DIGITAL VIDEO DISTRIBUTION IN BROADBAND, TELEVISION, MOBILE AND CONVERGED NETWORKS TRENDS, CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS Sanjoy Paul, Ph.D Formerly of Bell Labs and WINLAB, Rutgers University, USA, Limited, India now of Infosys Technologies %WILEY A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
About the Author Preface xiii xv PART ONE TECHNOLOGY TRENDS 1 1 Convergence 3 1.1 Industry Convergence 3 1.2 Device Convergence 4 1.3 Network Convergence 5 1.4 Service Convergence 5 1.5 Summary 9 References 9 2 Video Compression, Encoding and Transport 11 2.1 Still Image Compression 11 2.1.1 Block Transform 11 2.1.2 Quantization 12 2.1.3 Encoding 12 2.1.4 Compressing Even Further 12 2.1.5 Adding Color to an Image 13 2.2 Video Compression 13 2.2.1 Motion Estimation and Compensation 13 2.2.2 Group of Pictures (GOP) 14 2.3 Video Transport 15 2.4 Summary 15 References 15 3 Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) versus Internet Television 17 3.1 Internet Television and Video over IP 17 3.1.1 Content 18 3.1.2 Distribution 18 3.1.3 Search 19 3.2 Summary 19 References 19
vi 4 Multicast 21 4.1 Multicast in IPTV Networks 21 4.2 Multicast in Mobile Networks 22 4.3 Summary 24 References 25 5 Technology Trend and its Impact on Video on Demand Service over Internet 27 5.1 Open versus Closed Networks 28 5.2 Open Networks 30 5.3 Closed Networks 31 5.4 Summary 33 References 34 6 Summary of Part One 35 PART TWO CHALLENGES OF DISTRIBUTING VIDEO IN OPEN NETWORKS 39 7 Movie-on-Demand over the Internet 41 7.1 Resource Estimation 41 7.1.1 Storage 41 7.1.2 Bandwidth 41 7.1.3 Download 42 7.2 Alternative Distribution Models 42 7.2.1 Content Distribution Network (CDN) 42 7.2.2 Hosting 44 7.2.3 Hosting versus CDN 45 7.2.4 Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networks 47 7.2.5 P2P Networksfor Content Download 48 7.2.6 CDN vs. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networks 50 7.2.7 CDN versus Caching 50 7.2.8 Hybrid Networks 52 7.2.9 Combining Caching and P2P 53 7.3 Summary 56 References 57 8 Internet Television 61 8.1 Resource Estimation 61 8.1.1 Bandwidth 62 8.1.2 Storage 62 8.2 P2P Networks for Streaming 62 8.2.1 Adaptive P2P Streaming 64 8.2.2 Tree-Based P2P Streaming 64 8.2.3 Mesh-Based P2P Streaming 67
vii 8.2.4 Scalability of P2P Networks 71 8.2.5 Comparison of Tree-Based and Mesh-Based P2P Streaming 73 8.3 Provider Portal for P2P (P4P) 74 8.3.1 Some Statistics of P2P Traffic 74 8.3.2 Alternative Techniques to Deal with P2P Traffic in ISPs Network 75 8.3.3 Adverse Interaction between ISP Traffic Engineering and P2P Optimization 76 8.3.4 P4P Framework 76 8.4 Summary 77 References 78 9 Broadcast Television over the Internet 81 9.1 Resource Estimation 82 9.1.1 Bandwidth 82 9.1.2 Storage 82 9.2 Technology 83 9.2.1 CoolStreaming 83 9.2.2 Design ofdonet 83 9.2.3 Evaluation ofdonet 87 9.2.4 GridMedia 92 9.3 Products 102 9.3.1 Satellite Direct 102 9.3.2 Download Dish TVfor PC Internet Streaming 102 9.3.3 PPMate Streaming TV 103 9.3.4 SopCastTVStreaming 103 9.3.5 3webTotal Tv and Radio Tuner 103 9.3.6 Free Internet TV Streams 103 9.3.7 Online TV Live 103 9.3.8 CoolStreaming 104 9.3.9 PPLive 104 9.4 Summary 104 References 105 10 Digital Rights Management (DRM) 107 10.1 DRM Functional Architecture 107 10.1.1 Intellectual Property Asset Creation and Capture 107 10.1.2 Intellectual Property Asset Management 108 10.1.3 Intellectual Property Asset Usage 109 10.2 Modeling Content in DRM Functional Architecture 109 10.3 Modeling Rights Expression in DRM Functional Architecture 110 10.4 How DRM works 111 10.4.1 Content Packaging 111 10.4.2 Content Distribution 111 10.4.3 License Distribution 111 10.4.4 License Creation and Assignment 112
viii 10.4.5 License Acquisition 113 10.4.6 Playing the Media File 113 10.5 Summary 113 References 114 11 Quality of Experience (QoE) 115 11.1 QoE Cache: Designing a QoE-Aware Edge Caching System 115 11.1.1 TCP Optimizer 116 11.1.2 Streaming Optimizer 116 11.1.3 Web Proxy/Cache 117 11.1.4 Streaming Proxy/Cache 117 11.1.5 DNS Optimizer 117 11.1.6 TCP Optimizer (Details) 118 11.1.7 Streaming Optimizer (Details) 120 11.1.8 Web Proxy/Cache (Details) 122 11.1.9 Streaming Proxy/Cache (Details) 123 11.1.10 DNS Optimizer (Details) 124 11.2 Further Insights and Optimizations for Video Streaming over Wireless 125 11.2.1 QoE Cache Enhancement Insights 126 77.2.2 Functional Enhancements to the Basic QoE-Cache 126 11.2.3 Benefits Due to Basic QoE Cache 127 11.2.4 Functional Enhancement to Generic QoE Cache 128 11.3 Performance of the QoE Cache 130 11.3.1 Web Browsing 131 7 7 J. 2 Streaming 131 11.3.3 Performance on a Typical Day 133 11.4 Additional Features and Optimizations Possible for QoE-Cache 135 11.4.1 Capability ofhandling Live Streams in addition to Video-on-Demand 135 11.4.2 Hardware-Based Transcoding 136 11.4.3 Video Bit Rate Adaptation with RTP over TCP Streaming 136 11.4.4 Video Bit Rate Adaptation for HTTP-Based Progressive Download 136 11.4.5 Adaptation of Video Based on Client Device Capabilities 137 11.5 Summary 137 References 138 12 Opportunistic Video Delivery Services in Delay Tolerant Networks 141 12.1 Introduction 141 12.2 Design Principles 142 12.3 Alternative Architectures 144 12.3.1 Delay and Disruption Tolerant Networking (RFC 4838) 144 72.5.2 BBN's SPINDLE 147 12.3.3 KioskNet 150 12.4 Converged Architecture 154 12.4.1 Cache and Forward Network Design Goals 155 12.4.2 Architecture 156
Usage ix 12.4.3 Protocols 158 12.4.4 Performance of Protocols in CNF Architecture 161 12.5 Summary 166 References 167 13 Summary of Part Two 169 PART THREE CHALLENGES FOR DISTRIBUTING VIDEO IN CLOSED NETWORKS 173 14 Network Architecture Evolution 175 15 IP Television (IPTV) 177 15.1 IPTV Service Classifications 177 15.2 Requirements for Providing IPTV Services 177 15.3 Displayed Quality Requirements 178 15.3.1 Bandwidth 178 15.3.2 AudioNideo Compression Formats 179 15.3.3 Resolution 179 15.4 Transport Requirements 180 15.4.1 Data Encapsulation 180 15.4.2 Transmission Protocols 181 15.5 Modes of Transport 192 75.5.7 Unicast Transport for Video-on-Demand (VoD) 192 15.5.2 Multicast Transportfor Live TV 193 15.6 Summary 208 References 209 16 Video Distribution in Converged Networks 211 16.1 Impact of Treating Each Network as an Independent Entity 211 16.2 Challenges in Synergizing the Networks and Avoiding Duplication 211 16.3 Potential Approach to Address Multi-Channel Heterogeneity 214 16.3.1 Rule-Based Transformation ofmedia 214 16.3.2 Static versus Dynamic Transformation 214 16.3.3 Dynamic Selection of Top 20% Videos and Top 20% Formats 214 16.3.4 Templatefor Applications 214 16.4 Commercial Transcoders 215 16.4.1 Rhozet Carbon Coder - Mechanism 216 16.4.2 Important Features 216 16.4.3 Rhozet in a Representative Solution 220 16.4.4 Rhozet in Personal Multimedia Content Distribution Solution 220 16.4.5 Rhozet: Summary 220 16.5 Architecture of a System that Embodies the Above Concepts 222 16.5.1 Solution Architecture Diagram 222 16.6 Benefits of the Proposed Architecture 224
X 16.7 Case Study: Virtual Personal Multimedia Library 224 16.8 Summary 225 References 227 17 Quality of Service (QoS) in IPTV 229 17.1 QoS Requirements: Application Layer 229 17.1.1 Standard-Definition TV(SDTV): Minimum Objectives 229 17.1.2 High-Definition TV (HDTV): Minimum Objectives 231 17.2 QoS Requirements: Transport Layer 232 17.2.1 Standard-Definition Video: Minimum Objectives 235 77.2.2 High-Definition Video: Minimum Objectives 236 17.3 QoS Requirements: Network Layer 237 17.4 QoE Requirements: Control Functions 238 17.4.1 QoE Requirements for Channel Zapping Time 238 17.5 QoE Requirements: VoD Trick Mode 240 17.5.1 Trick Latency 240 17.5.2 Requirements for VoD Trick Features 241 17.6 IPTV QoS Requirements at a Glance 241 17.7 Summary 242 References 242 18 Quality of Service (QoS) Monitoring and Assurance 245 18.1 A Representative Architecture for End-to-End QoE Assurance 246 18.2 IPTV QoE Monitoring 248 18.2.1 Monitoring Points 248 18.2.2 Monitoring Point Definitions 248 18.2.3 Monitoring Parameters 249 18.2.4 Monitoring Methods 256 18.2.5 Multi-Layer Monitoring 256 18.2.6 Video Quality Monitoring 258 18.2.7 Audio Quality Monitoring 261 18.3 Internet Protocol TV QoE Monitoring Tools 262 18.3.1 - IQ Pinpoint Multidimensional Video Quality Management 262 18.3.2 Headend Confidence Monitoring 265 18.3.3 Field Analysis and Troubleshooting 266 18.3.4 Product Lifecycle Test and Measurement 266 18.4 Summary 266 References 267 19 Security of Video in Converged Networks 269 19.1 Threats to Digital Video Content 270 19.2 Existing Video Content Protection Technologies 271 79.2.7 DRM Systems 111 19.2.2 Content Scrambling System (CSS) 273 7 9.2.3 Content Protection for Recordable Media and Pre-Recorded Media (CPRM/CPPM) 273
xi 19.2.4 Conditional Access System (CAS) 21A 19.2.5 Advanced Access Content System 21A 19.2.6 Content Protection System Architecture 274 19.2.7 Digital Transmission Content Protection (DTCP) 21A 19.2.8 High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP) 274 19.3 Comparison of Content Protection Technologies 275 19.4 Threats in Traditional and Converged Networks 275 19.4.1 Content in Converged Networks 275 79.4.2 Threats in Traditional Networks 211 19.4.3 Threats in Converged Networks 211 19.5 Requirements of a Comprehensive Content Protection System 278 19.6 Unified Content Management and Protection (UCOMAP) Framework 279 19.6.1 Technical Assumptions 279 19.6.2 Major Components of UCOMAP 280 19.6.3 Other Advantages of UCOMAP Framework 282 19.7 Case Study: Secure Video Store 282 19.8 Summary 284 References 285 20 Challenges for Providing Scalable Video-on-Demand (VoD) Service 287 20.1 Closed-Loop Schemes 288 20.1.1 Batching 289 20.1.2 Patching 290 20.1.3 Batched Patching 291 20.1.4 Controlled (Threshold-Based) Multicast 292 20.1.5 Batched Patching with Prefix Caching 293 20.1.6 Segmented Multicast with Cache (SMcache) 296 20.2 Open-Loop Schemes 296 20.2.1 Equally Spaced Interval Broadcasting 297 20.2.2 Staggered Broadcasting 297 20.2.3 Harmonic Broadcasting 297 20.2.4 Pyramid Broadcasting 298 20.2.5 Skyscraper Broadcasting 299 20.2.6 Comparison ofpb, PPB and SB 300 20.2.7 Greedy Disk-Conserving Broadcast (GDB) 301 20.3 Hybrid Scheme 302 20.4 Summary 303 References 304 21 Challenges of Distributing Video in Mobile Wireless Networks 307 21.1 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) 308 21.1.1 MBMS User Services 310 21.1.2 MBMS Architecture 312 21.1.3 MBMS Attributes and Parameters 316 21.1.4 Multicast Tree in Cellular Network 317 21.1.5 MBMS Procedures 318
Handhelds xii 21.1.6 MBMS Channel Structure 319 21.1.7 Usage ofmbms Channel Structure 319 21.1.8 MBMS Security 322-21.2 Digital Video Broadcast (DVB-H) 326 21.3 Forward Link Only (FLO) 327 21.4 Digital Rights Management (DRM) for Mobile Video Content 330 21.5 Summary 331 References 332 22 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) and IPTV 335 22.1 IMS Architecture 336 22.1.1 Layering on IMS Architecture 336 22.7.2 Overview of Components in IMS Architecture 337 22.7 J Some Important Components in IMS Architecture 341 22.2 IMS Service Model 344 22.3 IMS Signaling 345 22.3.1 SIP Registration/Deregistration 345 22.3.2 IMS Subscriber to IMS Subscriber 346 22.4 Integration of IPTV in IMS Architecture 347 22.4.1 Functional Architecture and Interfaces 347 22.4.2 Integrated IMS-IPTV Architecture 348 22.4.3 Discovery and Selection ofiptv Service and Establishment of an IPTV Session 348 22.5 Summary 350 References 350 23 Summary of Part Three 353 Index 359