Improving Land Administration in Brazil From Rural to National Cadastre Thiago Marra thiago.marra@incra.gov.br Kilder Barbosa kilder.barbosa@bhe.incra.gov.br Eduardo Aguilar de Oliveira (presenter) eduardo.oliveira@mda.gov.br
Challenge Improve Land Administration in Brazil providing a basic (land) cadastre as reference to government and society in general Source: FIG, 2014. Cadastre 2014 and Beyond
However... In Brazil... - There is no cadastre for land, there are several
However... In Brazil... - They are not in integrated by law (or in practice), there is no cadastral system - The basic layer (formal and informal domain) is divided in rural and urban cadastres
However... In Brazil... - The boundaries between rural and urban are not well known (and are, still, very dynamic) - There is an NSDI (National Spatial Data Infrastructure), but it still does not have standards for cadastre data
Recent Advances Created in 2001 by law 10,267, the rural (territorial) cadastre was converted to digital in 2013 Certified and Validated Spatial Units by Year Including untitled areas Ready for link with Registry Source: INCRA
Recent Advances Since November 2013: 155,743 certified parcels* 102,6 million hectares (12% of national territory) 300,297 validated parcels** 128 million hectares * enabled to link with registry ** including untitled areas Source: INCRA (www.sigef.incra.gov.br in 03/04/2016)
Recent Advances Future 14 15 Today Past Not standardized data production Lack of systematic Cadastre Registry mismatches 16 8 17 18 7 13 6 9 12 11 10 19 Standardized methods Total covarage of cadastre data Cadastre Registry synchronized
Still... The process is too costly for the most of landholders Millions of hectares have no formal domain The number of specialized professionals is low The time to cover national territory with actual regulations and technical requisites is not reasonable
Still... The needs of Land Administration are URGENT Land use control (environmental restrictions) Land regularization Conflict resolution Land Reform Public land management Infrastructure interventions Land use planning Economic development planning
From the experience with Rural Cadastre, build a land cadastre digital platform that could cover continuously all the national territory Used by rural and urban competent institutions Considering all the continuum of possible land rights Different precision classes for different purposes New methods of data acquisition New data producers Data precision upgradable over time
More diversity of Land Rights Continuum of land rights Perceived tenure approaches Occupancy Adverse possession Leases Informal Land Rights Formal Land Rights Customary Anti evictions Group tenure Registered freehold Source: UN-Habitat, 2008. As today To be added
More diversity of Rightholders Continuum of rightholders Group non-defined membership Religious Local Government/ Ministry Married Group Individual Group of groups Community Cooperative Individual/ Company Source: Lemmen et al, 2015. As today To be added
More diversity of Spatial Units Representations of spatial units Text Point based Photo/Video Point based Set of Lines Different Sources Polygon High Accuracy Incomplete Reference Complete Reference Sketch Point Based As today Reference To Street Axis Polygon Low Accuracy Volume Source: Lemmen et al, 2015. To be added
More diversity of Acquisition Methods Acquisition methods Tape/ Plane table Handheld GPS Total Station Satelite Imagery Inaccurate Reference Accurate Refference Legacy Maps Old Images As today Google Maps OpenStreetMap MS Visual Earth Aerial Camera UAV GPS/ CORS Source: Lemmen et al, 2015. To be added
More diversity of Land Recordation Land recordation Shoebox with titles Paper register with paper imagery Google/ OpenStreetMaps based Title based Digital System/ Accurate map Less Complex More Complex Register without map As today Register with scanned imagery Deed based Digital System 3D Cadastre Source: Lemmen et al, 2015. To be added
Equalizer Spatial Units Land Rights Parties Rightholders Acquisition Methods Land Recordation Purpose As today To be added Adapted from Lemmen et al, 2015.
More: tenure rights, agents, methods, purposes, coverage, security. Less: time and cost Who (Agents) Professional with liability Professional designated by public institution Citizen, NGOs, Unions... How (Methods) Level 1 Registry / Formal Domain Level 2 Public Land Management Level 3 Social Tenure Domain X X X X X Class A Traditional Methods Class B GPS Handheld and others Class C Web interface OpenStreetMap Google Maps... Upgrade rules X
Example The Domain Model Based on LADM Spatial Units in Topology Levels
Multiple sources / institutions with their own RRR's
Question!
Spatial units in different topology levels
Different RRR's related to the same spatial unit (at the same time)
References FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization (2012). Voluntary guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests in the context of national food security. FAO, Rome, Italy. FIG - International Federation of Surveyors (2010). The Social Tenure Domain Model A Pro Poor Land Tool. Author: C.H.J. Lemmen. FIG Report. Joint FIG/UN-Habitat/GLTN Publication, FIG Publication No 52. International Federation of Surveyors, Copenhagen, Denmark. FIG - International Federation of Surveyors, (2014a). CADASTRE 2014 and Beyond. Ed. Daniel Steudler. International Federation of Surveyors (FIG). FIG - International Federation of Surveyors, (2014b). Fit-For-Purpose Land Administration. Authors: Enemark, S., Bell, K.C., Lemmen, C.H.J. and McLaren, R. FIG Guide. Joint FIG/World Bank Publication. FIG Publication No 60. International Federation of Surveyors and The World Bank, Copenhagen, Denmark. ISO 19152:2012. Geographic information Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), Geneva, Switzerland. Lemmen, C.H.J., Augustinus, C., Du Plessis,J., Laarakker,P., De Zeeuw,K., Saers, P. (2015).The Operationalisation of the Continuum of Land Rights at Country Level. Paper presented to the Annual World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington DC, US, March 2015. Marra, T., Barbosa, K., Oliveira, E. (2015). Brazil Towards an Effective Cadastre with Sigef. Proceedings:Conference on Land and Poverty, Washington-DC, USA. World Bank, 2015. UN-Habitat, (2008). Secure land rights for all. UN-Habitat, Nairobi, Kenya.
THANK YOU! Thiago Marra thiago.marra@incra.gov.br Kilder Barbosa kilder.barbosa@bhe.incra.gov.br Eduardo Aguilar de Oliveira (presenter) eduardo.oliveira@mda.gov.br