for instance, Latinos who attend church at least weekly are much more likely to pray on a daily basis than those who attend church less often. They also are more likely to say that the Bible is the word of God and is to be interpreted literally, word for word. Similarly, those who attend church on a weekly basis are much more likely than others to say that religion is very important in their own lives. Similar patterns are found among non-hispanics. Figure 2.8 Latino Church Attendance is Related to Other Religious Beliefs & Behaviors % of Hispanics who Believe the Say religion Bible is Pray is very the literal Among daily important word of God Latino Christians 70% 71% 53% 64 68 49 Attend at least weekly 78 83 58 Attend less often 55 57 41 87 85 76 Attend at least weekly 92 90 82 Attend less often 76 73 60 Mainline Protestant 76 65 44 Attend at least weekly 89 91 58 Attend less often 69 50 35 Other Christian 91 88 44 23
The frequency of church attendance also has been shown to be closely related to social and political attitudes in the general population. Indeed, a Pew analysis of the results of the 2004 presidential election revealed that frequency of church attendance was one of the most important factors shaping a person s decision in that election. 1 In Chapter 6, we will examine patterns of church attendance to better understand the relationship between religion and politics in the Hispanic population. The demography of religious practice Religious practices and beliefs among Hispanics vary somewhat depending on demographic factors, including country of origin. Central Americans, for instance, stand out for the importance they place on religion as Figure 2.9 The Demographics of Religion % of Hispanics who Attend Say religion church at is very least Pray Among important weekly daily 68% 44% 69% Family Heritage Mexican 68 45 67 Puerto Rican 65 42 76 Cuban 58 39 73 Dominican 65 46 83 Central American 76 51 75 South American 64 38 65 Education Less than high school 73 44 69 HS/some college 64 43 70 College graduate 61 43 70 Generation 1st generation 72 45 68 2nd generation 62 41 73 3rd generation 61 43 71 Language Spanish dominant 75 47 67 Bilingual 62 43 75 English dominant 59 41 69 Based on those who belong to a particular religion 1 Source: Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, Religion & Public Life: A Faith-Based Partisan Divide, January 2005 24
well as for their high levels of church attendance. Cubans, by contrast, are less religious than other Hispanics by these measures. Language is another important variable. Among Latinos whose primary language is Spanish, for instance, 75% view religion as very important in their daily lives; that is much higher than among Latinos whose primary language is English (59%). Those who are Spanish dominant overwhelmingly agree (83%) that God will grant financial success and good health to believers, whereas among those who are English dominant only a slight majority (54%) agree. Those whose primary language is Spanish also are far more likely to say that Jesus will return to Earth in their lifetime than those whose primary language is English (60% vs. 43%). Demographic factors are important influences on a variety of religious beliefs and practices, but statistical analysis also reveals that even after these demographic factors are taken into account, religious tradition and church attendance appear to play a significant role in shaping various religious beliefs and practices. In short, both demographic factors and the specifics of religious tradition are closely associated with specific religious beliefs and practices among Hispanics. Social services and volunteerism In the study, Latino evangelicals report that they receive services from and volunteer with church groups at higher levels than Latino s. In response to questions on whether they received help finding a job or housing or in dealing with financial problems, for instance, Latino evangelicals respond more positively than s by significant margins. Similarly, evangelicals are much more likely to say they received help from their churches with child care and in finding food or clothing. Services on language and literacy training, an important resource for many immigrants, are available at about the same rate at, evangelical and mainline Protestant churches. Figure 2.10 Social Services Across Hispanics Religious Traditions Among Hispanics... Does your church or house of worship help members Mainline Other in need with Protestant Christian Food or clothing 84% 83% 90% 89% 82% Finding a job 56 52 74 65 67 Financial problems 63 58 82 73 77 Finding housing 50 45 67 61 65 Taking care of children 57 52 75 72 70 Language or literacy training 57 57 56 53 80 Note: Based on Hispanics who attend religious services 25
Latino evangelicals also are more than twice as likely as Latino s to say they volunteer with a church group. When it comes to other kinds of activities, such as volunteering for a school or neighborhood group, the differences are much smaller, however. This suggests that although Latino s and evangelicals may not be so different in their general orientation towards volunteerism, evangelical churches themselves are a focal point for this kind of activity. Figure 2.11 Volunteerism Among Hispanics by Religious Tradition Among Hispanics... In the past year, have Mainline Other you volunteered with a Protestant Christian Church or religious group 30% 26% 56% 34% 47% School or tutoring program 26 26 29 28 23 Neighborhood, business, or youth group 27 24 36 27 32 How They View Other Faiths Fewer than half of Latino s hold favorable views of other religious traditions. In contrast, majorities of Latino evangelicals voice favorable views of s, Jews, evangelicals and pentecostal Christians. Muslims and Mormons, however, are viewed favorably by only small shares of Latinos, regardless of religious tradition. The same is true for atheists. There is also some difference in how Latino s and evangelicals view each other. About half (55%) of evangelicals hold favorable views of s. Among Latino s, however, only about four-in-ten (42%) hold a favorable view of evangelicals. (See graph on page 28.) When it comes to Jews, attitudes are starkly different by religious tradition. Among Latino s, only 38% have favorable views of Jews, compared with 62% of Latino evangelicals. Latino evangelicals also hold very favorable views of pentecostal Christians. These higher favorability ratings among evangelicals may reflect the importance of Israel and the Jewish people in evangelical theology, and the fact that many Latino evangelicals are themselves pentecostal Christians. 26
Views of Mormons and Muslims, on the other hand, are split or tend to the negative. Only about a third of Latinos (32%) say they hold favorable views of Mormons, with an equal number (33%) expressing unfavorable views. Muslims, too, are viewed rather unfavorably, with roughly a fourth of Hispanics (27%) expressing favorable views, compared with 37% expressing unfavorable views. Latinos feel more unfavorably toward atheists than they do toward any other group. The negative view prevails by more than a 3-to-1 ratio (62% unfavorable, 19% favorable). Pew polling from July 2005 allows for a comparison between the views of Latinos and those of the general population on these favorability measures. Opinions of s are very similar (76% of Hispanics have a favorable view of s, compared with 73% among the general public, according to the 2005 survey). Other groups, by contrast, are viewed less favorably by Hispanics than by the public as a whole. Latinos, for instance, are much less likely than the public as a whole to express a favorable view of Jews (44% vs. 77%) and are more likely as well to express an unfavorable view of Jews (23% vs. 7%). s also are viewed less favorably by Hispanics than the general population (49% vs. 57%). According to a May 2006 Pew survey Muslims also receive a higher favorability rating from the public as a whole than from Hispanics (54% vs. 27%). Although atheists also receive the lowest favorability rating among the general population, Latinos are considerably more negative. The favorability rating of atheists is nearly twice as high among the general population (35%) as among Hispanics (19%). 27
Figure 2.12 How Do Hispanic Religious Groups View Other Faiths? % Favorable % Unfavorable % No Opinion Among... 10 Views of... s 76 13 11 85 5 10 55 36 9 53 26 21 Christians 49 21 31 42 22 36 81 9 10 40 27 34 Jews 44 23 33 38 26 37 62 17 20 42 22 35 Pentecostal Christians 42 20 37 36 22 44 77 15 8 35 25 40 Mormons 32 33 35 32 28 39 28 52 21 28 32 40 Muslims 27 37 38 26 34 40 22 49 27 34 28 39 Atheists 19 62 19 17 61 22 83 8 45 37 18 28