Inpatient Heart Failure Management: Risks & Benefits



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Inpatient Heart Failure Management: Risks & Benefits Dr. Kenneth L. Baughman Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School Director, Advanced Heart Disease Section Brigham & Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School

Most common DRG > 65 years old Today s s focus Exacerbation of established CHF Not New onset Acute ischemia Mechanical

Outline Indications for hospitalization Etiology of exacerbation Risk stratification Modifications of standard therapy Management of refractory CHF IV diuretics Indications for hemodynamic monitoring Vasodilatos/Inotropes Mechanical UF, VAD, IABP Discharge planning

Indications for hospitalization Congestion symptoms, weight gain Low output mentation,, renal perfusion Arrhythmia Co-morbid conditions Electrolyte abnormalities

Etiology of exacerbation Noncompliance Cardiac deterioration Toxins alcohol, medications Non cardiac Thyroid Infection Pulmonary

Risk stratification Fonarow GC, JAMA 2005; 293: 572

Decomposition categories Congestion & output Dry & warm Wet & warm Dry & cold Wet & cold Nohria A, Stevenson L,

Standard management NaCl limitation (2 grams) Fluid restrict (2 liters) Oxygen Diuretics Vasodilators Beta blockers

Intravenous Diuretics Dose IV = 2x oral (except torsemide) Lasix 40 IV = 80 orally Frequency 2-3x/day bolus Continuous infusion Stacking

Continuous infusion vs. bolus Decreased LOS Advantages Stable effect volume & diuresis Decreased electrolyte toxicity Decreased ototoxicity Decreased mortality Cochrane analysis p < 0.01 p 0.50 p 0.005 p < 0.001 RR 0.52 Cochrane Database 2004: (1): CD003178

1. Loop 2. Late distal 3. Early distal 4. Proximal (toxicity) Proximal acetazolamide Loop furosemide Early distal thiazide Late distal spironolactone bumetinide metolazone eplerenon ethacrynic acid torsemide triamterene amiloride

Diuretics Standard therapy modifications Efficacy symptoms, congestion Toxicity systemic under perfusion (renal), electrolytes BNP vs. clinically guided Vasodilators Maximize when dry Beta blockers Continue if possible Reduce dose Stop if sympathomimetic used

Predischarge initiations of beta blockers in patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure Gattis WA JACC 2004; 43: 1534

IV TNG Refractory CHF Phase I Nesiritide (BNP) Milrinone Dopamine/dobutamine

127 patients Hemodynamic monitoring Randomized Placebo Nesiritide Six hour infusion Nesiritide in ADHF 0.015 mcg/kg 0.030 mcg/kg PCWP (mmhg) Global clinical Dyspnea Fatigue BNP 10% + 67% 53% 38% Placebo + 2% + 14% 12% 5% Colucci WS NEJM 2000; 343: 246

Short term risk of death after treatment with Nesiritide for DHF Sackner-Bernstein JD JAMA 2005; 293: 1600

Risk of worsening renal function with Nesiritide in patients with ADHF Sackner-Bernstein JD Circulation 2005; 111: 1487

Safety and feasibility of using serial infusions of Nesiritide for CHF in outpatients 210 patients Creatine 1.8 EF 28% Randomized to weekly Placebo Nesiritide 0.005 mcg/kg 0.010 mcg/kg Yancy CA AJC 2004; 94: 595 Outcomes NS Significant adverse events NS Higher risk - events

Effect of Nesiritide vs. Dobutamine on short term outcomes in treatment of patients with ADHF Silver MA JACC 2002; 39: 798

Milrinone Phosphodisterase inhibitor Vasodilator Inotrope Dose Load 50mcg/kg Drip 0.375 0.750 mcg/kg/min

Short term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure Cuffe MS JAMA 2002; 287: 1541

General Dopamine Dobutamine Sympathomimetics beta 1 > beta 2 > alpha Inotropes Increase cardiac output, mild resistance Toxicity dose dependent Specific Dopamine renal vascular effects Dobutamine - eosinophilia

End stage 10% Advanced 20% Standard 70% Mechanical Ultrafiltration Biventricular pacing IABP Left ventricular assist Replacement Heart transplant

Indications for hemodynamic monitoring Refractory CHF Volume status unknown Use of any vasoactive agent Hypotension (with or without renal insufficiency)

Mortality Age Creatinine Lung disease Liver disease Low BP Low Na Lower wt Depression Patients with heart failure 60-90 day mortality 8.6% 60-90 day rehospitalization 29.6% Readmission & death Creatinine BP (systolic) Hemoglobin Lung disease

Refractory Heart Failure All therapies beyond standard treatment increase mortality

Discharge planning Stable weight & electrolytes 24-48 48 hours Off inotropes 24-48 48 hours Off IV diuretics 24-48 48 hours Stable oral regimen 24 hours Exacerbating etiology corrected Patient and family education Early follow-up Disease management

Outline Indications for hospitalization Etiology of exacerbation Risk stratification Modifications of standard therapy Management of refractory CHF IV diuretics Indications for hemodynamic monitoring Vasodilatos/Inotropes Mechanical UF, VAD, IABP Discharge planning