PROBE VEHICLE TRACK-MATCHING ALGORITHM BASED ON SPATIAL SEMANTIC FEATURES

ISPRS Annas of he Phoograery, Reoe Sensing and Saia Inforaion Sciences, Voue II-4/W2, 205 PROBE VEHICLE TRACK-MATCHING ALGORITHM BASED ON SPATIAL SEMANTIC FEATURES Y Luo a, b, X Song b, L Zheng c, *, C Yang d, M Yu d, M Sun c a Schoo of Resource and Environena Sciences, Wuhan Universiy, China - yuejun@koei-infoco b Wuhan KOTEI Infoaics Co, Ld China - (yuejun, xiangbos@koei-infoco c Schoo of Geodesy and Geoaics, Wuhan Universiy, China zheng@sggwhueducn, engsun_205@26co d Dearen of Geograhy and GeoInforaion Sciences, Coege of Science, George Mason Universiy, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA (cyang3, yu7@guedu KEY WORDS: Saia Seanic Feaures, Probe Vehice Pah, Saia Daa Mining, Goba Maching Mode, Track ABSTRACT: The aching of GPS received ocaions o roads chaenging Tradiiona aching ehod based on he osiion of he GPS receiver, he vehice osiion and vehice behavior near he receiving ie However, for robe vehice rajecories, he saing inerva oo sarse and here a oor correaion beween adjacen saing oins, so i can ariion he GPS e hrough he horica osiions For he daa ining of robe vehice racks based on saia seanics, he aching earned fro he radiiona eecronic navigaion a aching, and i roosed ha he robe vehice rack aching agorih based on saia seanic feaures Exeriena resus show ha he roosed goba-ah aching ehod ges a good aching resus, and resores he rue ah hrough he robe vehice rack INTRODUCTION Wih he raid deveoen of urbanizaion and sociey, vehices have ayed a significan roe in huan ife, and ye caused various robes o environen and ecoy As a new-generaion advanced navigaion daa acquiion ode, robe vehice echogy rovides ore ossibiiies o sove he above series of robes Probe vehice, caed GPS robe car, used in Ineigen Transor Syse (ITS o obain he urban road raffic sae as he effecive way in recen years (Geng, 203 Probe vehice an advanced road raffic inforaion coecion echogy in ITS fied in he curren inernaion (Hao, 202 The daa range of robe vehice echogy can be dribued in a areas and coec daa for 24 hours Using wireess rea-ie ranssion, cenraized rocessing can greay irove he efficiency of inforaion acquiion A he sae ie, he use of exing resources of GPS and counicaion nework ake he acquiion equien ainenance and insaaion coss ower (Zhu, 2009 Therefore, he robe vehice echogy ore ecoica and efficien ehod Since oin-by-oin, neares road aching ofen fa, researchers have deveoed ehods ha ach severa oins a once Ki and Ki (Kru, 2008 ook a a way o easure how uch each GPS oin beongs o any given road, aking i accoun dance fro he road, he shae of he road segen, and he coninuiy of he ah The easure used in a fuzzy aching schee wih earned araeers o oiize erforance Brakasouas e a (Brakasouas, e a, 2005 uses variaions of he Fréche dance o ach he curve of he GPS race o candidae ahs in he road nework They esed heir agorihs on 45 roues in Ahens, Greece A e a (A, e a 2003 give a generaizaion of he Fréche for aching curves Hidden Markov Modes (HMM sove h robe by exiciy odeing he conneciviy of he roads and considering any differen ah hyoheses siuaneousy To ake advanage of robe vehice echogy in saia daa ining, i needs accuraey reconsruc he rea ah ha robe vehice rack hrough, and achieve he saia regraion of foaing vehice rajecory daa and he rea road nework daa The robe vehice rajecories daa has soe daa characerics such as arge sae inerva and osiion e, which akes eecronic a aching of he radiiona ehod suiabe for he ah aching of robe vehice rajecories Therefore, i difficu o conduc he saia daa ining in robe vehice rajecories We wi coare and conras h work wih ours subsequeny afer we exain he dea of our agorih 2 PROBLEMS IN TRADITIONAL PATH MATCHING ALGORITHM The radiiona ehod of navigaion a aching ainy cacuae of curren vehice ocaions by GPS ocaion inforaion received, and hen reaize he aching of he vehice in he road ne using he oin ine dance or curve dance Due o he exence of GPS e error, he aching resu ofen odified hrough hory rack and vehice oion inforaion, in order o eiinae he infuence of GPS e in a cerain degree (Geng, 203; Su, 200; Tang, 2008 Because he GPS saing oin inerva ony s, he radiiona navigaion a aching agorih easier o obain accurae rajecory curve as aching saes,and can reaize ine o ine a aching based on he rack curve However, he robe vehice rajecories usuay uoad a GPS daa in he ens of seconds o a inue due o arge saing inervas A he seed of 40 k/hour of robe vehice, GPS frequency er inue has around a difference of ore han 600 eers, where here ay be uie ahs wihin h dance Poor correaion beween wo oins before and afer deerines ha robe vehice syse can use he ine o ine a aching ehod The raw inu daa conss of vehice ocaions easured by GPS ike os oher a aching work in he aer Each easured oin conss of a ie-saed aiude/ongiude air The roads are aso reresened in he * Corresonding auhor Th conribuion has been eer-reviewed The doube-bind eer-review was conduced on he bas of he fu aer doi:0594/rsannas-ii-4-w2-9-205 9

ISPRS Annas of he Phoograery, Reoe Sensing and Saia Inforaion Sciences, Voue II-4/W2, 205 conveniona way If i si used he radiiona aching ehod of navigaion a, i ay ead o he wrong ah, and even he whoe rajecory which ach u wih a assabe ah(as shown in Figure Obviousy, he radiiona navigaion a aching agorih can be direcy aied o he robe vehice syse (Wang, 202( Back he a of he road nework, he green ine for robe vehice rajecories, red for rajecory aching resus { } i, u of road sequence i =,2,!, i The engh of he ah of he road i Road caegory changes of he road L = i, i eans he engh K = ( f ( i, i +, where, x = y f ( x, y = 0, x y C = Turn nuber of he ah, ange < hreshhod g( x, y = 0, ohers ( g( i, i +, where Figure Probe vehice and rue ah and road nework 3 GLOBAL MATCHING MODEL BASED ON SPATIAL SEMANTIC FEATURE Maching robe ode of radiiona navigaion a ake a ach ony according o he osiion of he GPS receiver, he vehice osiion and vehice behavior near he ie Coared wih he enire roue, i a oca ah aching For robe vehice rajecories, he saing inerva oo arge and here a oor correaion beween adjacen saing oins, so i can ake he GPS e correc hrough he horica osiion A he sae ie, GPS oins of each sae are affeced by he e, so he ah aching using oca oin aone ikey o ach he wrong road, evenuay i wi ead o he whoe rajecory aching o he wrong ah The ieraure (Sinn, 200 roosed ehod of rajecory oin fuzzy aching To a cerain exen, i can reduce he infuence of e, bu si seec in he oca oia ah Fro he ersecive of inforaion fusion (Soirs, 2005, For offine as ach ike robe vehice rack aching (Pereiraf, 2009, i can aso exaine he osiion inforaion of a he saing oins on he rack Beween hese differen saing oins, here can be soe behavior such as access, iied access ie Therefore, i can be considered he overa rajecory of robe vehice, and ake he oia rajecory of goba aching Based on he above anays, i rooses he foowing foa rajecory ah aching ehod based on saia seanic feaures Each rack regarded as a roof of inforaion o resore he rue ah of rajecory 2 Each rajecory oin us be in he scoe of he fuzzy aching in he road ne 3 According o a ah way o exore, fuzzy aching resus for a rack oins are conneced in urn, hen ge a he ossibe goba aching ah 4 According o he evauaion sandards of soe sace seanic, searching a goba oia aching ah in he goba aching ah Se a ossibe goba aching ah fro he goba aching { } ah ode as P =, =,2,!,,he ah ade A he sae ie, Se he ah nuber of he road M =, Track oins he ah assing by are as N In order o evauae he advanages and dadvanages of a seeced ah, i resen a saia seanic feaures Φ = { L, K, C, M, N} wih {engh, road caegory changes, urn nuber, road nubers, rack oins} o describe he ah So he saia seanic feaure of he ah Φ = { L, K, C, M, N } 4 THE SPATIAL SEMANTIC FEATURE REDUCTION METHOD BASED ON PROBE VEHICLE TRAJECTORIES According o he goba aching ode based on saia seanic feaure and seeced saia seanic feaure, i roosed foa rajecory ah resoraion ehods based on saia seanic feaures 4 Track oin ah searching Wih each foa rajecory oin as he cener, aching a he r way wihin a cerain vaue ( 0 Se he road coecion ge by L i{ i, i, i } an fuzzy ach as 2,! i, i he road nubers ached by rack oins i Searching a ah aong a inks aching in wo adjacen rack oins For exae, whie searching beween rack oin i and rack ( ij,, k oin i+, here wi be i + for any cobinaion of ij ( j =,2,!, i i+, k ( k =,2,!, i+ and ( j {,2,!, }; {,2,, } where i k! i+ ri ( ij, in,!,,, in jk i i+ k Searching an accessibe ah in a s cerain hreshod 0 of he road nuber using he Dijsra ( n 0 agorih, where i If he accessibe ah found in he hreshod range, he cobinaion wi be abandoned Th conribuion has been eer-reviewed The doube-bind eer-review was conduced on he bas of he fu aer doi:0594/rsannas-ii-4-w2-9-205 20

ISPRS Annas of he Phoograery, Reoe Sensing and Saia Inforaion Sciences, Voue II-4/W2, 205 Finay, geing { oca } beween Ri = ri jk (ij, in,!, ini, i +,k rack oin i+, ah se rack oin i and where ( j =,2,!, i ; k =,2,!, i + ; ni 0 42 Oia ah seecion based on saia seanic feaures For above a ossibe access roue (i =,2,!, n hreshod r0 of rack oins 50 eers, he road nuber hreshod S0 5 As shown in he exeriena resus, here are 300 racks aching coee roue Through vua insecion, here are 269 racks which are resored ideay, accouning for 8966% Figure 3~ Figure 5 resecivey eans racica rajecory aching resus (Back he a of he road nework, he green ine for robe vehice rajecories, red for rajecory aching resus Ri beween adjacen rack, connecing i a fu ah by oins, where choosing connecing ah wih rack oins as uch as ossibe generaion agorih fow char as shown in Figure 2 According o h agorih, i can be obained he se of a he P = {, =,2,!, } fu ah, which In he fu ah of a, seecing he oia a fu ah as he roue of he rajecory by he forua, which o = in ϕ ( ϕ ( =, 2,!, he saia seanic characeric funcion of (a Funcion(i, i:he curren de :ar o f he ah generaed wheher i he f irs de (b Wheher n- seeced bu cen neced w ih ah rij in Ri Cear ah recursive wheher n on- seeced ah rj in R Pu aria ah r ij i ah choose aria ah r j i ah in roer order Wheher i he as de recursive ca Funcion(i+, (c Figure 3 The overa view and a aria enarged view by racks aching Ex or se P={ =,2, } reu rn Figure 2 The fow char of he goba fu ah generaion 5 EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION By using he ehod in h aer, he ah aching reducion exerien coeed by rando saing 300 vehice acquiion rack In h exerien, he fuzzy aching (a Th conribuion has been eer-reviewed The doube-bind eer-review was conduced on he bas of he fu aer doi:0594/rsannas-ii-4-w2-9-205 2

ISPRS Annas of he Phoograery, Reoe Sensing and Saia Inforaion Sciences, Voue II-4/W2, 205 view by racks5 aching 6 CONCLUSION (b For he saia seanic anays robe in robe vehice rack daa ining, h aer describes he ain robe when he radiiona navigaion eecronic a aching ehod used for robe vehice rack a aching And i us forward he robe vehice rajecories aching echogy based on saia seanic feaures Through he acua daa, he ehod resened in h aer verified by exerien Exeriens show ha aching ehod roosed in h aer ges a beer ach, and resores he rea ah foa rajecory hrough Since he ehod roosed in h aer requires a ossibe ahs of he robe vehice rajecories o ake he coaron oeraor, so as o seec he oia ah The couaion and consuion of hardware resources oo arge Thus when he robe vehice rack conains ore rack oins, he erforance of he agorih needs furher oiizaion ACKNOWLEDGMENT (c Figure 4 The overa view and a aria enarged view by racks2 aching The auhors woud ike o hank he anyous reviewers and ebers of he edioria ea for he coens and conribuions Th work suored by Digia Carograhy and Land Inforaion Aicaion Engineering Key Laboraory Oen Research Fund of Naiona Adinraoin of Surveying, Maing and Geoinforaion and by 204 Youh Science and Techogy Chenguang Pan of Hubei Province (China and by he Naiona High Techogy Research and Deveoen Progra of China (863 Progra No 203AA2A202 REFERENCES (a (b (c A, H, e a, 2003 Maching Panar Mas Journa of Agorihs, 49: 262 283 Brakasouas, S, e a, 2005 On Ma-Maching Vehice Tracking Daa, in 3s Inernaiona Conference on Very Large Daabases (VLDB 2005:Trondhei, Norway 853-864 Dai, X, Feran, M, Roesser R P 2003 A siuaion evauaion of a rea-ie raffic inforaion syse using robe vehices, Ineigen Transoraion Syses, Proceedings IEEE, :475-480 Geng, X,WANG, S, Ji, J, 203 Fas Road -Maching Agorih of Foaing Car Journa of Waer Resources and Archiecua Engineering, Vo,No:22-25 Gou, X, Zuo, X, Zhang, Y, 203 Aicaion of Digia Veociy Mode in Urban Traffic Dynaics Anays Based on robe-car Science Techogy and Engineering, Vo3,No 372-377 Hao, Y, Wu, G, Zhou, S, 202 A Mui-vehice Seed Fusion Agorih Based on Probe Vehice Daa Journa of Transor Inforaion and Safey, Vo30, No69 56-6 Kru, J, 2008 A Markov Mode for Driver Turn Predicion, in Sociey of Auooive Engineers (SAE Word Congress Deroi, Michigan, USA Li, X, Meng, Q, 2002 The Aicaions of GPS Techogy in he Rea-Tie Deecion of Ciy Traffic Condiion To GPS Journa of Ocean Universiy of Qingdao:naura science ediion, 32(3: 475-48 Li, Q, Yin, J, He, F, 2009 A Coverage Rae Mode of GPS robe-car for Road Neworks Geoaics and Figure 5 The overa view and a aria enarged Th conribuion has been eer-reviewed The doube-bind eer-review was conduced on he bas of he fu aer doi:0594/rsannas-ii-4-w2-9-205 22

ISPRS Annas of he Phoograery, Reoe Sensing and Saia Inforaion Sciences, Voue II-4/W2, 205 Inforaion Science of Wuhan Universiy, 34(6: 75-78 Pereir, F, Cosa, H, 2009, An off-ine a-aching agorih for incoee a daabases Euroean Transoraion Research Review, (3:07 24 Schafer, R, Thiessenhusen, K, Wagner, P, 2002 A raffic inforaion syse by eans of rea-ie foaing-car daa ITS word congress Sinn, K, Jong, H, Adaive Fuzzy-Nework-Based C-Measure Ma-Maching Agorih for Car Navigaion Syse IEEE Transacions on Indusria Eecronics, Vo48, No2 Sinn, K, Jong, K, 999,Q-facor Ma Maching Mehod Using Adaive Fuzzy Nework IEEE Inernaiona Fuzzy Syses Conference Proceedings 22-25 Soirs, B, 2005, On Ma-Maching Vehice Tracking Daa Proceeding of he 3s VLDB Conference Su, J, Zhou, D, Yue, C, 200,Rea-ie Ma-aching Agorih in GPS Navigaion Aca Geodaeica e Carograhica Sinica,30(3:252-256 Tang, J, Cao, K, 2008, An Adaive Trajecory Curves Maaching Agorih Aca Geodaeica e Carograhica Sinica,37(3,:308-35 Wang, M, Cheng, L, 202, Rea-ie Ma-aching Agorih in GPS Navigaion Syse for Vehices Aca Geodaeica e Carograhica Sinica,2, Vo4,No:33-38 Zhang, C, 2007, Research on he Traffic Daa Coecion and Daa Processing Theory and Mehod based on robecar Shanghai:Tongji Universiy Zhang, Z, Lin, X, Lin, S, 20, Traffic Paraeer Feaures in Traffic Incidens Based on Probe-car Daa Journa of Transor Inforaion and Safey,29(3: 94-98 Zhu, T, Guo, S, 2009,A Sudy on robe-car Based Inforaion Processing Techogy Joua of Iage and GrahicsVo4,No7:230-237 Th conribuion has been eer-reviewed The doube-bind eer-review was conduced on he bas of he fu aer doi:0594/rsannas-ii-4-w2-9-205 23