Testing and Evaluation of Energy Storage Devices DOE Energy Storage Systems Research Program Annual Peer Review This work was funded by the DOE Energy Storage Program November 2-3, 2006 Washington, DC Presented by: Tom Hund, Nancy Clark, David Johnson, and Wes Baca Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque, NM (505) 844-8627 tdhund@sandia.gov *Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy s National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. 1
Introduction (Previous Work) Sandia s Power Sources Component Development Dept. provides unbiased energy storage testing support to the DOE Energy Storage Program. Previous work has included supercap testing on ESMA, Maxwell, and Okamura Labs devices, and battery testing on EEI Bipolar NiMH, Cyclon VRLA, and C&D CPV vented deep-cycle lead-acid batteries. 2
Introduction (FY-06 Work) Develop test protocols for energy storage device development funded by the DOE Energy Storage Program Test MeadWestvaco-NorthStar Battery carbon enhanced VRLA batteries Test Electro Energy Bipolar NiMH Battery Abuse test on symmetric carbon/carbon acetonitrile based electrolyte NessCap supercapacitors Test SunGel VRLA battery used in the ILZRO Peru RAPS system Supercap Abuse Testing 3
Energy Storage Devices Under Test (FY-06) MeadWestvaco/NorthStar (Carbon Enhanced Negative Electrode VRLA Battery) Electro Energy (Bipolar NiMH Battery) 4
Energy Storage Devices Under Test (FY-06) NessCap (Symmetric Carbon/Carbon Acetonitrile Based Electrolyte) Battery Energy (SunGel - VRLA Gel Battery Used In The ILZRO Peru RAPS) 5
Test Procedures MeadWestvaco/NorthStar and Electro Energy NiMH Battery Ohmic Resistance Ragone Plot Utility Cycle Profile (ISOC) NessCap Supercap Abuse Test (Over-voltage and Over-temperature) Analyze Vented Gases From Supercap Battery Energy (SunGel/ILZRO Peru RAPS) Modified BCI Cycle-Life Test - Evaluate Intermediate State of Charge (ISOC) Cycling 6
MeadWestvaco/NorthStar Ohmic Resistance 13.80 MeadWestvaco/NorthStar Carbon Enhanced VRLA Battery Ohmic Resistance 13.60 13.40 Volts 13.20 13.00 12.80 MWV1 / 0.0029 Ohms MWV0 / 0.0032 Ohms MWV2 / 0.003 Ohms 12.60 1.9 ms Discharge Time 12.40 NSB40 / 0.004 Ohms -300-250 -200-150 -100-50 0 Amps 7
MeadWestvaco/NorthStar Ragone Plot Ragone Plot For MeadWestvaco/NorthStar Battery Power Density (W/l) 10000 1000 100 10 NSB40 MWV-Std MWVo MWV1 MWV2 Prius NiMH 1 1 10 100 1000 Energy Density (Wh/l) 8
MeadWestvaco/NorthStar Ragone Plot Ragone Plot For MeadWestvaco/NorthStar Battery Power Density (W/Kg) 10000 1000 100 10 NSB40 MWV-Std. MWVo MWV1 MWV2 Prius NiMH 1 1 10 100 1000 Energy Density (Wh/Kg) 9
MeadWestvaco/NorthStar Utility Cycling NSB40 Utility Cycle 1C 6M 8/9/06 1.50 Ref Cell Pos (V) 60 1.25 1.00 0.75 30.8 Ah 25.6 Ah 50 Volts 0.50 0.25 0.00-0.25-0.50-0.75 Bat Temp ( C) Ref Cell Neg (V) 40 30 20 Temperature (C) -1.00 10-1.25-1.50 Neg Electrode Spiking 0 0:00:00 120:00:00 240:00:00 360:00:00 480:00:00 600:00:00 Time (h) 10
MeadWestvaco/NorthStar Utility Cycling MWV1 Utility Cycle 1C 6M 9/5/06 1.50 Ref Cell Pos (V) 60 1.25 1.00 50 0.75 28.6 Ah Over Temp 45C 23.3 Ah Volts 0.50 0.25 0.00-0.25-0.50-0.75 Bat Temp ( C) Ref Cell Neg (V) Overcharge Limited to 108% 40 30 20 Temperature (C) -1.00 10-1.25 Brief Neg Spiking -1.50 0 0:00:00 120:00:00 240:00:00 360:00:00 480:00:00 600:00:00 Time (h) 11
Electro Energy Bipolar NiMH Ragone Plot Power Density (W/l) 10000 1000 100 10 EEI 42V NiMH Prius 14.4V NiMH Cyclon 12V VRLA 1 1 10 100 1000 Energy Density (Wh/l) 12
NessCap Supercap Symmetric Carbon/Carbon Acetonitrile Electrolyte Over-temperature Test With Ignition Source (Click on image to view video) 13
SunGel ISOC Cycle Test SunGel ISOC Cycle-Life Test 50% DOD, 26A, 46C 2.60 2.40 Cell Volts 2.34 vpc 150 125 2.20 100 2.00 75 1.80 50 1.60 25 Volts 1.40 1.20 Amp-Hours 89 Cycles 0-25 Ah 1.00-50 0.80-75 0.60 0.40 0.20 Initial Cap 137 Final Cap 138-100 -125-150 0.00-175 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Time (Days) 14
Summary The DOE Energy Storage Program funded testing provides an unbiased resource for test information, which can be used at all levels in the decision making process. Testing support provides MeadWestvaco/NorthStar and Electro Energy Bipolar NiMH Battery manufacturers with timely performance results for advanced carbon formulations and Bipolar NiMH design considerations. 15
Summary Supercap abuse testing has identified the effects of over-voltage and temperature and the hazardous gases vented from supercaps using acetonitrile. This work is critical for safe design of supercap systems used in utility applications. Intermediate State of Charge (ISOC) cycling of the SunGel battery used in the ILZRO Peru RAPS system provides detailed charging requirements and performance measurements that can be transferred to the fielded system. 16
Work to Do Continue development of carbon enhanced negative electrode valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries Publish supercap abuse test results at the 16 th International Seminar on Double Layer Capacitors and Hybrid Energy Storage Devices Continue testing Electro Energy bipolar NiMH batteries Continue testing SunGel VRLA battery. Integrate test results with the ILZRO Peru RAPS system 17