The System We Need: A Neighborhood Snapshot of Eary Chidhood Education in Detroit Strengthening nonprofits and the communities they serve.
Acknowedgements Funding for this needs assessment was provided by The Kresge Foundation. IFF thanks the foowing organizations and individuas who provided vauabe assistance in the competion of this report: Cadre Studio Fran Loosen, Strategist and Co-founder City Connect Detroit Dierk Ha, President and CEO Community Foundation for Southeast Michigan Katie Brisson, Vice President, Program Kamiah Henderson, Program Officer Data Driven Detroit Joshua Long, Project Manager Erica Raeigh, Director Detroit Pubic Schoos Karen P. Ridgeway, Superintendent of Academics Wima Tayor-Costen, Assistant Superintendent, Foundation for Eary Learners Eary Chidhood Investment Corporation Sheri Butters, Director, Great Start to Quaity Marijata Danie-Echos, CEO Exceent Schoos Detroit Denise Smith, Vice President for Eary Learning Dan Varner, CEO First Chidren s Finance Jerry Cutts, President and CEO Monica Duncan, Regiona Director, Michigan Great Start Coaborative Wayne Toni Hartke, Director HighScope Educationa Research Foundation Tomoko Wakabayashi, Director of Research Independent Consutant Cindy Eggeton Institute for Popuation Heath Gwendoyn Danies, Vice President, Consumer and Community Engagement Arie Faggs, Heath Educator Ean Shouders, Heath Educator Matrix Human Services Karen Bisdorf, COO Scott Gifford, VP Major Grants Marcea Wison, Ph.D., President and CEO Metropoitan Chidren and Youth Inc. United Chidren & Famiy Head Start Roxanne Campbe, Head Start Director Michigan Department of Education Office of Great Start Lisa Brewer Waraven, Director, Chid Deveopment and Care Banche Deren, Education Consutant, Eary Chidhood Education and Famiy Services Erin Emerson, Speciaist, Chid Deveopment and Care Michigan Department of Human Services Aiene Buchtrup, Licensing Area Manager, Bureau of Chidren & Adut Licensing Cynthia Chapman, Program Manager, Office of Quaity Assurance Juie Horn Aexander, Director, Office of Quaity Assurance Peg Taet Strategic Consuting Peg Taet, Principa Southeast Michigan Eary Chidhood Funders Coaborative W.K. Keogg Foundation The Kresge Foundation Skiman Foundation Max M. and Marjorie S. Fisher Foundation McGregor Fund Community Foundation for Southeast Michigan The Jewish Fund PNC Foundation The Kresge Foundation Wendy Jackson, Deputy Director, Community Deveopment, Detroit Geneva Wiiams, Consutant United Way for Southeastern Michigan Jennifer Caans, Socia Innovation Fund Project Manager Wayne County Community Coege District Stephanie Buger, Vice Chanceor Wayne County Regiona Educationa Service Agency Lena Montgomery, Manager, Specia Education and Eary Intervention Services Wayne State University Sharon Eiott, Coordinator, Woodward Corridor Eary Chidhood Consortium John Hannigan, Deputy Director, Merri Pamer Skiman Institute Anna Mier, Executive Director, Merri Pamer Skiman Institute W.K. Keogg Foundation Khaiah Burt Gaston, Program Officer Linda Jo Doctor, Program Officer IFF Project Staff R. Jovita Baber, PhD Managing Director, Research Rache Koch Research Associate Cristina Siva Research Associate Joe Neri Chief Executive Officer Trinita Logue President Matt Roth Chief Operating Officer Jose Cerda III Vice President of Corporate Communications and Pubic Affairs Kirby Burkhoder Executive Director Eastern Region Dawn Raftery Corporate Communications Manager Specia thanks to: Annemarie Harris, Consutant Design: Sam Sivio IFF 333 South Wabash Avenue Suite 2800 Chicago, Iinois 60604 312.629.0060 IFF 2015
The System We Need: A Neighborhood Snapshot of Eary Chidhood Education in Detroit
Tabe of Contents 4 Preface 5 Executive Summary 6 Brief Methodoogy 7 Citywide Overview 25 Findings by Program Type 27 Genera Care 31 Subsidized Care 35 Head Start and Eary Head Start 39 Great Start Readiness Program 40 Findings by the Top 10 Highest-Need Neighborhoods 44 Highest-Need Neighborhood 1: Chadsey 46 Highest-Need Neighborhood 2: Rouge 48 Highest-Need Neighborhood 3: Vernor Junction 50 Highest-Need Neighborhood 4: Finney 52 Highest-Need Neighborhood 5: Burbank 54 Highest-Need Neighborhood 6: Springwes 56 Highest-Need Neighborhood 7: Mt. Oivet 58 Highest-Need Neighborhood 8: Brooks 60 Highest-Need Neighborhood 9: Denby 62 Highest-Need Neighborhood 10: Evergreen 64 Recommendations 66 Appendices 66 Appendix A: Detaied Methodoogy 70 Appendix B: Data Sources 71 Appendix C: 2015 Update 3
Preface The System We Need: A Neighborhood Snapshot of Eary Chidhood Education in Detroit was conducted by the IFF Research Department and was funded by The Kresge Foundation. IFF is a nonprofit corporation whose mission is to transform ow-income and disinvested communities in the Midwest using the toos of community deveopment finance, bostered by data and pacebased research. IFF brings capita from many sources, undertakes rea estate investment and deveopment, and forms partnerships with oca eaders to improve decision-making and resource aocation for faciitiesintensive programs incuding community heath, affordabe housing, and eary chidhood deveopment. In the fied of eary chidhood deveopment, IFF has conducted over a dozen needs assessments, and in many cases has heped impement new priorities that have emerged. In 1992 IFF and the state of Iinois aunched the Chid Care Faciities Deveopment Program. As part of the program, IFF documented the need for, designed, financed, buit, and owned seven new faciities for 12 years on behaf of chid care providers. In 2000 IFF aunched the Chicago Chidren s Capita Fund with the city of Chicago, resuting in 16 major expansions of chid care centers. These projects estabished IFF as an expert in the operations, business modes, and design of state-of-the-art eary chidhood deveopment faciities. These buidings served as famiy resource centers that strengthened community identity. These specia programs, aong with IFF s 28 years of ending, rea estate consuting, and deveopment, have resuted in the creation of approximatey 10,000 new sots and 1.5 miion square feet of new or renovated space for eary chidhood deveopment, to serve and support ow-income famiies. IFF s research in the chid care sector incudes pubications on the history of federa and state chid care egisation and programs for ow-income chidren; the economic impact of the eary chidhood care and education industry; and statewide, regiona, and community needs assessments for chid care. These pubications inform systemic thinking about chid care, education, and comprehensive panning. IFF s eary chidhood care and education methodoogy is distinctive in its spatia anaysis of capacity at a neighborhood eve. This neighborhood-eve approach heps eary education stakehoders focus investments where they wi reach the greatest number of underserved chidren. In other cities where IFF has conducted simiar research, the data and anaysis have informed such decisions as investment in faciities modernization, program ocation, and targeted communication to particuar neighborhoods or popuations regarding chid care options. 4
Executive Summary The System We Need: A Neighborhood Snapshot of Eary Chidhood Education in Detroit is a study about chidren and access to quaity eary chidhood care and education programs. It identifies the neighborhoods where the greatest numbers of young chidren need better access to providers of eary chidhood care and education. At the heart of this study ies the question, What neighborhoods in Detroit have the greatest need for chid care sots? Key Findings Detroit has approximatey 54,000 chidren, from birth to 5 years od, 43,913 of whom need chid care. Of these chidren, 20,674 have access to a sot in a icensed chid care faciity. These icensed chid care centers and icensed group chid care homes, which count as suppy for the purposes of this study, comprise 84 percent of Detroit s tota sots. Famiy chid care homes, the majority of which are unicensed, make up the remaining 16 percent, and are not counted as suppy for the purposes of this study. Detroit needs approximatey 23,239 additiona icensed provider sots to serve a of its chidren, from birth to 5 years od, who need access to eary chidhood care and education. This is the citywide service gap. 51 percent of the icensed provider sots needed (11,793 sots) are concentrated in 10 neighborhoods (the Highest-Need Neighborhoods). The Highest-Need Neighborhoods exhibit need across a program types incuding genera care, subsidy eigibe access, Head Start, Eary Head Start, and the Great Start Readiness Program. They are mosty in northeast and southwest Detroit and incude: 1. Chadsey 6. Springwes 2. Rouge 7. Mt. Oivet 3. Vernor Junction 8. Brooks 4. Finney 9. Denby 5. Burbank 10.Evergreen Ony about 27 percent of icensed eary chidhood care and education providers in Detroit, or roughy 100 providers, are participating in Michigan s Quaity Rating and Improvement System (QRIS), which is known ocay as Great Start to Quaity. These providers contribute approximatey 31 percent (6,317) of Detroit s icensed sots. Of a participating icensed providers, 68 percent received a rating of four or five stars, the two highest ratings. Most providers 56 percent do not offer fu-day, fu-year chid care. Eight providers, with star ratings of four or higher, combine various funding streams to provide fu-year, fu-day care and education to approximatey 500 chidren. In a 2015 update, which incuded the Eary Head Start and Great Start sots added in 2014, the overa picture shifted ony sighty. Eight of the 10 areas that were highest-need in 2013 remain highestneed in 2015. Two neighborhoods, Evergreen and Springwes, fe to 11 and 12, respectivey; and two neighborhoods not previousy in the highest-need areas, Noan and Pershing, entered the top 10. Recommendations To have the greatest impact on improving access to quaity eary chidhood care and education services: 1. Focus investments for expanded capacity in the highest-need neighborhoods. 2. Increase participation in the Quaity Rating and Improvement System by heping providers with staff, management, engagement, and programs. 3. Promote bended funding for programs to achieve higher-quaity. 4. Create a faciities renovation program to increase quaity in the near-term. 5. Create three new high-quaity, bended-funded famiy resource centers in Detroit s highest-need neighborhoods. 5
Brief Methodoogy To assist in a fu understanding of the report, its terminoogy, and its mapping modes, a brief discussion of the methodoogy is presented here. A more detaied description of the methodoogy is presented in Appendix A. The System We Need: A Neighborhood Snapshot of Eary Chidhood Education in Detroit is a needs assessment. It ocates the neighborhoods with the greatest need for eary chidhood care and education (aso referred to as ECCE) by comparing the Suppy, which is the capacity of icensed chid care providers, against Demand, which is the number of young chidren iving in a neighborhood. It cacuates the difference between suppy and demand to identify the Service Gap for each of the 54 Master Pan Neighborhoods in Detroit. The Master Pan Neighborhoods (hereafter caed Neighborhoods) were created by the city s Panning and Deveopment Department. Through this comparison, the neighborhoods with the greatest need, or difference between suppy and demand, are identified. The report aso uses Service Leve, the suppy divided by the demand, to show the percentage of chidren in a neighborhood who have access to eary chidhood care and education services. For each program type, the study counts the number of seats administered by providers participating in each program and serving each neighborhood, and subtracts the number of young chidren in each neighborhood who are eigibe for each respective program. The resuting tota is the service gap. The program types are: chid care for famiies of a incomes, referred to throughout the report as genera care; chid care for subsidy-eigibe famiies, based on income and a parent s inabiity to provide care because they are working or competing high schoo, for instance; chid care for famiies eigibe for Head Start and Eary Head Start, a comprehensive chid deveopment program funded by the federa government that promotes schoo readiness of chidren in ow-income famiies; and chid care for famiies eigibe for the Great Start Readiness Program, Michigan s state-funded schoo readiness program for 4-year-ods who are at risk for ow educationa attainment. After determining the service gap, the neighborhoods are ranked by the size of their service gap. The argest service gap is represented by the highest ranking, number 1, and the smaest service gap is represented by the owest ranking, number 54. The Highest-Need Neighborhoods are the neighborhoods ranked from 1 to 10. 6
Citywide Overview There are about 54,000 chidren, from birth to 5 years od, iving in Detroit. After accounting for statistica trends for eary chidhood care and education demand in arge urban centers in the Midwest, about 10,000 chidren in Detroit are unikey to need care. Therefore, approximatey 44,000 chidren in Detroit are ikey to need ECCE. These figures are determined by taking into account househod income, empoyment status of parents, and famiy composition. For exampe, 18 percent of infants and todders in two-parent househods in which ony one parent works require eary chidhood care. Among ow-income famiies, the percentage increases to 25 percent. These famiies generay choose to have the non-working parent care for their chidren, and thus do not pace a demand on the chid care system (for mutipiers, see Appendix A). There is capacity to serve 20,674 chidren in icensed programs. This eaves a service gap of 23,239 sots. Refecting nationa trends, the greatest need for additiona service in Detroit is in infant and todder care, with a service gap of 16,947, or 73 percent of the city s overa need. The service gap for 3- to 5-year-ods is consideraby smaer at 6,292 sots, or 27 percent of the overa need. See Tabe 1. To identify the neighborhoods with the highest overa need, the individua ranks of both age groups infants and todders and 3- to 5-year-ods are averaged. The 10 highest-need neighborhoods are numbered from 1-10 on Map 1, and are: 1. Chadsey 6. Springwes 2. Rouge 7. Mt. Oivet 3. Vernor Junction 8. Brooks 4. Finney 9. Denby 5. Burbank 10. Evergreen The majority of the service gap, 51 percent, is concentrated in these 10 highest-need neighborhoods. See Tabe 2. They are concentrated in the northeast and southwest areas of the city. Maps 2 and 3 and their accompanying tabes show the highest-need neighborhoods within each age group. The composition of the service gap varies from neighborhood to neighborhood. For exampe, there are neighborhoods that provide a reativey high eve of infant and todder service but which instead ack adequate space for 3- to 5-year-ods. The detaied profies for the 10 highest-need neighborhoods incuded at the end of this report are designed to assist the reader in understanding the differences in icensed chid care space at the neighborhood eve. Tabe 1. Citywide Service Gap 2013 Number of Avaiabe Service Percent Chidren Licensed Gap of Service Needing Care Sots Gap Ages 0-2 21,082 4,135-16,947 73% Ages 3-5 22,831 16,539-6,292 27% Tota 43,913 20,674-23,239 100% Tabe 2. Highest-Need Neighborhoods Service Gap 2013 Number of Avaiabe Service Percent of Chidren Licensed Gap Citywide Needing Care Sots Service Gap Ages 0-2 7,538 798-6,740 40% Ages 3-5 8,335 3,282-5,053 80% Tota 15,873 4,080-11,793 51% 7
Map 1 Overa Service Gap, Licensed Providers Map Reading Tip The first three maps present Detroit s 54 Master Pan Neighborhoods ranked by the size of their service gap. These neighborhoods are ranked in order of greatest to east need, across age groups and program types. The neighborhood with the argest service gap is ranked number 1, and the neighborhood with the smaest service gap is ranked number 54. The 10 neighborhoods most in need of icensed chid care sots are shown on the map with bod, white numbers from 1 through 10. Neighborhood Rankings n 1-10 (Highest Need) n 11-20 n 21-30 n 31-40 n 41-54 (Lowest Need) Provider Type Chid Care Center n Group Chid Care Home Master Pan Neighborhoods n Detroit River n Park Great Start to Quaity Rating Five Stars Four Stars Three Stars Two Stars One Star Licensed, but without a rating Map 1 is a summative map across the age groups, and Maps 2 and 3 show this information by age group. The tabes to the right of Maps 2 and 3 refect the coors assigned to each set of neighborhood rankings. The tabe shows each neighborhood s rank, demand, service gap and service eve. 8
Master Pan Neighborhoods Sources: Esri Singe Year Age Data 2013. United States Census. United States Department of Heath and Human Services. Michigan Department of Human Services. Michigan Department of Education. City of Detroit, Panning & Deveopment Department. 9
Map 2 Service Gap, Chidren Ages 0-2, Licensed Providers Neighborhood Rankings n 1-10 (Highest Need) n 11-20 n 21-30 n 31-40 n 41-54 (Lowest Need) Provider Type Chid Care Center n Group Chid Care Home Master Pan Neighborhoods n Detroit River n Park Great Start to Quaity Rating Five Stars Four Stars Three Stars Two Stars One Star Licensed, but without a rating Sources: Esri Singe Year Age Data 2013. United States Census. United States Department of Heath and Human Services. Michigan Department of Human Services. Michigan Department of Education. City of Detroit, Panning & Deveopment Department. 10
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Map 3 Service Gap, Chidren Ages 3-5, Licensed Providers Neighborhood Rankings n 1-10 (Highest Need) n 11-20 n 21-30 n 31-40 n 41-54 (Lowest Need) Provider Type Chid Care Center n Group Chid Care Home Master Pan Neighborhoods n Detroit River n Park Great Start to Quaity Rating Five Stars Four Stars Three Stars Two Stars One Star Licensed, but without a rating Sources: Esri Singe Year Age Data 2013. United States Census. United States Department of Heath and Human Services. Michigan Department of Human Services. Michigan Department of Education. City of Detroit, Panning & Deveopment Department. 12
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High-Quaity Comprehensive System As research has demonstrated, quaity eary chidhood care and education programs provide ong-term, positive educationa outcomes. The benefits are compounded for chidren in ow-income househods especiay when they have access to high-quaity, fu-day, fu-year programs. Licensing requirements for providers focus on ife and heath issues and serve as a basic threshod of quaity. Michigan s Quaity Rating and Improvement System is a more rigorous assessment of program quaity but is vountary. Whie most participants in Detroit have received four or five stars the two highest designations under Michigan s QRIS ony 27 percent of icensed providers participate. Furthermore, these tend to be part-day, schoo year programs because of the funding restrictions of Head Start, Eary Head Start, and Great Start programs. Approximatey 44 percent of centers offer fu-day, fu-year programs. Severa providers have braided or bended state and federa funding sources in order to provide high-quaity, fu-day, fu-year programs to chidren from ow-income househods. Licensed Care (Suppy) Ony sots provided by icensed centers and group homes are counted toward suppy. This is because every year they must pass a basic quaity inspection conducted by the Michigan Department of Human Services Bureau of Chidren and Adut Licensing (BCAL). These inspections focus on safety issues and basic eary earning and care standards. Providers must pass mandatory on-site inspections to receive their icense, and they must continue to pass these inspections annuay to maintain their icense. Licensed chid care sots comprised the arge majority of avaiabe chid care sots (84 percent). In 2013, there were 20,674 icensed chid care sots in Detroit (Tabe 3). Registered famiy chid care homes and unicensed providers receiving a subsidy comprised 2 percent and 14 percent of a sots, respectivey. Registered providers are ony subject to an inspection by BCAL once every three years, and even then ony 10 percent of registered homes are chosen at random to receive an inspection. Unicensed providers are not subject to inspection at a. Sots in registered and unicensed homes do not count toward suppy. Famiy chid care homes pay an important and historic roe in eary chidhood care and education. They provide integra care to famiies and neighborhoods. Not counting famiy chid care homes as suppy is not a statement that these sources do not provide quaity care ony that it is difficut for the state to assess quaity in famiy chid care homes. Famiies wi continue to need famiy chid care, especiay for younger chidren, but Michigan aso is moving toward higher adoption of its QRIS a move that focuses on participating icensed care. Moving Toward Quaity Care In 2007, ECCE stakehoders in Michigan presented recommendations for a Quaity Rating and Improvement System to improve the quaity of care and education for pre-schoo chidren. Over the next few years, a QRIS for the state of Michigan was designed, tested, and impemented. Michigan s QRIS, known as Great Start to Quaity, now exists as a resource for a ECCE 14
Tabe 3. Suppy of Chid Care Ages 0-2 Ages 3-5 Tota 2013 Number of Capacity of Percent of Number of Capacity of Percent of Tota Percent of Providers Providers Capacity Providers Providers Capacity Capacity Capacity Licensed Chid Care Centers 204 3,732 56% 300 16,316 90% 20,048 81% Group Chid Care Homes 77 403 6% 77 223 1% 626 3% Tota 281 4,135 62% 377 16,539 91% 20,674 84% Registered Famiy Chid Care Homes 121 304 5% 120 166 1% 470 2% Tota 121 304 5% 120 166 1% 470 2% Unicensed Receiving Subsidy Famiy Chid Care Homes 1,398 2,188 33% 1,089 1,371 8% 3,559 14% Tota 1,398 2,188 33% 1,089 1,371 8% 3,559 14% Grand Tota 1,800 6,627 100% 1,586 18,076 100% 24,703 100% stakehoders in Michigan, be they parents, providers, or educators. Participants submit a sef-assessment survey that is vaidated by QRIS staff. Michigan s QRIS measures quaity based on criteria in five categories: staff quaifications and experience; famiy and community engagement; administration and management; earning environment; and curricuum and instruction. Based on the assessment, a rating of one to five stars is assigned. Throughout the report, each map shows provider quaity by coor. Providers with five stars have received the highest possibe rating and are coored a deep green. The coor scae moves down from five stars and depicts providers with one star coored in yeow. Providers without a QRIS rating are shown from a coor scae of orange, depicting icensed providers without a rating, down to red, depicting unicensed providers. In addition to guiding parents in seecting a quaity program for their chidren, the quaity standards provide stakehoders with a common vision for moving toward a quaity eary chidhood care and education system for a young chidren. Organizations throughout Michigan encourage participation in QRIS. For exampe, the Great Start Readiness Program (GSRP) requires that recipients of their funds participate; and the Michigan Chid Deveopment and Care (CDC) program pays higher reimbursement rates for chidren attending a center that has received a QRIS rating of three stars or higher. Currenty, in Detroit, approximatey 27 percent of icensed eary chidhood care and education providers participate in QRIS. These providers contribute approximatey 31 percent (6,317) of Detroit s icensed sots. Of a participating icensed providers, 68 percent received a rating of four or five stars, the two highest ratings. 15
For infants and todders, 57 icensed and registered providers participate in QRIS. This represents 14 percent of icensed and registered infant and todder providers. These 57 providers offer 782 sots (see Tabe 4), or 18 percent of icensed and registered infant and todder sots. For 3- to 5-year-ods, there are 112 icensed and registered providers participating in QRIS. This represents 23 percent of icensed and registered 3- to 5-year-od providers. These 112 providers offer 5,564 sots (see Tabe 5), or 33 percent of icensed and registered 3- to 5-year-od sots. Concurrent with encouraging participation in QRIS, the state recognizes that accessibiity to icensed centers wi remain an issue. As a resut, QRIS offers resources to unicensed providers as we. These resources incude access to teaching materias and suppies, as we as continuing professiona education and training opportunities. Greater access to quaity care shoud continue to be a priority for a ECCE stakehoders. Tabes 4 and 5 Quaity Rating and Improvement System by Provider Type Ages 0-2 5 Stars 4 Stars 3 Stars 2 Stars 1 Star Rating in Progress Tota Provider Type Providers Seats Providers Seats Providers Seats Providers Seats Providers Seats Providers Seats Providers Seats Chid Care Count 1 24 23 471 12 156 0 0 1 22 2 35 39 708 Centers Percent Within 2.6% 3.4% 59.0% 66.5% 30.8% 22.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.6% 3.1% 5.1% 4.9% 100.0% 100.0% Provider Type Group Chid Count 1 7 2 10 4 20 3 14 0 0 1 5 11 56 Care Homes Percent Within 9.1% 12.5% 18.2% 17.9% 36.4% 35.7% 27.3% 25.0% 0.0% 0.0% 9.1% 8.9% 100.0% 100.0% Provider Type Famiy Chid Count 0 0 0 0 5 14 1 2 1 2 0 0 7 18 Care Homes Percent Within 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 71.4% 77.8% 14.3% 11.1% 14.3% 11.1% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0% 100.0% Provider Type Tota Count 2 31 25 481 21 190 4 16 2 24 3 40 57 782 Percent Within 3.5% 4.0% 43.9% 61.5% 36.8% 24.3% 7.0% 2.0% 3.5% 3.1% 5.3% 5.1% 100.0% 100.0% Provider Type Ages 3-5 5 Stars 4 Stars 3 Stars 2 Stars 1 Star Rating in Progress Tota Provider Type Providers Seats Providers Seats Providers Seats Providers Seats Providers Seats Providers Seats Providers Seats Chid Care Count 2 134 66 4,065 18 925 0 0 1 55 7 344 94 5,523 Centers Percent Within 2.1% 2.4% 70.2% 73.6% 19.1% 16.7% 0.0% 0.0% 1.1% 1.0% 7.4% 6.2% 100.0% 100.0% Provider Type Group Chid Count 1 3 2 5 4 11 3 8 0 0 1 3 11 30 Care Homes Percent Within 9.1% 10.0% 18.2% 16.7% 36.4% 36.7% 27.3% 26.7% 0.0% 0.0% 9.1% 10.0% 100.0% 100.0% Provider Type Famiy Chid Count 0 0 0 0 5 7 1 1 1 1 0 0 7 9 Care Homes Percent Within 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 71.4% 77.8% 14.3% 11.1% 14.3% 11.1% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0% 100.0% Provider Type Tota Count 3 137 68 4,070 27 943 4 9 2 57 8 347 112 5,564 Percent Within 2.7% 2.5% 60.7% 73.1% 24.1% 16.9% 3.6% 0.2% 1.8% 1.0% 7.1% 6.2% 100.0% 100.0% Provider Type 5 stars Program demonstrates highest quaity 4 stars Program demonstrates quaity across amost a standards. Program demonstrates high quaity 3 stars Program demonstrates quaity across severa standards. 2 stars Program demonstrates quaity across some standards. 1 star Program meets icensing requirements and is participating in Great Start to Quaity A providers that are icensed or registered with the DHS are automaticay given an empty star rating. This is different than a rating of 1 star. 16
Fu-Day, Fu-Year Care for Working Famiies In addition to benefitting working famiies by providing a singe care soution for the work day, fu-day, fu-year programs offer more consistency in earning opportunities for chidren. Whie CDC subsidized care aows ow-income working parents access to fu-day, fu-year care, Head Start, Eary Head Start, and Great Start programs provide partia day and predominatey schoo-year education. Due to these funding restrictions, most centers 56 percent do not offer fu-day, fu-year programs. There are 2,574 fu-day, fu-year icensed sots for infants and todders (see Chart 1), which is 62 percent of a avaiabe icensed sots for this age group. This meets ony 12 percent of a infant and todder demand in Detroit. There are 6,684 fu-day, fu-year icensed sots for chidren ages 3 to 5 (see Chart 1), which is 40 percent of a avaiabe icensed sots for 3- to 5-year-ods. These sots meet ony 29 percent of the 3- to 5-year-od demand for quaity fu-day, fu-year icensed sots. Comprehensive Care through Braiding and Bending Funds To provide quaity fu-day, fu-year programs, a handfu of centers in Detroit bend or braid funding a growing nationa practice that aows providers to offer comprehensive famiy and eary chidhood care and education programs. Bending occurs when funding from two or more separate sources is used to pay for one set of program services to a group of chidren. Braiding occurs when funding from two or more sources is brought together to support the tota cost of services to an individua chid. These mechanisms are used to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of a avaiabe pubic funding sources. One benefit of these mechanisms is access for a greater variety of users. This is a resut of coordinating funding streams because different programs require different eigibiity requirements. Another benefit is access to different types of quaity care, because different programs provide different pieces of what a famiy might need in order to receive comprehensive ECCE. Sti another benefit is improved access to continua care with fewer chidren needing to be moved from one program in the morning to another in the afternoon due to enhanced coordination. This is ess disruptive to their earning and is a more supportive system for working parents. Various strategies have been used to incorporate these mechanisms into ECCE systems. One such strategy is appying Chid Care and Deveopment Bock Grant (CCDBG) funds, a federa funding source, to support chid care programs that compement the hours of state-funded programs. Providers aso bend and braid funding to support compementary ECCE services such as parent education, heath, and nutrition programs. Chart 1. Licensed Capacity by Operating Times 15,000 12,500 10,000 7,500 5,000 2,500 0 Ages 0 2 Ages 3 5 n Haf-Day Schoo Year n Haf-Day Year Round n Fu-Day Schoo Year n Fu-Day Year Round 17
Federa aw states that when appying mutipe sources, funds cannot suppant other sources, ony suppement them. In this way, the aw ensures that famiies do not experience gaps or oss of service. Instead, mutipe sources are used together to improve efficiency and effectiveness. This coordination can and shoud occur at a eves of a community s ECCE environment incuding in poicy structuring to support such coordination, with adequate community input at oca, state, and federa eves. The handfu of providers isted in Tabe 6 operate high-quaity programs (four and five star QRIS rated) in Detroit that use mutipe streams of funding to support their centers. These centers have thoughtfuy constructed their poicies to provide more comprehensive service to the communities and famiies they serve. As iustrated by each provider s neighborhood rank, these centers are ocated throughout Detroit, incuding in the highest-need areas. In the foowing chapters, the suppy and demand of individua programs are assessed based on the eigibiity requirements for recipients of services in each program. In examining ECCE services comprehensivey, this study provides the toos to deveop strategies that bend and braid resources to better serve Detroit famiies. Counting Chidren during a Time of Change Swift demographic transformation and growing urban bight chaenge panning in Detroit incuding where and how to invest in ECCE services to best serve Detroit famiies. Detroit s popuation has been decining over the ast six decades and has now dipped ower than 700,000, according to estimates by the U.S. Census. This is down from a peak more than doube that (1.85 miion) in the 1950s. The decine in popuation has recenty been characterized by rapid and custered out-migration. In order to better understand these patterns, the Detroit Bight Remova Task Force brought together an array of organizations incuding Data Driven Detroit and LOVELAND Technoogies to undertake a survey on Detroit s andscape. This project, caed the Motor City Mapping project, produced data on parces by their use and occupancy. Map 4 presents this data, showing Detroit s roughy 380,000 parces in contrast by residentia or non-residentia structure, and by occupancy status. Tabe 6. Quaity Providers Adopting Bending and Braiding Mechanisms Provider Name Capacity Great Start to Neighborhood Neighborhood Quaity Rating Rank Growing Minds Learning Center (Outer Drive ocation) 100 4 stars Finney 4 Jude Famiy Chidcare Center 39 4 stars Airport 48 Kids' Avenue Christian Learning Center 41 4 stars Grant 19 Kristy's Eary Chidhood Deveopment Center 60 4 stars Evergreen 10 Litte Schoars Chid Deveopment Center, LLC - Brightmoor 45 4 stars Brightmoor 35 Martin Luther King, Jr. Education Center 97 4 stars Harmony Viage 12 Summer Preschoo Eary Learning Center II 66 4 stars McNichos 38 WSU Merri Pamer Skiman Institute Eary Chidhood Center 80 5 stars Lower Woodward 42 18
To provide the most accurate estimate of chidren birth to 5 years od who need chid care services, this study used demographic projections cacuated by Esri, an industry eader in Geographic Information System software and data content. In 2013, there were an estimated 54,277 chidren from birth to age 5 in the city of Detroit. These chidren are concentrated in pockets that often are interspersed with neighborhoods experiencing significant urban bight. To understand the reationships between density of chidren and urban bight in Detroit, juxtapose the density of birth to 5-year-od chidren (Map 5) with the Motor City Mapping Bight Survey (Map 4). As this exercise iustrates, neighborhoods, especiay in the northeast, divide areas with significant bight but retain dense pockets of chidren. Of these roughy 54,000 eary education-age chidren, 10,000 are not ikey to need eary chidhood care and education services. This is based on survey data examining patterns in arge Midwestern cities in which, for exampe, two-parent famiies with ony one parent working do not tend to use chid care services (for mutipier, see Tabe in Appendix A). These chidren are in famiies that have a stay-at-home parent, famiy member, or neighbor who provides care. The remaining 44,000 chidren are ikey to need eary chidhood care and education services. Eary Head Start and Head Start programs serve chidren iving in househods with incomes ower than 100 percent federa poverty eve (FPL). The density of eigibe chidren is scattered throughout the city, but coincides with the overa density of birth to 5-year-od chidren, as iustrated with Maps 5 and 6. In Detroit, 16,196 infants and todders are eigibe for the Eary Head Start program. This figure represents 77 percent of the infants and todders requiring chid care in the city an important picture of chid poverty in Detroit. There are 14,556 3- to 5-year-ods eigibe for the Head Start Program, or 64 percent of that age group in need of care. The Great Start Readiness Program (GSRP) predominatey serves 4-year-od chidren in famiies with incomes between 100 percent and 250 percent FPL. Famiies who fa beow this threshod tend to be referred to the Head Start program. Simiar to the dispersion of chidren who are beow 100 percent FPL, chidren who are between 100 percent and 200 percent FPL aso can be found scattered in pockets throughout the city with significant concentration in the southwest neighborhoods (See Map 7). There are 7,633 4-year-ods eigibe for GSRP. This figure represents 33 percent of 3- to 5-year-ods in need of chid care. Famiies aso can be eigibe for chid care assistance through the Chid Deveopment and Care Program, an offering of Michigan s Department of Human Services. Eigibiity is determined based on income and a parent s inabiity to provide care because they are working or competing high schoo, for instance. Quaifying famiies who are abe to pace their chidren with approved providers can receive partia or fu reimbursement of the cost of care. Thirty-five percent (7,341) of infants and todders in Detroit who need chid care are eigibe to receive subsidized chid care, and 45 percent (10,381) of 3- to 5-year-ods needing chid care are eigibe to receive subsidized chid care. 19
Map 4 Motor City Mapping Bight Survey, June 02, 2014 Parce Data on Presence of Structure, Occupancy of Structure, and Use n Non-residentia occupied structure n Non-residentia structure, possiby occupied n Non-residentia unoccupied structure n Residentia occupied structure n Residentia structure, possiby occupied n Residentia unoccupied structure n No structure n No data Master Pan Neighborhoods n Detroit River n Park Sources: City of Detroit, Panning & Deveopment Department. Data Driven Detroit. The Detroit Bight Remova Task Force. 20
Map 5 Density of Chidren Ages 0-5 in Detroit in 2013 Licensed and Registered Eary Chidhood Care and Education Providers Chidren Ages 0-5 Per Square Mie n 0-250 n 251-500 n 501-750 n 751-1,500 n > 1,500 Great Start to Quaity Rating Five Stars Four Stars Three Stars Two Stars One Star License Type Licensed, but without a rating Registered Provider Type Chid Care Center n Group Chid Care Home Famiy Chid Care Home Provider Licensed Capacity 0 6 7 15 16 45 46 75 > 75 Master Pan Neighborhoods n Detroit River n Park Major Roads Sources: Esri Singe Year Age Data 2013. United States Census. United States Department of Heath and Human Services. Michigan Department of Human Services. Michigan Department of Education. City of Detroit, Panning & Deveopment Department. 21
Map 6 Density of Chidren Ages 0-5, Beow 100% FPL Licensed and Registered Eary Chidhood Care and Education Providers Chidren Ages 0-5 Beow 100% FPL Per Square Mie n 0 50 n 51 150 n 151 300 n 301 600 n > 600 Great Start to Quaity Rating Five Stars Four Stars Three Stars Two Stars One Star License Type Licensed, but without a rating Registered Provider Type Chid Care Center n Group Chid Care Home Famiy Chid Care Home Provider Licensed Capacity 0 6 7 15 16 45 46 75 > 75 Master Pan Neighborhoods n Detroit River n Park Major Roads Sources: Esri Singe Year Age Data 2013. United States Census. United States Department of Heath and Human Services. Michigan Department of Human Services. Michigan Department of Education. City of Detroit, Panning & Deveopment Department. 22
Map 7 Density of Chidren Ages 0-5, Between 100% and 200% FPL Licensed and Registered Eary Chidhood Care and Education Providers Chidren Ages 0-5 Between 100% and 200% FPL Per Square Mie n 0 50 n 51 150 n 151 300 n 301 600 n > 600 Great Start to Quaity Rating Five Stars Four Stars Three Stars Two Stars One Star License Type Licensed, but without a rating Registered Provider Type Chid Care Center n Group Chid Care Home Famiy Chid Care Home Provider Licensed Capacity 0 6 7 15 16 45 46 75 > 75 Master Pan Neighborhoods n Detroit River n Park Major Roads Sources: Esri Singe Year Age Data 2013. United States Census. United States Department of Heath and Human Services. Michigan Department of Human Services. Michigan Department of Education. City of Detroit, Panning & Deveopment Department. 23
Findings by Program Type This section of the report anayzes the resuts of the anaysis by program type, incuding chid care for famiies of a incomes; chid care for subsidy-eigibe famiies; Head Start and Eary Head Start; and the Great Start Readiness Program. Tabe 7 presents a picture of citywide demand by each of these program types. The eve of demand as we as the eve of service varies greaty by program type throughout Detroit. For exampe, just 1 percent of infants and todders eigibe for the Eary Head Start program have access to that program, whereas 57 percent of 4-year-ods eigibe for the Great Start Readiness Program have access to a sot in a icensed chid care faciity offering such a program. Tabe 7. Demand by Program Type Demand Citywide Citywide Gap Service Leve Overa Eary Education and Care 0 to 2-Year-Ods 21,082-16,947 20% 3- to 5-Year-Ods 22,831-6,292 72% Genera Chid Care 0 to 2-Year-Ods 11,192-8,470 24% 3- to 5-Year-Ods 14,502-6,482 55% Subsidized Chid Care 0 to 2-Year-Ods 7,341-5,751 22% 3- to 5-Year-Ods 10,381-8,842 15% Head Start Eary Head Start 16,196-16,036 1% Head Start 14,556-11,838 19% Great Start Readiness Program Great Start Readiness Program 7,633-3,252 57% 25
Map 8 Service Gap, Chidren Ages 0-2, Genera Care Providers Neighborhood Rankings n 1-10 (Highest Need) n 11-20 n 21-30 n 31-40 n 41-54 (Lowest Need) Provider Type Chid Care Center n Group Chid Care Home Master Pan Neighborhoods n Detroit River n Park Great Start to Quaity Rating Five Stars Four Stars Three Stars Two Stars One Star Licensed, but without a rating Sources: Esri Singe Year Age Data 2013. United States Census. United States Department of Heath and Human Services. Michigan Department of Human Services. Michigan Department of Education. City of Detroit, Panning & Deveopment Department. 26
Genera Care Tabe 8 shows the service gap (the difference between suppy and demand) for chid care for famiies of a incomes, or genera chid care. It aso shows the service eve (the percentage of chidren needing care that are served) by age group. Genera chid care excudes Head Start, Eary Head Start, the Great Start Readiness Program, and the Chid Deveopment and Care Program. Map 8 shows the neighborhood rankings for chidren in Detroit, ages 0-2, in need of genera chid care. In this group, 8,470 infants and todders do not have access to a sot in a icensed chid care faciity. The avaiabe sots meet 24 percent of demand. The 10 neighborhoods most in need of chid care for this group numbered from 1-10 on the map sti are argey concentrated in the northeast and southwest areas of the city, but with greater need aso appearing in the midde western corridor in the Brooks, Mackenzie, and Cerveny Grandmont neighborhoods. The tabe to the right of the map refects the coors assigned to each set of neighborhood rankings. Each neighborhood is ranked by the size of its service gap for chidren ages 0-2 in need of genera chid care. The tabe shows each neighborhood s rank, demand, service gap, and service eve. Tabe 8. Service Gap by Age Group Genera Chid Care Demand Citywide Citywide Gap Service Leve Genera Chid Care 0 to 2-Year-Ods 11,192-8,470 24% 3- to 5-Year-Ods 14,502-6,482 55% Map 9 shows the neighborhood rankings for chidren in Detroit, ages 3 to 5 years od, in need of genera chid care. In this group, 6,482 3- to 5-year-ods do not have access to a sot in a icensed chid care faciity. The avaiabe sots meet 55 percent of demand. 27
Map 9 Service Gap, Chidren Ages 3-5, Genera Care Providers Neighborhood Rankings n 1-10 (Highest Need) n 11-20 n 21-30 n 31-40 n 41-54 (Lowest Need) Provider Type Chid Care Center n Group Chid Care Home Master Pan Neighborhoods n Detroit River n Park Great Start to Quaity Rating Five Stars Four Stars Three Stars Two Stars One Star Licensed, but without a rating Sources: Esri Singe Year Age Data 2013. United States Census. United States Department of Heath and Human Services. Michigan Department of Human Services. Michigan Department of Education. City of Detroit, Panning & Deveopment Department. 28
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Map 10 Service Gap, Chidren Ages 0-2, Providers Accepting Subsidized Care Neighborhood Rankings n 1-10 (Highest Need) n 11-20 n 21-30 n 31-40 n 41-54 (Lowest Need) Provider Type Chid Care Center n Group Chid Care Home Famiy Chid Care Home Master Pan Neighborhoods n Detroit River n Park Great Start to Quaity Rating Five Stars Four Stars Three Stars Two Stars One Star License Type Licensed, but without a rating Registered Unicensed Sources: Esri Singe Year Age Data 2013. United States Census. United States Department of Heath and Human Services. Michigan Department of Human Services. Michigan Department of Education. City of Detroit, Panning & Deveopment Department. 30
Subsidized Care Tabe 9 shows the service gap and service eve for subsidized chid care for both age groups. Map 10 shows the neighborhood rankings for chidren in Detroit, ages 0-2, in need of subsidized chid care. In this group, 5,751 infants and todders do not have access to a sot in a icensed chid care faciity. The avaiabe sots meet 22 percent of demand. The 10 neighborhoods most in need of chid care for this group numbered from 1-10 on the map sti are argey concentrated in the northeast and southwest areas of the city, but with greater need aso appearing in the midde western corridor. The tabe to the right of the map refects the coors assigned to each set of neighborhood rankings. Each neighborhood is ranked by the size of its service gap for chidren ages 0-2 in need of subsidized chid care. The tabe shows each neighborhood s rank, demand, service gap, and service eve. Map 11 shows the neighborhood rankings for chidren in Detroit, ages 3 to 5 years od, in need of subsidized chid care. In this group, 8,842 3- to 5-year-ods do not have access to a sot in a icensed chid care faciity. The avaiabe sots meet 15 percent of demand. Tabe 9. Service Gap by Age Group Subsidized Chid Care Demand Citywide Citywide Gap Service Leve Subsidized Chid Care 0 to 2-Year-Ods 7,341 5,751 22% 3- to 5-Year-Ods 10,381 8,842 15% 31
Map 11 Service Gap, Chidren Ages 3-5, Providers Accepting Subsidized Care Neighborhood Rankings n 1-10 (Highest Need) n 11-20 n 21-30 n 31-40 n 41-54 (Lowest Need) Provider Type Chid Care Center n Group Chid Care Home Famiy Chid Care Home Master Pan Neighborhoods n Detroit River n Park Great Start to Quaity Rating Five Stars Four Stars Three Stars Two Stars One Star License Type Licensed, but without a rating Registered Unicensed Sources: Esri Singe Year Age Data 2013. United States Census. United States Department of Heath and Human Services. Michigan Department of Human Services. Michigan Department of Education. City of Detroit, Panning & Deveopment Department. 32
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Map 12 Service Gap, Chidren Ages 0-2, Eary Head Start Programs Neighborhood Rankings n 1-10 (Highest Need) n 11-20 n 21-30 n 31-40 n 41-54 (Lowest Need) Provider Type Chid Care Center n Group Chid Care Home Famiy Chid Care Home Master Pan Neighborhoods n Detroit River n Park Great Start to Quaity Rating Five Stars Four Stars Three Stars Two Stars One Star License Type Licensed, but without a rating Registered Unicensed Sources: Esri Singe Year Age Data 2013. United States Census. United States Department of Heath and Human Services. Michigan Department of Human Services. Michigan Department of Education. City of Detroit, Panning & Deveopment Department. 34
Head Start and Eary Head Start Tabe 10 shows the service gap and service eve for Head Start and Eary Head Start programs in Detroit. Map 12 shows the neighborhood rankings for chidren in Detroit eigibe for Eary Head Start, with 16,036 infants and todders who are eigibe for the program (meaning they fa beow the federa poverty eve) not having access to a sot in an Eary Head Start faciity. Citywide, ony 1 percent of eigibe infants and todders are abe to access Eary Head Start. The 10 neighborhoods most in need of chid care for this group numbered from 1-10 on the map are concentrated in the northeast, southwest, and midde west neighborhoods. The tabe to the right of the map refects the coors assigned to each set of neighborhood rankings. Each neighborhood is ranked by the size of its service gap for chidren eigibe for Eary Head Start. The tabe shows each neighborhood s rank, demand, service gap, and service eve. Map 13 shows the neighborhood rankings for chidren in Detroit eigibe for Head Start. Of 3- to 5-year-ods who are eigibe for Head Start, 11,838 do not have access to a Head Start sot. Nineteen percent of eigibe 3- to 5-year-ods throughout the city are abe to access a Head Start sot. Tabe 10. Service Gap by Age Group Head Start and Eary Head Start Demand Citywide Citywide Gap Service Leve Head Start Eary Head Start 16,196 16,036 1% Head Start 14,556 11,838 19% 35
Map 13 Service Gap, Chidren Ages 3-5, Head Start Programs Neighborhood Rankings n 1-10 (Highest Need) n 11-20 n 21-30 n 31-40 n 41-54 (Lowest Need) Provider Type Chid Care Center n Group Chid Care Home Famiy Chid Care Home Master Pan Neighborhoods n Detroit River n Park Great Start to Quaity Rating Five Stars Four Stars Three Stars Two Stars One Star License Type Licensed, but without a rating Registered Unicensed Sources: Esri Singe Year Age Data 2013. United States Census. United States Department of Heath and Human Services. Michigan Department of Human Services. Michigan Department of Education. City of Detroit, Panning & Deveopment Department. 36
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Map 14 Service Gap, Chidren Ages 3-5, Great Start Readiness Programs Neighborhood Rankings n 1-10 (Highest Need) n 11-20 n 21-30 n 31-40 n 41-54 (Lowest Need) Provider Type Chid Care Center n Group Chid Care Home Famiy Chid Care Home Master Pan Neighborhoods n Detroit River n Park Great Start to Quaity Rating Five Stars Four Stars Three Stars Two Stars One Star License Type Licensed, but without a rating Registered Unicensed Sources: Esri Singe Year Age Data 2013. United States Census. United States Department of Heath and Human Services. Michigan Department of Human Services. Michigan Department of Education. City of Detroit, Panning & Deveopment Department. 38
Great Start Readiness Program Tabe 11 shows the service gap and service eve for the Great Start Readiness Program. Map 14 shows the neighborhood rankings for chidren in Detroit eigibe for GSRP, with 3,252 4-year-ods who are eigibe for the program not having access to a sot in a GSRP faciity. Citywide, 57 percent of eigibe 4-year-ods are abe to access the program. The 10 neighborhoods most in need of chid care for this group numbered from 1-10 on the map are concentrated in the northeast, southwest, and midde west neighborhoods. The tabe to the right of the map refects the coors assigned to each set of neighborhood rankings. Each neighborhood is ranked by the size of its service gap for chidren eigibe for GSRP. The tabe shows each neighborhood s rank, demand, service gap, and service eve. Tabe 11. Service Gap by Age Group Great Start Readiness Program Demand Citywide Citywide Gap Service Leve Great Start Readiness Program Great Start Readiness Program 7,633 3,252 57% 39