Workplace transport safety

Health ad Safety Workplace trasport safety A employers guide This is a free-to-dowload, web-friedly versio of HSG136 (Secod editio, published 2005). This versio has bee adapted for olie use from HSE s curret prited versio. You ca buy the book at www.hsebooks.co.uk ad most good bookshops. ISBN 978 0 7176 6154 1 Price 11.50 A variety of vehicles are used for may differet tasks every day i workplaces atiowide, ad some of these tasks ca be dagerous. Every year, about 50 people die as a result of vehicle accidets i the workplace, ad thousads are seriously ijured. This ew editio of Workplace trasport safety aims to help employers, maagers ad supervisors make vehicle accidets i the workplace less likely. It will also be useful for self-employed people, cotractors, safety represetatives, vehicle operators ad other employees, trade associatios, commercial ladlords ad other orgaisatios cocered with trasport safety i the workplace. The guidace is suitable for medium ad large idustrial ad commercial sites, but should also be useful for places such as costructio sites, quarries, farms ad forestry operatios ad most other workplaces where trasport is used, icludig smaller busiesses. The guidace has bee writte to be clear ad accessible. It provides some backgroud to trasport safety i the workplace, ad gives geeral advice o how to maage workplace trasport safely. It also provides iformatio o some risks associated with commo vehicle operatios, ad how to deal with safety for each type of operatio. HSE Books Page 1 of 144

Health ad Safety Crow copyright 2005 First published 1995 ISBN 978 0 7176 6154 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publicatio may be reproduced, stored i a retrieval system, or trasmitted i ay form or by ay meas (electroic, mechaical, photocopyig, recordig or otherwise) without the prior writte permissio of the copyright ower. Applicatios for reproductio should be made i writig to: The Office of Public Sector Iformatio, Iformatio Policy Team, Kew, Richmod, Surrey TW9 4DU or e-mail: licesig@opsi.gov.uk This guidace is issued by the Health ad Safety. Followig the guidace is ot compulsory ad you are free to take other actio. But if you do follow the guidace you will ormally be doig eough to comply with the law. Health ad safety ispectors seek to secure compliace with the law ad may refer to this guidace as illustratig good practice. Page 2 of 144

Health ad Safety Cotets Itroductio 6 About this guide 6 Importat ote: reasoably practicable 9 Health ad safety law 11 Phrases ad meaigs 12 GUIDANCE FOR MANAGERS 14 Maagig the risks 14 Risk assessmet 14 Orgaisig for safety 21 Cotrol, co-operatio ad cosultatio 21 Cotractors 24 Visitig drivers 25 Shared workplaces 25 Deliveries geeral safety 26 Deliveries commuicatio 28 Members of the public 31 Public roads as workplaces 32 A safe site 33 The workplace i geeral 33 Traffic routes 35 Costructio of traffic routes 44 Temporary workplaces ad uprepared roadways 45 Speed 46 Pedestrias ad cyclists 49 Sigs, sigals ad markigs 52 Road markigs 54 Parkig areas 55 Loadig areas 57 Site-based ways to stop vehicles from movig 59 Weighbridges 62 Hardstadigs 62 Lightig 63 Site-based access to vehicles 64 Housekeepig 66 Maiteace areas 66 Safe vehicles 67 Safe vehicles i geeral 67 Suitable for the task 67 Visibility from vehicles ad reversig aids 69 Maoeuvrability 72 Vehicle-based ways to stop vehicles from movig 72 Skips, cotaiers ad demoutables 73 Maiteace, repair ad retrofittig 74 Lift trucks ad thorough examiatio 76 Privately owed vehicles 76 Safe drivers 77 Safe people i geeral 77 Choosig drivers 78 Driver traiig ad competece 78 Workplace trasport safety Page 3 of 144

Health ad Safety OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE 82 Reversig 82 Commo risks 82 Safe site 82 Safe vehicles 83 Safe drivers 83 Parkig 87 Commo risks 87 Safe site 87 Safe vehicles 87 Safe drivers 88 Couplig ad ucouplig 89 Commo risks 89 Safe site 89 Safe vehicles 90 Safe drivers 90 Ucouplig 91 Loadig ad uloadig, ad load safety 92 Commo risks 92 Safe site 93 Safe vehicles 93 Safe drivers 96 Trimmig, sheetig ad ettig 100 Commo risks 100 Safe site 102 Safe vehicles 103 Safe drivers 105 Tippig 107 Commo risks 107 Safe site 108 Safe vehicles 109 Safe drivers 110 Prevetig vehicles from overturig 115 Commo risks 115 Safe site 116 Safe vehicles 116 Safe drivers 117 Prevetig falls from workplace vehicles 119 Commo risks 119 Safe site 120 Safe vehicles 121 Safe drivers 123 Appedices 125 1 Safety checklist 125 2 Templates 130 Glossary 134 Workplace trasport safety Page 4 of 144

Health ad Safety Refereces 140 Refereces 140 Relevat legislatio 142 Useful orgaisatios 143 Ackowledgemets 143 Further iformatio 153 Workplace trasport safety Page 5 of 144

Health ad Safety Itroductio About this guide Who is this guide for? 1 This guidace has bee writte for employers, icludig maagers ad supervisors. It may also be useful for safety ad uio represetatives, cotractors, the self-employed ad employees. What is this guide for? 2 Every year, about 50 people are killed i accidets ivolvig workplace trasport. 3 These types of accidets also cause more tha 1500 major ijuries (accidets which, for example, result i broke boes or amputatios) ad about 3500 ijuries that cause people to be off work for more tha three days. 4 We (the Health ad Safety ) have published this guide to help employers, maagers ad supervisors make accidets ivolvig workplace trasport less likely. It will also be useful for safety represetatives, self-employed people, cotractors, vehicle operators, other employees, trade associatios, commercial ladlords ad other orgaisatios cocered with workplace trasport safety. 5 The guide is split ito the followig sectios: The Itroductio provides some backgroud to workplace trasport safety, ad to health ad safety i geeral i Great Britai. Guidace for maagers gives advice to people resposible for a workplace o how they ca make sure that workplace trasport is safe. It icludes guidace about: assessig risks; orgaisatioal measures; ad how to make sure the site, drivers ad vehicles are all orgaised for safety. Operatioal guidace gives advice about: commo vehicle operatios; some risks that are ofte associated with them; ad how you could deal with safety for each type of operatio. 6 It is likely that some of these sectios will be more relevat for you tha other sectios, so you ca use this guidace as the foudatio for your risk assessmet i these areas. Figure 1 A HGV parkig area 7 You ca read this guide as a whole, or you ca go straight to relevat sectios, which ca be read o their ow. Workplace trasport safety Page 6 of 144

Health ad Safety 8 It will ever be possible to create a guide that covers every risk. Your workplace will have risks that are specific to your locatio, your type of work, the people you employ, the vehicles you use ad the way you do thigs. Use the Maagig the risks ad Operatioal guidace sectios to give yourself a idea of the sort of thigs you should cosider whe you thik about vehicle safety i the workplace. 9 This iformatio is suitable for medium ad large idustrial ad commercial sites, but should also be useful for smaller busiesses ad for places such as costructio sites, quarries, farms ad forestry operatios. Guidace documets specifically relatig to these idustries are also available, which you should refer to if you work i these idustries. 10 You do ot have to follow this guidace. However, if you do follow it, you will ormally be doig eough to comply with the law. 11 Health ad safety ispectors work to make sure people follow the law ad may use this guidace to show examples of good practice. 12 We do ot accept resposibility for ay actio or decisio you take based o iterpretig this guidace. If you are i ay doubt, you should cosult someoe who is competet i workplace trasport issues. The beefits for busiess 13 The cost of maagig good health ad safety is ormally quite visible, but the cost of failig to cotrol risks is ofte absorbed ito other operatig costs ad so is harder to see. 14 As well as persoal distress, a relatively mior accidet (for example, oe which results i a few days off work) is likely to cost aroud 3500. A major accidet ca cost aroud 30 000 a cost which the employer ormally has to pay. 15 Costs of a accidet to a busiess ca iclude: repairig or replacig damaged capital; loss of or damage to goods; isurace costs; compesatio paymets; legal costs; payig for the time that people are t workig because of the accidet such as payig the ijured perso, ayoe helpig them, people cleaig up, ivestigatios; less efficiet replacemet workers, ad the cost of traiig them; lost productio efficiecy; damaged reputatio; damaged employee morale; ad resultig costs to customers, especially where just-i-time logistics processes are used. Workplace trasport safety Page 7 of 144

Health ad Safety 16 Busiesses that effectively maage workplace trasport risks beefit from: reduced loss through damage, ijury ad people off work; better isurace rates; avoidig compesatio paymets, fies ad legal costs; a protected reputatio; improved employee morale; ad the geeral improvemets i workig practices that result from a plaed ad sesible approach to safety, which ca lead to improvemets i productivity. 17 Apart from the moral ad legal reasos for protectig people s health, safety ad welfare, accidets are fiacially bad for busiess. See our guide Reduce risks cut costs 1 for more iformatio o the costs of accidets at work. What is workplace trasport? 18 Workplace trasport meas ay vehicle or piece of mobile equipmet that is used by employers, employees, self-employed people or visitors i ay work settig (apart from travellig o public roads). 19 It covers a very wide rage of vehicles, from cars, vas, lorries ad lift trucks, to less commo vehicles ad plat such as straddle carriers, rubber-tyred gatries ad self-propelled machiery. 20 The word vehicle i this guidace refers to all of the differet vehicles foud at the workplace, icludig mobile equipmet. 21 Vehicles movig o public roads are ot usually classed as workplace trasport, eve though they may carry people who are workig, such as haulage drivers. This is because road traffic laws cover traffic risks o public roads i more detail tha geeral health ad safety law. 22 However, public roads are ofte used as temporary workplaces, for example: durig roadworks or roadside deliveries; for breakdow assistace; or for other roadside work. 23 See Public roads as workplaces (paragraphs 234-237) for more iformatio about health ad safety for people workig o or ext to public roads. For advice about work-related road safety, you should read our free leaflet Drivig at work. 2 24 This guide does ot deal with safety for air, water, rail or specialised udergroud miig trasport, although it may be relevat for geeral vehicles used i these idustries. Types of accidet 25 Most trasport accidets ivolve movig vehicles (icludig people beig hit or ru over), people fallig from vehicles, people beig hit by fallig objects (usually part of the load) or vehicles overturig. 26 Vehicles are particularly dagerous whe they are reversig, because it ca be difficult for drivers to see what is goig o behid them. 27 However, the root causes of accidets are usually due to poor maagemet cotrol. 28 Maagers ofte fail to provide a safe site, safe vehicles or safe systems of work, or fail to make sure that safe systems are followed (usually through too little iformatio, istructio, traiig or supervisio). Workplace trasport safety Page 8 of 144

Health ad Safety 29 Most trasport accidets ca be preveted if maagers: carry out a thorough risk assessmet; set ad moitor safe ways of workig with vehicles; ad raise people s awareess of the risks ivolved. Safe sites, vehicles ad drivers 30 Accidets ivolvig workplace trasport are ofte caused by failures i several differet areas. Whe you assess how well workplace trasport risks are beig cotrolled, you should look at the followig three areas i particular. Safe site 31 Check to see whether the site has well-defied traffic routes that are free from obstructios, ad that have firm ad eve surfaces. Check to see that: every effort has bee made to separate pedestrias from vehicles ( segregatio ); there are safe crossig places for pedestrias to get across vehicle routes; ad there is a effective oe-way system especially for large goods vehicles. Safe vehicles 32 Check that there is a effective maiteace programme for steerig ad brakig systems, ad for vehicle lights. Check that reversig aids, rollover protectio systems ad driver restraits have bee fitted where they are appropriate. You ca fid much more iformatio about these thigs i the chapter Safe vehicles ad i the sectio Operatioal guidace. Safe drivers 33 Check that drivers behaviour is supervised ad that drivers are traied ad competet. I particular, you should be able to provide evidece (for example, to a health ad safety ispector) that people usig lift trucks have bee traied to the stadards described i Driver traiig ad competece (paragraphs 642-665) i the chapter Safe drivers. 34 You must maage all three of these areas well for workplace trasport risks to be cotrolled effectively. This book reflects these three areas, to help you make sesible decisios that will make your workplace safer. Importat ote: reasoably practicable 35 The phrase reasoably practicable is very importat for health ad safety i Great Britai. It is used to decide how much actio should be take to keep risks uder cotrol at work. 36 Sesible health ad safety is about maagig risks risks ca rarely be elimiated altogether. The phrase reasoably practicable is a legal phrase used to help you decide what you have to do maage risks sesibly. 37 The law says that every busiess i Great Britai has to: be aware of risks to health ad safety i the workplace; ad take reasoably practicable steps to cotrol these risks, ad to make accidets less likely. 38 For a step to be reasoably practicable, the cost must be sesible compared to the beefit (reasoable), ad it must be physically possible i the first place (practicable). Workplace trasport safety Page 9 of 144

Health ad Safety 39 The cost is the moey, time or trouble ivolved i puttig a safety measure i place ad maitaiig it. 40 The beefit is the smaller chace of ayoe beig harmed. This is usually achieved by makig the possibility of a accidet happeig a isigificat risk ; or perhaps by makig it less likely that someoe will be seriously hurt if a accidet does happe. 41 If the cost is sesible compared to the beefit, a measure is probably reasoably practicable. For example, sweepig the load bed of a lorry to help make sure loads do t slide aroud o the dusty surface should be quite cheap, ad the beefit is very worthwhile, so it is likely to be reasoably practicable. 42 If the cost is a lot higher tha the beefit, it might ot be reasoably practicable to put the measure i place. I law, the words grossly disproportioate are used to decide whether the cost is so high compared to the beefit that a measure is ot reasoably practicable. 43 Just because oe measure might ot be cosidered reasoably practicable does ot mea that there are ot other, more appropriate measures that you ca take. 44 You may wat to take steps to cotrol a risk that go further tha the reasoably practicable measures you must take by law. Reasoable practicability is the lowest level of risk cotrol that the law demads, ot a upper limit. 45 It is importat to kow what reasoably practicable does ot mea: it does ot mea affordable. You might be expected to do thigs that you would cosider expesive, if the risk is serious eough to justify it. If the cost of a measure is ot grossly disproportioate to the beefit, the measure is reasoably practicable ; it does ot mea most expesive. You are ot expected to sped as much moey as possible to cotrol risks, if they ca be cotrolled to the same level by cheaper methods. it does ot mea commo practice or idustry stadard. It makes o differece whether other people cotrol similar risks i a similar way or a differet way, or to a differet level. Decidig what is reasoably practicable is a judgemet that has to be made for each risk idividually; 46 To keep the laguage as clear as possible, we have tried to explai the priciple of reasoable practicability clearly here, ad have geerally avoided usig the phrase i the guidace itself. 47 Where this guidace advises actio you should take to cotrol risks, it meas that you should take it, so far as it is reasoably practicable. But the guidace also refers to specific legal requiremets, some of which you must meet. 48 This is oly a very geeral explaatio of what reasoably practicable meas. For a fuller explaatio, please see Redgrave s Health ad Safety 3 ad our website at www.hse.gov.uk. 4 49 Exactly what is cosidered reasoably practicable will vary depedig o the circumstaces. However, if a accidet happes, you may be asked to show to a iquest or a court that you took all reasoable steps to prevet that accidet. Workplace trasport safety Page 10 of 144

Health ad Safety 50 Ultimately, oly the courts ca provide a authoritative iterpretatio of the phrase reasoably practicable. Health ad safety law 51 There are may specific legal duties relatig to workplace trasport, ad some of them are quite complicated. Throughout this guide, we explai what you must do by law. 52 I this guide, we talk about legal duties with the phrases by law ad the law requires. You will also fid the words must, must ot ad may, which show thigs that are or may be required by law. 53 There are also more geeral legal resposibilities which apply to all situatios. 54 Employers must: take all reasoably practicable precautios to esure the health, safety ad welfare of all workers i the workplace ad members of the public who might be affected by their activities; assess the risks to the health ad safety of ayoe affected by what they do (icludig employees ad members of the public). If the compay cosists of five or more people, the sigificat fidigs must be recorded. See the chapter Maagig the risks for more iformatio; use certai priciples of prevetio (which we describe i paragraph 60), where they take prevetive measures to cotrol risks; effectively pla, orgaise, cotrol, moitor ad review the prevetive ad protective measures they use. If the compay cosists of five or more people, these arragemets must be recorded; so far as is reasoably practicable, provide ad maitai safe systems of work; provide iformatio, istructio, traiig ad supervisio to protect, so far as is reasoably practicable, employees health ad safety at work; maitai i a safe coditio (without risks to health) ay workplace uder their cotrol, ad the meas of access to ad egress from it (the way employees get ito ad out of the workplace). 55 If you are self-employed, you have a similar duty to that of employers you must reduce as far as is reasoably practicable risks to your ow ad other people s health ad safety. 56 Ayoe i cotrol of work premises (for example, a ladlord) has limited legal duties to make sure that the premises are safe. This also applies to people i cotrol of the meas of eterig or leavig a workplace (for example, lad that has to be crossed). 57 The phrase reasoably practicable is very importat, ad we explai it more fully i paragraphs 35-50. 58 All employees must take reasoable care of their ow ad others health ad safety ad co-operate with their employer so that the employer ca meet their duties. Employees eed to recogise this resposibility ad act accordigly. 59 If you or your employees fail to meet the duties above, you or they might be prosecuted. Workplace trasport safety Page 11 of 144

Health ad Safety 60 The priciples of prevetio are set out i law. You must use them whe you are puttig i place measures to cotrol risks. You eed to try them i order, doig whatever is reasoably practicable to reduce the risks. I summary, they are: avoidig risks; assessig the risks that caot be avoided; tacklig the source of the risks; adaptig the work to the idividual; adaptig to techical progress; replacig aythig dagerous with thigs that are less dagerous or ot dagerous; developig a coheret overall prevetio policy; givig joit protective measures priority over idividual protective measures; ad givig appropriate istructios to employees. Phrases ad meaigs 61 We use the followig phrases i this guidace (ad elsewhere i health ad safety) to mea quite specific thigs. Competet perso 62 A competet perso is somebody who has eough kowledge, experiece ad persoal ability, ad who has received eough traiig ad iformatio, to do a task safely ad well. The phrase competet perso is also used i some laws with a more specific meaig, which we explai i paragraph 614. Duty holder 63 A duty holder is somebody who has a duty give to them by law. Every employer ad worker is a duty holder i oe way or aother, because they have a duty to take reasoable care of themselves ad other people. Employers, ladlords ad other people have other specific duties because of the ature of their relatioship with people who are affected by what they do (for example, employees or teats). Hazard 64 A hazard meas aythig that ca cause harm (for example, chemicals, electricity, workig at height, machiery). Risk 65 A risk is the chace that somebody will be harmed by the hazard (high or low) ad how seriously they might be harmed (seriously or ot). High risks are those where someoe is very likely to be harmed or where the harm is likely to be serious (or both). Risk assessmet 66 A risk assessmet is a careful look at what, i your work, could harm people. You should use your risk assessmet to help you decide whether you have take eough precautios or should do more to prevet harm. Reasoably practicable 67 This is the level of actio that the law says a perso or busiess eeds to take at work to reduce the chaces of ayoe beig harmed. It meas that everyoe is expected to do everythig they reasoably ca to keep risks low. It is very importat ad we explai it i more detail i paragraphs 35-50. Workplace trasport safety Page 12 of 144

Health ad Safety System of work 68 A system of work is a way of doig a task. A safe system of work has to be idetified for every aspect of work that a orgaisatio does, to make sure that people are able to work safely. The system of work should be the result of a thorough risk assessmet, which idetifies what could harm people ad how, so that these risks ca be maaged. The safe system should usually be writte dow so that workers ca be istructed ad their performace ca be moitored. Workplace 69 A workplace is ay locatio where a perso is workig. 70 Public roads are public places ad are covered by specific laws, so decidig whe they are (or are ot) workplaces ca be complicated. 71 What is workplace trasport? (paragraphs 18-24) explais why public roads are usually ot cosidered workplaces. See Public roads as workplaces (paragraphs 234-237) for more iformatio about whe public roads are used as temporary workplaces (for example, whe they are sectioed off by road coes, or durig a roadside delivery). Workplace trasport safety Page 13 of 144

Health ad Safety Guidace for maagers Maagig the risks 72 By law, employers ad self-employed people must assess the risks to ayoe who might be affected by their work activity. These people should also take appropriate prevetive ad protective measures to cotrol these risks. 73 These requiremets apply to all work activities, icludig those ivolvig trasport (for example, drivig, loadig, sheetig, maiteace). 74 Our guide Successful health ad safety maagemet 5 idetifies a three-stage pla you eed to go through to maage risks idetifyig hazards, assessig the risks ad cotrollig the risks. 75 To help you carry out the pla, we recommed a risk assessmet to cover all three stages at oce. Risk assessmet 76 A risk assessmet is othig more tha a careful examiatio of what, i your work, could harm people, so that you ca weigh up whether you have doe eough or should do more to prevet harm. 77 By law employers must assess risks as a way of fidig out whether they are meetig legal duties. By law, the risk assessmet must be suitable ad sufficiet. Carryig out a risk assessmet does ot usually eed to be very complicated or techical. Most employers carry out risk assessmets durig the ormal course of their work. For example, whe hirig ew drivers, a employer would ormally idetify how much iformatio, istructio or traiig they eed, to make sure that they are able to carry out their duties without makig mistakes or causig accidets. I recogisig that there are risks associated with havig ew drivers, ad the decidig what precautios to take, the employer has carried out a risk assessmet ad acted o it. 78 It is also importat that your risk assessmet is thorough ad accurate because you eed to use it whe you decide what to do to cotrol risks. It will help you to decide what is reasoably practicable because it will help you decide how serious risks are, ad how much effort ad cost is ecessary to cotrol them. There is a sectio i this guide about what reasoably practicable meas see paragraphs 35-50. 79 If your orgaisatio employs five or more people (icludig maagers), you must write dow ay sigificat fidigs from the risk assessmet. 80 We recommed the followig five-step process to carry out a risk assessmet: Step 1 Idetify the hazards. Step 2 Decide who might be harmed ad how. Step 3 Evaluate the risks ad assess whether existig precautios are adequate. Step 4 Record the sigificat fidigs. Step 5 Review the risk assessmet regularly, ad as ecessary. Workplace trasport safety Page 14 of 144

Health ad Safety 81 There is a example of a risk-assessmet form at the back of this guide (Appedix 2). You ca fill this i as you work through the sectios we explai below. 82 For more advice about doig a geeral risk assessmet, you should read our free leaflet Five steps to risk assessmet. 6 For more iformatio about risk assessmet i geeral, ad laws with specific requiremets for risk assessmet, you should read our free guidace A guide to risk assessmet requiremets. 7 Idetifyig the hazards 83 First you eed to idetify the work activities ivolvig vehicles (icludig visitig vehicles) over a reasoable period. This could be over the course of a day, a week or maybe a moth. You eed to build up a clear picture of vehicle ad pedestria traffic i the workplace, ad to make sure you miss othig importat. 84 Thik through the activities you kow happe, such as deliveries, loadig activities or collectig waste. You ca use the list i Table 1 to help you just choose the activities that happe i your workplace, ad add ay others you ca thik of. You ca do this by: watchig the workplace; ad payig attetio to where vehicles are, what drivers are doig, ad how ad why they are doig it. 85 There is also a checklist i Appedix 1 that you ca use to help you spot workplace trasport hazards. 86 A pla of the site ca help you see where vehicles are operatig, ad where ay dagers might be. Workplace trasport safety Page 15 of 144

Health ad Safety 87 Table 1 lists commo types of vehicle ad pedestria movemets based o research coducted i the EU. You ca use it as the basis for what you look at whe you are carryig out this stage of the risk assessmet; just add, remove, or chage aythig that is particular to your work. Large goods vehicles (icludig articulated ad draw-bar combiatio vehicles): trasportig raw materials; trasportig other maufacturig materials; trasportig machied or fiished products; deliveries of busiess supplies (such as statioery, couriers, catee supplies); movig products or stock betwee buildigs; waste removal Light goods vehicles: trasportig raw materials; trasportig other maufacturig materials; trasportig machied or fiished products; deliveries of busiess supplies (such as statioery, couriers, catee supplies); cash collectio or delivery; movig products or stock betwee buildigs; waste removal; cotractors ad others (such as maiteace, cleaers, buildig work, mobile food outlets). Motorised or other wheeled hadlig equipmet: movemet of raw materials aroud the site; movemet of compoets, supplies, stock, etc aroud the site; movemet of waste material aroud the site. Cars: eterig or leavig the premises. Cosider staff, cliets, other visitors, taxis, couriers ad so o; tourig security vehicles. Vehicles carryig passegers: cosider coaches, miibuses. Motorcycles ad pedal cycles: eterig or leavig the premises; aroud storage areas; couriers. Other work machiery ad plat, icludig cotractors vehicles: tractors; all-terrai vehicles; backhoes ad other earth-movig machiery; dumpers; mobile craes i trasit (although liftig operatios themselves should ot be thought of as Pedestrias: eterig or leavig the premises; movig from buildig to buildig, or from oe work area withi a buildig to aother; movig withi storage areas; movig across vehicle traffic routes; movig through vehicle maoeuvrig areas; movig from vehicles to buildigs, or back (for example, drivers reportig to the site office). Table 1 Vehicle ad pedestria traffic movemets Workplace trasport safety Page 16 of 144

Health ad Safety 88 I particular, look for areas where people work aroud movig vehicles, ad where people work o vehicles themselves. You should remember to iclude every task you ca thik of, icludig thigs: that happe at quiet times; that do t happe very ofte (like collectig waste); or that take place i a differet workplace (such as a employee deliverig to a customer s site). 89 Askig ay security or other gate staff who eters a site, ad whe ad why, or askig a stores departmet for a list of which firms deliver whe, ca help you build up a complete picture of trasport activity i your workplace. 90 List all the vehicles that visit your site, ad make a ote of what they do. Thik about whe ad where these thigs happe, ad what else is happeig i that area at the same time. This will make it easier to recogise who might be harmed, i stage 2 of the risk assessmet. 91 To idetify the hazards, look at each of the work activities associated with trasport ad ask: What are the possible dagers, ad what is causig them? 92 There are four mai kids of accidets that ivolve workplace trasport: people beig struck by or ru over by a vehicle; people beig struck by somethig fallig from a vehicle; people fallig from vehicles; vehicles overturig. 93 The questios you ask yourself should cocetrate o these dagers, ad should cover all the aspects of vehicle use i your workplace. Cocetrate o thigs that are likely to cause serious damage, or hurt several people, because these are the more sigificat hazards. There is a checklist i Appedix 1 to give you a idea of the sort of questios you should be askig. It is based o tasks that ofte happe aroud vehicles, ad measures to cotrol risks you should be thikig about. 94 Whe you are lookig for trasport hazards, you should look at: features of your workplace (such as how routes are laid out ad whether they are i good coditio); the vehicles themselves; ad the actios of the drivers ad others who are ear to vehicles. 95 Thik site, vehicle, driver. You should read whichever parts of this guide are relevat to work that is carried out i your workplace, ad use this to help you recogise trasport hazards. 96 You should also thik carefully about how thigs could chage (for example, at differet times of the year or i bad weather). Examples could iclude: drivers beig dazzled by strog sulight at times of the year whe the su is low i the sky; bad visibility i a loadig area whe deliveries are made at ight; or the effects of strog gusts of wid o people workig high up o the outside of vehicles. Workplace trasport safety Page 17 of 144

Health ad Safety 97 Whe you are lookig for hazards, you should iclude ay that already have precautios i place to prevet the hazard from harmig ayoe. For example, if a ope-top vehicle is fitted with a system to prevet it from rollig over (or to protect the driver if it does roll over), you should still look to see if there is a possibility that the vehicle will overbalace, ad should make a ote of ay safety measures. Later, you will cosider whether ay existig precautios are good eough. 98 Employers should ask their drivers, supervisors ad ay other employees at the site (icludig cotractors ad, possibly, visitig drivers) for their views o ay problems ad what could be doe to make the work safer. 99 You may fid it helpful to take photographs. You ca keep these as part of a recorded risk assessmet ad to show what hazards ad prevetive measures have bee idetified. Decidig who might be harmed ad how 100 For each hazard you idetify, you eed to decide who might be harmed ad how. 101 For hazards ivolvig workplace trasport, this is likely to iclude drivers i particular both those employed at oe site ad drivers visitig sites owed by other compaies. Also thik about all other employees, cotractors, subcotractors, customers, part-time employees, cleaers, maiteace staff, visitors ad members of the public. 102 Which of these types of people are likely to be ear to vehicles, ad why? Evaluatig the risks 103 This step is where you decide how serious the risks are, ad what you eed to do to cotrol them. 104 The risk posed by each hazard is the chace that somebody will be harmed (high or low), ad how seriously they might be harmed (seriously or ot). High risks are oes where someoe is very likely to be harmed or where the harm is likely to be serious (or both). 105 Oce you have idetified the hazards ad who is i dager, you should thik about how likely it is that a accidet will happe ad, if it does, how severe the ijury is likely to be. If the hazard is ulikely to harm ayoe, the risk will probably be low. 106 Risks are higher for accidets that are very likely to happe, eve if the cosequeces probably would t be too bad. There are ot may examples of hazards ivolvig workplace trasport that are low risk because trasport accidets are usually quite serious, or at least have the potetial to be serious. 107 However ulikely it is, if a hazard could cause serious harm, the risk is higher. For example, although it may be ulikely that a perso will be struck by a load fallig from a vehicle, if it did happe someoe could be hurt quite badly, so the risk is high. 108 So risks are higher where accidets are likely, where the cosequeces are likely to be serious, or both. 109 Oce you have decided how much risk a hazard is causig, you ca thik about cotrollig the risks. You should ask: Has aythig bee doe to reduce this risk, ad are the measures eough? Workplace trasport safety Page 18 of 144

Health ad Safety 110 I the first place, if you have ot met ay geeral legal duties, or specific legal requiremets relatig to the hazard, more precautios are eeded. 111 If you have already take measures to reduce particular risks, you will still eed to ask whether the other risks are acceptably low. For example, you might decide that as well as settig speed limits o vehicle routes, road humps or other measures are eeded to make sure that vehicles do ot drive too fast. 112 If you decide that somethig more eeds to be doe, you should first try to remove the problem altogether (for example, by restrictig vehicle movemets to certai parts of the workplace). 113 If you caot remove the problem, try to reduce the risks. 114 You should always istruct ad trai employees to take care, to use work equipmet safely, ad to use persoal protective equipmet. However, you should ot rely o this to keep them safe if there is more you ca do. 115 Where possible, chage the layout of the workplace or use vehicles with appropriate safety features (for example, have separate pathways for pedestrias, use road humps, or use vehicles with speed limiters). You should also set up safe systems of workig (for example, eforce speed limits). 116 It is useful to prioritise the improvemet measures you have idetified based o the level of risk you have decided each hazard poses, ad set a realistic date by which actio should be take. Record your fidigs 117 If your orgaisatio employs five or more people (icludig maagers), by law you must record the sigificat fidigs of your assessmet. 118 This meas recordig the more sigificat hazards (usually i writig) ad your most importat coclusios (for example, Risk of dislodged load as a result of low braches cut back regularly ad put up a warig sig ). 119 You will fid this a very useful part of your risk assessmet (o matter how big your orgaisatio is) because it helps you remember what you have foud ad what you have decided to do. 120 The suggested form i Appedix 2 is a clear way of recordig your fidigs, ad it reflects the five-step approach we recommed. There is also a example of how a risk assessmet could look, to help you whe you do your ow. 121 You must also tell your employees, icludig ay safety represetatives, about your fidigs. You ca do this more easily with a writte record. Review the risk assessmet 122 You should review the risk assessmet from time to time, to check that it is still relevat. Each risk assessmet should iclude a date for whe a review is due, which should take accout of the type of work ad the speed of chages, which are likely to be differet for every workplace. 123 Sooer or later you are likely to itroduce ew vehicles or chage the traffic routes, or the ature of the work activities relatig to vehicles may chage, which ca lead to ew hazards. 124 You should assess risks before you make ay sigificat chages. This will help keep risks as low as possible from the momet the chages are Workplace trasport safety Page 19 of 144

Health ad Safety itroduced. You must cosult employees either directly or through elected safety represetatives if the chages could substatially affect their health ad safety. See Cotrol, co-operatio ad cosultatio (paragraphs 126-153) for more iformatio about cosultig employees. 125 You should always keep the risk assessmet up to date with workig practices ad equipmet, o matter what reviews may be due soo. Workplace trasport safety Page 20 of 144

Health ad Safety Orgaisig for safety 126 Establishig resposibilities ad relatioships is a very importat part of securig safe workig practices ad promotig a culture of safety. 127 To secure ad maitai a safe workplace, everyoe from seior maagers to idividual employees eeds to be aware of their idividual resposibilities for safety, ad act accordigly. Cotrol, co-operatio ad cosultatio 128 The mai aspects to cotrollig safety i the workplace are as follows: Take overall resposibility 129 Employers eed to take resposibility for safety ad show their commitmet by example ad i everyday decisios. For example: by holdig regular (weekly or mothly) meetigs with employees ad safety represetatives (if you have these), to discuss curret work activities ad associated safety issues. Meetigs are usually more effective if they have a chairperso, a clear ageda, ad whe actios ad deadlies are recorded i miutes; by makig regular ad oticeable tours of the workplace, icludig ispectios of vehicles, roadways ad behaviour, to check that there are o obvious hazards i the workplace ad that safe workig practices are beig followed. You should report o both good ad bad features of maagig risks i the workplace; ad by makig sure that formal or iformal work-related discussios with employees always iclude safety issues. 130 A clear ad simple procedure for reportig faults, hazards ad icidets (ofte kow as a ear-miss reportig scheme ) ca help prevet serious accidets. 131 A accidet reportig system is essetial for you to meet your legal duties to report some accidets. It is also valuable for moitorig how effective measures to prevet accidets are, ad makig sure that all accidets are reported to maagers. However, it is importat that maagers do ot use the accidet reportig system to blame people as this may discourage employees from usig it. Allocate specific resposibilities 132 Resposibilities for health ad safety maagemet eed to be clearly allocated. It is vital that all employees, cotractors, subcotractors, visitig drivers, maiteace staff ad other workers clearly uderstad their resposibilities for maitaiig a safe workplace ad safe workig practices. 133 There are various ways of achievig this, for example by: icludig safety resposibilities i employees job descriptios, ad i cotracts with cotractors ad compaies whose employees drive o site; icludig safety issues ad resposibilities i the iformatio, istructio ad traiig give to people who are ew to the workplace; raisig safety issues ad resposibilities while supervisig employees ad beig i daily cotact with them; ad displayig safety otices or bulletis, risk assessmet fidigs ad the results of safety ispectios, where people ca clearly see them. Workplace trasport safety Page 21 of 144

Health ad Safety 134 Cosider dividig up the workplace (icludig car parks, access roads, weighbridges, lay-bys ad other areas) ito areas where maagers are resposible for carryig out risk assessmets, takig actio, ad maitaiig ad repairig features. These areas should the be show o a drawig that everyoe has easy access to, ad should cover the whole area of the workplace. Eforcemet 135 However resposibility for trasport safety is arraged, it is importat that people are accoutable. Employers ad maagers eed to make sure that everyoe is held resposible for their duties, maily through supervisio. Performace agreemets, appraisals ad so o should iclude safety-related resposibilities, for maagers ad supervisors as well as other workers. It is importat that there are clear pealties for poor performace, ad also rewards for good performace. 136 Supervisio is a essetial part of moitorig safe workig. The level of supervisio should reflect how serious the risks ivolved are ad the ability of employees to avoid them. Eve where risks are low, some supervisio will always be eeded to make sure that stadards are beig maitaied. 137 There are also other ways of makig sure people meet their duties. Security systems (such as patrols, gate staff ad camera systems) ca be a very effective way of checkig that workplace rules are beig followed. 138 Gate staff i particular ca be a very effective way of makig sure visitors receive safety iformatio before they eter the site. 139 There will usually eed to be a clear system of pealties if ayoe fails to maitai stadards or follow safe workig practices. For employees, there are usually discipliary procedures, with the possibility of dismissal. For cotractors, there may be fiacial pealties or termiatio of their cotract (or both). 140 Authorisig specific people to operate certai vehicles, or to carry out vehiclerelated activities (such as maiteace) ca help employers or maagers cotrol risks. 141 Employers eed to make sure that all maagers, employees, cotractors ad visitig drivers are able to do their work i a proper way (oe which protects their ow safety ad that of other people). 142 I a large orgaisatio, seior maagers eed to be satisfied that maagers ad supervisors ivolved i day-to-day work activities are able to secure safe workig practices ad a safe workplace. They eed to be able to: cotrol risks; commuicate effectively to maitai a flow of iformatio o safety, i both directios; ecourage the people they are resposible for to co-operate; ad orgaise activity i a way that secures ad maitais a safe workig eviromet. 143 I all orgaisatios, those i charge eed to make sure wherever possible that employees, cotractors ad visitors are carryig out their work activities i a safe ad resposible way. For workplace trasport, this is likely to iclude checkig traiig ad previous experiece, kowledge, abilities ad geeral fitess for tasks they eed to do (for example, are they completely sober ad i cotrol?). Workplace trasport safety Page 22 of 144

Health ad Safety 144 Those i charge will eed to be able ad willig to provide iformatio, istructio, supervisio ad costructive feedback to employees o their safety performace. 145 There are two mai ways of makig sure people are competet for a job, which should be used together: make sure ew recruits are competet. Have effective recruitmet ad placemet procedures to make sure that all those employed at the workplace (icludig maagers) have the relevat kowledge ad experiece to be able to do their jobs safely, or ca gai these o the job or through traiig. See Choosig drivers (paragraphs 631-641) for more iformatio about choosig competet operators; make sure existig employees are competet. Provide iformatio, istructio ad traiig to maitai or improve employees competece, particularly where chages i staff, equipmet or procedures are plaed. This should take accout of employees abilities ad experiece. 146 By law, employees must take reasoable care of their ow health ad safety ad that of others who may be affected by what they do at work. 147 By law, employees must co-operate with their employers, so they ca meet with their health ad safety resposibilities. 148 Good commuicatio withi a orgaisatio helps secure ad maitai a safe workplace. 149 It is importat that there are strog lies of commuicatio, so that everyoe is clear about their health ad safety resposibilities ad ay chages are quickly put ito practice across the whole orgaisatio. 150 Iformatio that eeds to be commuicated icludes: the orgaisatio s safety policy, ad what it meas i practice; who has which safety resposibilities; details of safe workig practices that should be followed; details of where employees ad other workers ca get more iformatio, istructio or traiig o particular areas of their work activities (this should be easily available for example, i a area where drivers or other workers take regular breaks); feedback to employees o how well they have followed safe workig practices; ad commuicatig with other employers for example, agreeig safety precautios ad resposibilities for visitig vehicles deliverig or collectig goods. 151 You should ecourage everyoe i the workplace (icludig cotractors) to take a active iterest i safety issues. Everyoe should have the chace to express their views or cocers to those i charge of the workplace ad the people they work with. 152 As well as makig good sese, cosultig employees o health ad safety matters is a legal requiremet. If your orgaisatio has safety represetatives who have bee appoited by a trade uio that your orgaisatio recogises, by law you must cosult them. If there are o safety represetatives, you should cosult the employees themselves or ay health ad safety represetative they have elected. Workplace trasport safety Page 23 of 144

Health ad Safety 153 Employers have a legal duty to set up a health ad safety committee whe two or more safety represetatives from recogised trade uios ask them to do so. A health ad safety committee ca be a effective way of ecouragig everyoe i the workplace (icludig visitors deliverig or collectig goods) to formally co-operate i carryig out their health ad safety resposibilities. Cotractors 154 Where cotractors or subcotractors are employed, the site operator or pricipal employer should make sure that they fit i with the overall work scheme, without icreasig risks uecessarily. 155 The site operator or pricipal employer will eed to give the cotractor appropriate health ad safety iformatio o the work to be carried out, so that the work ca be doe safely. For example, the iformatio should be about: the workplace; the routes to be used; the vehicles ad equipmet o site; specific hazards; ad other people o site, icludig other cotractors, visitig drivers ad so o. 156 The site cotroller ad ay cotractors due to work o the site should agree what eeds to be doe to esure vehicle safety before the cotractor starts work o site. 157 If ayoe has doubts about the proposed safety arragemets, they should take all reasoable steps to improve the arragemets before the work starts. The precautios ad level of co-operatio eeded will deped o the particular risks ivolved. 158 The site operator or pricipal employer should check that the cotractor ad (through the cotractor) ay subcotractor is suitable, i terms of health ad safety stadards. Check, for example: that the cotractor chooses ad trais employees to the ecessary stadards ad that they are suitably competet; that, o previous cotracts, the cotractor has followed safe workig practices (where possible, check the cotractor s accidet ad ill-health record); ad that ay vehicles the cotractor uses i the workplace are suitable for their iteded purpose ad are, ad will cotiue to be, properly maitaied. 159 You will also eed to make the cotractor fully aware of the pealties they will face if they do t maitai stadards or if they fail to follow safe workig practices. 160 You may eed to make sure that followig good health ad safety practice ad ay specific site regulatios are set out i the cotract. This could explai the pealties for breakig safe workig practices (usafe workig meas breachig the terms of a cotract) ad should beefit the cotractor providig them with protectio if they eed to refuse to work for health ad safety reasos. 161 It is importat to maitai a system to adequately supervise the cotractor s work. 162 Licesig systems ca be a useful way of cotrollig the work activities of cotractors ad subcotractors. Liceces to operate o site are issued for certai periods, ad are oly reewed if cotractors have behaved satisfactorily. Workplace trasport safety Page 24 of 144

Health ad Safety 163 Whe a cotractor employs subcotractors, the cotractor ca clearly use similar checks ad supervisio to cotrol the subcotractors work. The site operator will usually eed evidece from the cotractor that adequate cotrols over subcotractors are i place. 164 Despite these precautios, cotractors should be i o doubt that they are resposible for their ow employees ad their activities. Visitig drivers 165 Some of the checks ad procedures we explai above for cotractors will also apply to visitig drivers. 166 It is importat to make sure that visitig drivers are aware of the workplace layout, the route they eed to take, ad relevat safe workig practices (for example, for parkig ad uloadig). 167 You should take accout of the fact that delivery drivers may ever have visited the site before, ad may oly be o site for a short time. 168 They should ot have to eter potetially dagerous areas to move to or from their vehicles or places they eed to go, such as the site office, or toilet or washroom facilities. 169 The employer at a workplace should work ad co-operate as fully as possible with the employers of visitig drivers, to co-ordiate the measures that eed to be take for both employers ad their employees to meet their health ad safety resposibilities. For example, employers should commuicate to: provide safe access to a vehicle for loadig or uloadig; provide suitable equipmet (for example, for drivers deliverig at retail outlets) to uload safely; ad make sure that vehicles ad the type of groud they have to use are suitable for safe workig. 170 You should cosider pritig site rules, directios, maps ad approach iformatio (for example, arrow routes, weak bridges ad so o) o the back of order forms ad ivoices, allowig visitig drivers to kow what to expect before arrivig o site. 171 See Deliveries commuicatio (paragraphs 203-227) for more iformatio about commuicatig about workplace trasport activities i shared premises. Shared workplaces 172 The law places some very specific duties o employers who share workplaces. Wherever two or more employers share a workplace (whether temporarily or permaetly), each employer must: co-operate with the other employers so that they ca meet their health ad safety duties; take all reasoable steps to co-ordiate the measures they take to meet their legal duties with those take by other employers; ad take all reasoable steps to tell the other employers about risks to their employees health ad safety as a result of their work activities. 173 This legal obligatio also applies to self-employed people workig at a shared workplace. Workplace trasport safety Page 25 of 144

Health ad Safety 174 The type of co-ordiatio eeded will deped o the circumstaces, but all employers ad self-employed people ivolved will eed to satisfy themselves that they are meetig their legal duties. 175 Normally, the site operator or a mai employer cotrols the worksite. I these cases, they will eed to take resposibility for co-ordiatig health ad safety measures: maily through discussio ad by gettig iformatio from the smaller employers; by askig for their agreemet to site-wide arragemets, whether ew or established; by all other employers takig resposibility to co- operate. 176 Where employees eter a differet workplace (for example, to make a delivery or collect goods), you might fid it helpful to thik of that workplace as beig shared. 177 Vehicles o which employees of more tha oe compay are workig are also cosidered shared workplaces, eve if it is oly for a brief period (for example, durig loadig, uloadig or sheetig). Both employers are resposible for the safety of their ow employees ad those of other compaies ivolved. 178 Ayoe ivolved i workig together like this should agree at the start who will be resposible for what, icludig safety. Sharig a vehicle could mea risks are differet ad the law may mea that they have to be assessed agai. 179 If there is o employer i overall cotrol, idividual employers ad selfemployed people will eed to fid a way of agreeig joit arragemets (for example, by appoitig a health ad safety supervisor or co-ordiator, or settig up a health ad safety committee). 180 Appoitig a health ad safety supervisor or co-ordiator is likely to be the most effective way of: makig sure there is co-operatio ad co-ordiatio; ad exchagig iformatio efficietly, so that all employers ca meet their health ad safety duties. 181 However joit arragemets are made, everyoe o the site should support ad follow ay resultig procedures or regulatios. Clear pealties for failig to do so should be established as soo as possible. Deliveries geeral safety 182 Deliveries ad collectios are essetial to busiess, but ca be some of the most dagerous trasport activities that take place. A sigificat umber of trasport accidets i the workplace take place durig deliveries. 183 Hazards ca iclude: beig struck by a vehicle; ijuries whe loads are moved by had; falls from vehicles; ad risks from usig craes or other liftig equipmet such as lorry loaders. 184 The specific risks relatig to hazardous chemicals or other dagerous loads are ot covered by this guidace. Workplace trasport safety Page 26 of 144

Health ad Safety 185 Geerally, parkig ad loadig or uloadig should be off the road ad pavemet, well away from members of the public. Loadig or uloadig over the pavemet should be avoided, but where this is ot possible a specific risk assessmet should be carried out for the task. 186 If a delivery vehicle parks up o a public road outside a supplier s or recipiet s premises, ay loadig or uloadig is still covered by health ad safety law, ad all of the ormal duties of employers ad employees apply. I particular, there ca be risks to the safety of members of the public who drive or walk ear the loadig or uloadig. 187 Delivery drivers should try to park their vehicle so that the side of the delivery vehicle with the easiest access to the load is towards the workplace, istead of towards the road. This is to reduce the amout of work that takes place i the flow of traffic, ad ear members of the public. 188 If other ways of makig reversig safe are ot effective eough, the employer whose premises are beig used may eed to cosider providig a competet ad authorised sigaller (baksma), with appropriate high-visibility equipmet ad usig agreed had sigals. See chapter Reversig for more iformatio about usig baksme. 189 A sigaller workig i these coditios will eed to give priority to public traffic (both pedestria ad vehicles) because the sigaller will have o authority to stop traffic o the road. If coes or barriers are to be used, employers should discuss this with the local police ad the highway authority. Pedestrias should ot be directed oto the road. 190 If lift trucks are beig used, it is importat that drivers ad their employers are aware of ay icreased risk of overtur that would result from drivig them over kerbs or o a road camber that might make them ustable. 191 If articulated vehicles are beig coupled or ucoupled, drivers should have bee istructed o how to park each type of vehicle they use, as there ca be sigificat differeces ad misuderstadigs. Semi-trailer parkig brakes ad cab hadbrakes should always be used, ad the emergecy brakes should ever be relied o. See chapter Couplig ad ucouplig for more iformatio. 192 The delivery driver plays a importat part i delivery safety, ad is ofte the perso ijured i delivery or collectio accidets. The driver should receive adequate safety iformatio for each delivery or collectio beforehad. 193 Everyoe ivolved should set up simple, well-uderstood systems for reportig ay vehicle accidets, icidets, ear misses ad other safety cocers durig deliveries ad collectios, ad exchagig iformatio with everyoe else. 194 Everyoe should be ecouraged to report icidets ad cocers ad appropriate actio should be take where reports are made. 195 Drivers may be faced with uexpected situatios. Employers should trai drivers i geeral safety precautios to take whe visitig sites, i particular cocerig the risks ivolved i loadig ad uloadig. 196 As well as traiig, providig drivers with simple delivery safety checklists may help them check that reasoable precautios have bee take, ad help them decide if it is reasoable for them to refuse to cotiue with a particular delivery or collectio. Workplace trasport safety Page 27 of 144

Health ad Safety 197 Hauliers (or other load trasport compaies) should make sure that ay agecy drivers they use are familiar with their arragemets for delivery safety. 198 Although resposibility for safety will remai with the employer, suppliers ad recipiets should cosider authorisig a employee who will be preset to permit ad maage loadig or uloadig. That employee should be allowed to refuse or stop the work if safe workig practices are ot available or beig followed, icludig dealig with usafe loads or loads that have shifted i trasit. The perso resposible should be cofidet that a decisio to refuse delivery would be supported by their employer. See chapter Loadig ad uloadig, ad load safety for more advice about dealig with loads that have shifted i trasit. 199 Similarly, if you employ delivery drivers, they should be give clear istructios about what to do if they are ot satisfied with the arragemets for safety at a particular site. You should let your employees kow that they are authorised to refuse or stop loadig or uloadig for safety reasos, ad whe you arrage the delivery you should tell the recipiet about this authority. Everyoe should be aware of what to do if they are ot happy with safety arragemets (icludig who to report cocers to). The delivery staff should be cofidet that a decisio to refuse delivery would be supported by their employer. 200 A safe system of work should be followed durig deliveries. Where both delivery drivers ad site workers are ivolved, it should be clear to everyoe who has priority for cotrollig the operatio at ay oe time: whe the driver is maoeuvrig the delivery vehicle, it should be clear that they have priority; where site workers the eed to access the vehicle, there should be a clear momet for hadig priority over. Oly the delivery driver ca decide whe they are satisfied that the vehicle will ot eed to move agai util it has bee loaded, ad whe priority ca safely pass to the site workers; site workers should the be able to tell whe it is safe for priority to be haded back to the delivery driver for departure. The driver should ot be allowed to leave util they have bee told it is safe to do so. 201 Where visitig vehicles have had problems before, or where deliveries or collectios will take place regularly ad special risks are likely, it may be ecessary for a maager to visit ad assess the risks ivolved ad agree precautios. 202 There is more iformatio about safety durig uloadig i chapter Loadig ad uloadig, ad load safety. Deliveries commuicatio 203 Several compaies are likely to be ivolved i a delivery, typically: a supplier sedig the goods; a carrier the compay carryig the goods (ofte a haulier); ad a recipiet the compay receivig the goods. 204 As with other areas of workplace trasport, employers have a legal duty to take all reasoably practicable steps to esure the safety of everyoe affected by their work activities ad o their premises, ad to co-operate with other employers to esure health ad safety. Workplace trasport safety Page 28 of 144

Health ad Safety 205 May delivery ad collectio accidets could be preveted if there was better co-operatio betwee the people ivolved. A lack of ay agreemet about who is resposible for what i terms of safety is a commo factor i delivery accidets. Case study 1 A site employee suffered severe ijuries whe he was trapped agaist a doorframe by a lift truck, drive by a utraied operator. Whe a delivery arrived earlier tha expected, there was t a traied lift truck operator available o site. The delivery driver decided to operate the site lift truck himself to uload. He reversed ito pallets, over-corrected ad reversed ito the site employee. The site operator should have made sure that oly authorised people could use the lift truck. The site operator ad the driver s employer should have liaised ad agreed procedures for uloadig deliveries. These procedures should have icluded fixig a time for vehicles to arrive with deliveries. The driver should ot have tried to operate a site vehicle without authorisatio. 206 I most work situatios, the safety of a employee is maily the resposibility of their employer. However, to deliver or collect goods, employees have to visit premises cotrolled by others. The safety of everyoe at these premises, icludig visitors, is i the hads of the perso i charge of the site the supplier for collectios or the recipiet for deliveries. 207 This overlap ca cause dagerous misuderstadigs. Everyoe ivolved eeds to exchage iformatio about the mai risks ivolved, ad agree who will do what to cotrol risks. 208 By law, if two or more employers share a workplace, eve temporarily, they must co-operate to make sure they all meet their legal duties. 209 The umber of people ivolved ad how ofte deliveries take place will affect the extet of arragemets betwee compaies ivolved i a delivery. 210 All parties ivolved i deliveries should exchage ad agree iformatio to make sure goods ca be delivered ad collected safely. Eve for a oe-off delivery, everyoe ivolved should commuicate to make sure safety resposibilities have bee met. 211 The mai purposes of good commuicatio about deliveries ad collectios are: to make expectatios clear; to ask others ivolved whether they ca meet these expectatios; ad if expectatios caot be met, to agree what to do. If a agreemet caot be reached o how sigificat safety issues will be dealt with, the delivery or collectio should ot take place. 212 Everyoe ivolved i a collectio or a delivery should achieve the followig three aims: to sed out safety iformatio o deliveries ad collectios to other parties ivolved i the supply chai; to receive safety iformatio o deliveries ad collectios from other parties ivolved i the supply chai; to agree a safe delivery pla betwee everyoe ivolved. Workplace trasport safety Page 29 of 144

Health ad Safety 213 It is useful to share the followig iformatio: restrictios o the type or size of vehicle the site ca safely hadle; restrictios o whe goods should be delivered or collected; safe approach routes to the site, especially if earby oe-way systems, low or weak bridges, arrow roads, awkward access ad other features could cause problems for visitig vehicles; a site pla or sketch showig parkig, where the receptio is, the route to take through the site, ad where loadig or uloadig areas are; where visitig vehicles should park whe arrivig, where drivers should report to ad ay other istructios for the driver; procedures that visitig drivers eed to follow for example, wearig highvisibility vests, limits o usig mobile phoes, restrictios o reversig or coditios for reversig such as usig a baksma; what to do if a load appears to have shifted dagerously i trasit; the poit at which the visitig driver will give permissio for their vehicle to be uloaded, ad how everyoe will clearly uderstad this hadover (before this time, site staff should keep clear of the vehicle, ad durig uloadig the driver should keep clear of the vehicle); iformatio about geeral loadig ad uloadig procedures, icludig who will have overall resposibility, the types of vehicle ad machiery available, the weights or volumes equipmet ca lift ad storage areas; loadig ad uloadig safety procedures, such as where drivers should wait durig delivery, times or places at which deliveries have bee baed, safety ad persoal protective equipmet that must be used; what visitig drivers or site staff should do if they are ot satisfied with safety arragemets for the delivery or collectio (for example, who to report cocers to); ad cotact details for the other people ivolved i case there are problems. 214 You should cosider (ad, if possible, agree) delivery safety arragemets before you take or place orders. This will reduce the risk of accidets ad the risk of wastig time ad moey whe a delivery is delayed or has to be set back because a site ca t hadle the load or the vehicle carryig it. 215 A agreemet about delivery or collectio safety arragemets ca take differet forms. 216 It will ofte be possible to iclude safety arragemets i orderig procedures, to make sure you take them ito accout ad keep paperwork dow as much as possible. 217 A very effective way to reduce the amout of time take makig safety arragemets with differet suppliers, hauliers ad recipiets is to develop a geeral safety iformatio sheet or pack which you ca sed to ayoe i the supply chai, alog with ay specific safety arragemets for idividual deliveries. This should iclude the sort of iformatio set out i paragraph 213. 218 Trade associatios ca cosider developig model delivery plas o behalf of their idustries. 219 If a site will regularly receive deliveries, it may be reasoable for suppliers or carriers to sed a appropriately traied member of staff to sites beforehad, to assess the delivery risks ivolved ad to agree procedures, equipmet ad other safety measures. Workplace trasport safety Page 30 of 144

Health ad Safety 220 If a recipiet regularly receives similar deliveries from a particular supplier or carrier, everyoe should agree a writte delivery pla. If somethig about a particular delivery may make it usafe to rely o the usual pla, the delivery should ot start util differet arragemets have bee agreed. 221 Whe recipiets, suppliers ad carriers deal with each other o a last-miute, oe-off basis, it would usually be cosidered reasoably practicable to exchage basic delivery safety iformatio, ad agree o the mai precautios, at the time a order is placed. 222 I some situatios other parties may be ivolved. For example, a customer (the recipiet) may place a order with a supplier, the supplier might arrage for a third compay (aother supplier) to provide the goods, ad the third compay might arrage for a fourth compay (the carrier) to make the delivery. Complicated arragemets like this ca easily go wrog because of commuicatio problems. 223 You should cosider the dagers of this before eterig ito these arragemets. If a delivery accidet happes, everyoe i the relevat part of the supply chai might be asked to show that they took all reasoable steps to co-operate to achieve safety. 224 Visitig drivers have bee kow to travel with childre or pets, which might pose risks to health ad safety i work eviromets. You should discourage this, ad ay o-essetial people or aimals should be kept i a clear ad safe place at all times (for example, pets should ot be allowed to leave the cab). 225 If drivers are likely to have difficulty uderstadig Eglish, plas ad iformatio may eed to be available i laguages the drivers use. Pictures ca also be useful i helpig to commuicate across laguage barriers. 226 Sites that are ofte visited by foreig drivers may have other cosideratios. Foreig drivers may have bee exposed to differet sig stadards, ad are likely to be more familiar with kilometres per hour speed limits tha sigs i miles per hour. 227 Foreig drivers are also likely to have differet visibility from their cabs (if their vehicles are left-had drive) ad are also less likely to be familiar with the cotrols for workplace equipmet such as lift trucks. Members of the public 228 If the public have access to the premises, routes for public use should: where possible, be separate from work activities ( segregatio ); ad be as close as possible to the place they wat to go (for example, to visit a farm or factory shop, toilets, refreshmet areas or ticket offices). 229 Clear sigs at the etrace should direct visitors to a car park with safe access to the area they are visitig, ad should show which traffic routes they ca use. See chapter A safe site for more iformatio about the priciples you should cosider to keep members of the public ad others safe from the risks of workplace trasport. 230 You should take accout of elderly or disabled people, the distractios of dealig with families, ad lack of familiarity by customers with the hazards ad risks of the workplace. Workplace trasport safety Page 31 of 144

Health ad Safety Case study 2 A elderly shopper was crushed to death by a lift truck at a DIY store. Durig prosecutio, the firm claimed that the day of the accidet was a isolated icidet ad cotrol of lift truck movemets at the store did ot comply with the compay s ow guidelies. However, CCTV tapes seized durig the ivestigatio showed that lift trucks were used i public areas of the store o a umber of occasios durig the six moths prior to the accidet, ad i a maer usuitable for public areas. The prosecutio was successful, ad the firm was fied 550 000 with 250 000 costs. 231 Retail ad wholesale premises are obviously used by members of the public. If you are i cotrol of this sort of site, you should make every effort to provide separate delivery areas, although this is ot always possible at existig sites. If vehicles have to move through areas used by the public, it may be possible to time deliveries outside opeig hours. You should use baksme as a last resort to make sure members of the public are kept clear. 232 Members of the public should ot be allowed ito areas where lift trucks are operatig. If a lift truck eeds access to a shop floor (or a outside yard) durig opeig hours, there should be a writte procedure settig out precautios to be take. These should iclude fecig off areas used by the truck ad aoucemets to tell shoppers to keep out of the barricaded area. 233 I ports ad docks, you should take accout of laguage difficulties whe you tell members of the public about safe behaviour or trasport issues. Public roads as workplaces 234 Although drivig o public roads is ot ormally cosidered workplace trasport, you should make sure that your risk assessmet icludes other work that takes place o or ear public roads. 235 Both workers ad members of the public eed to be protected from risks caused both by the work ad by traffic earby. I particular, the risk assessmet should idetify ay protective equipmet that is ecessary, such as clothig that is suitable for the coditios workers will be exposed to (for example, weatherproof), footwear, gloves, ad head, eye ad hearig protectio. 236 Employers also eed to make sure that safe systems of work are available ad used for work o public roads, as they would be for other workplaces. See paragraph 68 i Phrases ad meaigs for a descriptio of safe systems of work. 237 See What is workplace trasport? (paragraphs 18-24) for advice about the differece betwee workplace trasport ad work-related road safety. Workplace trasport safety Page 32 of 144

Health ad Safety A safe site The workplace i geeral 238 A well-desiged ad maitaied workplace will make trasport accidets less likely. 239 This guidace should provide eough iformatio for you to recogise commo trasport hazards related to the layout ad features of the site, ad to thik about thigs you ca do to reduce risks resultig from these hazards. 240 Every site is differet ad each site is likely to preset hazards ad risks we do ot metio here. These should be recogised i a thorough risk assessmet, ad cotrolled accordigly. Ofte, small ad quite cheap thigs will make a lot of differece. You should make sure that lights are adequate ad workig, potholes are filled, markigs ad sigs are clear, spills are cleaed up quickly, ad so o. 241 You ca get more detailed iformatio o site desig from other sources, icludig the Freight Trasport Associatio guide Desigig for Deliveries, 8 other idustry guidace, British Stadards Istitute publicatios, ad professioal civil egieers ad trasport plaers. 242 If trasport is used i a workplace, it is importat that vehicles ad pedestrias are kept separate wherever possible, ad are able to move aroud each other ad do their work safely. This is kow as segregatio. 243 People do ot oly eed to be segregated from vehicles that are travellig. They also eed to be kept separate from the area that a vehicle moves through whe it is workig for example, the area that the body of a excavator moves through whe it is workig. 244 By law, the workplace must be maitaied i a efficiet state, i efficiet workig order ad i good repair. Efficiet here relates to health ad safety, ot to productivity or ecoomy. 245 To make sure that a workplace is maaged efficietly i this sese, it is importat that those resposible for it have a good uderstadig of how work is carried out o site. This will ivolve uderstadig how pedestrias ad vehicles use the space aroud them. 246 Whe you are thikig about features of your site, it is importat that you kow what sort of vehicles move aroud your site ad where they are goig. You ca the thik about: how much room vehicles eed to move safely; whether pedestrias are kept safely clear of vehicles; how much drivers ca see whe the vehicle is movig; ad whether drivers ca get to ad from the drivig positio safely. 247 As a rule, your site should allow plety of room for all of the types of vehicle that are used i the ormal course of work to move ad work safely. Wherever possible, you should also allow for other vehicles that might eed to move aroud the workplace, such as emergecy vehicles. Workplace trasport safety Page 33 of 144

Health ad Safety 248 You should bear i mid that drivers ad vehicles rarely behave perfectly, so you should allow for safety margis wherever possible (for example, allow for oversteerig withi reaso). You ca fid out more about this uder Traffic routes i paragraphs 258-318. 249 To allow people ad vehicles to move safely, the best approach is to separate vehicles from pedestrias etirely (segregatio). You ca fid out more about segregatig vehicles ad pedestrias uder Traffic routes (paragraphs 258-318) ad Pedestrias ad cyclists (paragraphs 371-392). 250 Aother importat part of site desig is to improve visibility for drivers ad pedestrias. 251 Because drivers ofte have trouble seeig behid their vehicle while they are reversig, oe of the best ways to improve safety is to make sure vehicles do ot have to reverse. This is best achieved by usig oe-way systems with drive-through loadig areas. 252 Oe-way systems also help pedestrias kow which directio vehicles are likely to be comig from, ad it is easier to arrage routes so that they allow for good visibility aroud corers ad at crossig poits. Oe-way systems should ormally work clockwise aroud a site, as this is the directio most drivers will expect. Case study 3 A employee was ijured by a 360 excavator, which was operatig i a poorly orgaised scrapyard. The employee was removig a part from a vehicle whe the reversig excavator, which had bee coverted for use as a vehicle grab, hit him ad the track wet over his right leg. The excavator was ot fitted with devices to improve visibility from the cab, such as rear-mouted covex mirrors or CCTV, ad the driver had ot received formal excavator traiig. The excavator was workig withi 3 or 4 m of the ijured worker o a daily basis, had kocked him oce before ad would ofte lift scrap cars over his head. After the accidet, the firm reorgaised the yard ad feced off the area where employees were maually dismatlig vehicles. The excavator is ow used i a pedestria-free area. 253 You should also try to make sure that ay fittigs i your workplace ca be operated from a safe place. I the case of drivers, this is best achieved by allowig them to stay i their vehicle cab (where it is safe for them to do so), or to stay well clear of operatios. Examples would iclude: gate or barrier buttos, itercom systems ad security poits that ca be reached from the drivig positio of vehicles usig the site; fill gauges or similar idicators that ca be read without workers eedig to climb structures or vehicles; ad cotrols for dock levellers that ca be used from several feet clear of the movig parts. Workplace trasport safety Page 34 of 144

Health ad Safety Figure 2 Key pad accessible from drivig positio 254 Ladlords ca play a very importat role i how teats are able to arrage their site. 255 You may eed to work with your ladlord to provide safety features o site, ad to make sure you have the right to do this whe you egotiate your lease. 256 Just as professioal advice is ofte eeded i legal or fiacial matters, you may also eed professioal advice to properly pla vehicle movemets, site layout, traffic cotrol features ad other civil egieerig. The iformatio here should help you recogise commo hazards ad pla what you ca do to cotrol them, but you should ask for professioal help whe you eed it. 257 There are laws that gover some aspects of the way a workplace is maaged, ad some deal particularly with traffic movemets ( traffic here meas the movemet of both people ad vehicles). This guidace sets out whether somethig icluded is ecessary by law. Traffic routes 258 By law, every workplace must be orgaised so that pedestrias ad vehicles ca circulate safely. 259 The law also requires that workplace traffic routes must be suitable for the people ad vehicles usig them ad, where vehicles ad pedestrias share a traffic route, there must be eough separatio betwee them (segregatio). 260 These are the geeral priciples you should follow whe you are decidig o the layout of your traffic routes, or whe askig yourself whether they are suitable: routes should be wide eough for the safe movemet of the largest vehicle allowed to use them, icludig visitig vehicles; they should be made of a suitable material, ad should be costructed soudly eough to safely bear the loads that will pass over them; there should be eough routes to prevet overcrowdig; pla traffic routes to give the safest route betwee places where vehicles have to call. Avoid vehicle routes passig close to: dagerous items uless they are well protected (for example, fuel or chemical taks or pipes); ad ay uprotected edge from which vehicles could fall, or where they could become ustable, such as ufeced edges of elevated weighbridges, loadig bays or excavatios; ad ay uprotected ad vulerable features (for example, aythig that is likely to collapse or be left i a dagerous coditio if hit by a vehicle, such as cast iro colums). Workplace trasport safety Page 35 of 144

Health ad Safety 261 Routes will eed to be wide eough to allow for developmets that have take place over the last few decades i how materials are hadled, such as pedestriaoperated pallet hadlers. 262 People cout as traffic, so you should cosider people o foot ad the types of work equipmet they might use. 263 You eed to cosider pallet hadlers, stackers ad other hadlig equipmet that pedestrias use. You might have to decide o traffic routes aroud the workplace before this equipmet is used regularly. 264 Make etraces ad gateways wide eough. Where possible, there should be eough space to allow two vehicles to pass each other without causig a blockage. If gates or barriers are to be left ope, they should be secured i positio. 265 Routes should also be wide eough to allow vehicles to pass ocomig or parked vehicles safely without leavig the route. 266 The law that requires traffic routes to be wide eough for traffic to circulate freely came ito effect o 1 Jauary 1993, so it oly applies to routes laid out o or after that date. O traffic routes that existed before 1 Jauary 1993, where it is ot practical to wide the road you should itroduce oe-way systems, passig places, traffic maagemet systems or restrictios o parkig where ecessary. 267 It is importat that the people resposible for the site uderstad the size ad turig abilities of the vehicles that use the site, as well as the stadard of visibility from the cab ad i what ways this might be poor. We explai a way to idetify what types of vehicle are used i your workplace i the chapter Maagig the risks. 268 Vehicles that use public roads i the UK caot be larger tha a certai size, ad have to be able to tur i a certai amout of space. 269 Straight routes used by road-goig vehicles should usually be at least 3.5 m wide i each directio, although where speeds are slow, traffic is light, ad very wide vehicles or overhagig loads are ulikely, this may be reduced to 3 m. 270 Large vehicles, ad especially articulated ad drawbar combiatios, ofte eed to perform complicated maoeuvres to tur safely, because the trailers swig out behid the tractive uit. This ofte ivolves takig the tractive uit i a larger circle tha a car would follow. 271 Most vehicles usig Europea roads have to be able to tur withi a certai amout of space. This is the space betwee a ier circle of 5.3 m radius ad a outer circle of 12.5 m radius. Figure 3 shows how this works. Workplace trasport safety Page 36 of 144

Health ad Safety 25 m 10.6 m Note: Note: Vehicle Vehicle show for illustratio purposes purposes oly oly Figure 3 A vehicle eeds to be able to tur i a full circle withi the solid lies, which represet the turig corridor required by Europea law 272 If large goods vehicles are usig your site, you eed to make routes wide eough for them to maoeuvre safely ad to pass each other with room to spare wherever possible. For more iformatio about how large vehicles move, you should read the Freight Trasport Associatio publicatio Desigig for Deliveries. 8 273 You should also remember that workig o a slope will chage how well a vehicle is able to maoeuvre, usually meaig more space is eeded. 274 You should cosider the height of vehicles (ad their loads) that are operatig o your site. You should the use this iformatio to make decisios about how much overhead space they eed to move aroud ad work safely. 275 There is o maximum height for road vehicles i the UK, but they ted to be less tha 4.5 m tall. Oe exceptio to this is tipper vehicles, which ca be much taller tha this whe they are raised ad eed a lot of clearace overhead to do this. There is more iformatio about tippig safely i the chapter Tippig. Whe they are drivig ormally, tipper vehicles are usually shorter tha 4.5 m. 276 You should measure ad record the vertical clearace uder overhead obstructios o routes. The measuremet should take accout of ay uderhagig lightig, vetilatio or other service features, which are ofte added after the iitial desig. Workplace trasport safety Page 37 of 144

Health ad Safety Figure 4 This overhead structure is sigposted with a height restrictio 277 If possible, routes used by road vehicles should allow for 5.1 m clearace (which is the ormal height of UK motorway bridges). You should remember that if there is a steep ramp ruig dow to a overhead obstructio (for example, whe eterig a buildig), the effective height could be reduced for loger vehicles. Figure 5 shows how this happes. 278 Clearace for goods vehicles may chage with raisig or lowerig the mid-lift axle, if this is a vehicle feature. 279 A chage to the level of the drivig surface could also affect clearace. If a route is resurfaced, you may eed to take measuremets agai. 280 Ay potetially dagerous obstructios (such as overhead electric cables or pipes cotaiig flammable or hazardous chemicals) eed to be protected usig goalposts, height gauge posts or barriers. 281 Routes should also avoid aythig that might catch o or dislodge a load. 282 You should give clear warigs of ay limited width or headroom, both i advace ad at the obstructio itself. See Sigs, sigals ad markigs i paragraphs 393-402 for more iformatio about hazard sigs. 283 Vehicles that are too large or heavy to use a route eed to be preveted from tryig to do so. More tha 4.3 m 4.3 m Note: Vehicle ad measuremets show are for illustratio purposes oly Note: Vehicle ad measuremets show for illustratio purposes oly Figure 5 Slopes ca make a differece to the amout of clearace a vehicle eeds Workplace trasport safety Page 38 of 144

Health ad Safety 284 It is better to restrict vehicles at a place where they ca choose aother route, or at least where they will ot eed to reverse or maoeuvre i a tight space whe they fid out that they ca t go ahead. Width ad height restrictio posts ca be very effective for this. Low bridge Low 2 miles bridge 2 ahead miles ahead 4.4m 4.4m 14' -6" 14' -6" Low bridge Low 2 miles bridge 2 ahead miles ahead 4.4m 4.4m 14' -6" 14' -6" A sig like this ca be used A sig tolike this This ca sig be used should to be used This sig to should be used to A sig like this ca be used to provide advace This sig should be used to show that there A provide sig like advace this ca warig be used A provide sig of toa like advace this This show ca sig warig be that should used there of to a be is used o This show etry to sig that should there is be o used etry to warig provide restrictio of a advace restrictio or prohibitio warig or prohibitio provide restrictio ahead of a advace ahead or show prohibitio warig that for vehicular there ahead of is a is o o traffic etry etry show for for that vehicular there is traffic o etry restrictio or prohibitio restrictio ahead or prohibitio for vehicular aheadtraffic for vehicular traffic This sig should be used to This sig should be used to This sig should be used show to that there This sig is o should left be used show tothat there is o right This sig This show should sig that should be there used be is used to o show This left to sig that should This sig be used should This to be sig used This should to sig be should used be to used show to tur for show vehicles that there is o righttur for vehicles that there show that there is o left show that show there is that o there left is o right show that there is o right there is o left tur tur for for vehicles tur for is vehicles o right tur for vehicles tur for vehicles tur for vehicles tur for vehicles tur for vehicles Figure 6 Access sigs 285 See Costructio of traffic routes (paragraphs 319-337), for more iformatio about vehicle weights, ad Sigs, sigals ad markigs (paragraphs 393-402) for more iformatio about sigs for hazards. 286 You eed to uderstad how much space is eeded for the vehicles that move aroud your particular site, ad make decisios about how much space they eed. 287 Steep gradiets ca make hadlig vehicles difficult, especially if the surface is made slippery (for example by a spill or by poor weather). Slopes also affect how easily spills ca be cotaied, ad how easy it is to maage wheeled objects such as waste cotaiers, roll cages or pallet hadlers. 288 Some vehicles ca become ustable o slopes. Examples iclude some lift trucks, raised-tipper lorries, raised-body takers ivolved i trasferrig powder or bulk solids, ad vehicles with a trailer cotaiig liquids (such as a bowser or a slurry taker) but without effective baffles to stop the liquid surgig aroud. 289 Steep slopes ca also make loads less stable, especially if they are stacked or if they are ustable ayway (for example, wire coils or reels, barrels). You should take care that loads are ot able to move dagerously if they are beig moved o slopes. 290 Eve where vehicles ca safely use slopig surfaces, slopes steeper tha 1 i 10 should be avoided. 291 There is iformatio about the costructio of slopes o traffic routes i Costructio of traffic routes i paragraphs 319-337. Workplace trasport safety Page 39 of 144

Health ad Safety Case study 4 A compay was fied a total of 20 000 after a reversig vehicle at its site killed a delivery driver. The driver was deliverig goods whe the accidet happeed. Stadig by the side of his lorry after overseeig the removal of its load, he was struck by a reversig lift truck. He died istatly. The compay had failed to carry out a suitable risk assessmet for the movemet of loads at the site. This would have show the eed for lift trucks to avoid reversig for log distaces, ad that drivers should be removed from the dager area. They should have istalled suitable barriers to prevet pedestrias gaiig access to areas where vehicles were workig, ad established a formal system for supervisig site visitors. It had also become commo practice for heavy goods vehicles to reverse oto the site from the public highway, puttig pedestrias at further risk of beig struck by vehicles. Sice the death, the compay has issued health ad safety guidelies to all visitors ad has improved the supervisio of vehicle ad pedestria movemets o site. 292 I workplaces where oe-way systems are ot practical, it may be appropriate to use cul-de-sac or other arragemets to allow vehicles to tur ad drive forwards for most of the time. Turig arragemets should ideally be a roudabout or a bajo type, although hammerhead ad stub arragemets may be acceptable. 2 BANJO 1 1 3 2 HAMMERHEAD 1 4 3 STUB 2 4 1 Note: Vehicles show for illustratio purposes oly Note: Vehicles show for illustratio purposes oly Figure 7 Turig arragemets Workplace trasport safety Page 40 of 144

Health ad Safety 293 If rules o vehicle movemets are difficult to eforce, physical measures such as gates, barriers, flow plates (sprug flaps that oly allow vehicles to cross i oe directio) ad cotrol spikes (sprug ties that act the same way as flow plates, sometimes called crocodile teeth or dragos teeth ) ca be very effective. 294 Forward visibility eeds to be good eough to allow drivers to see ad avoid hazards where appropriate. Visibility will be related to the speed that vehicles are travellig o a route, ad the distace they eed to avoid hazards (by stoppig or chagig directio safely). It will also be related to available light, evirometal cosideratios such as dust or bad weather, the height of the driver s eyes from the road, ad the geeral level of visibility from the vehicle. 295 There should be eough visibility at juctios ad beds to allow drivers ad pedestrias to see aythig that might be dagerous. 296 Avoid sharp or blid beds o vehicle routes wherever possible. Where you caot avoid them, you should cosider measures such as mirrors to help drivers ad pedestrias see what is aroud the corer. Figure 8 Mirror to improve drivers visio aroud a corer 297 A commo problem is reduced visibility at juctios ad beds because of ladscapig. Grass baks, hedges, platers ad other ladscapig features ca be used as traffic-calmig features, but they should ot iterfere with drivers ad pedestrias visibility. 298 Whe visibility at a bed or juctio ca t be improved, stop sigs or sigals may be appropriate. It may be ecessary to prevet people from usig the juctio or bed altogether by eforcig a oe-way system, or eve blockig the road. 299 You should use road juctios ad road ad rail crossigs as little as possible. If you have to use them, they should be clearly siged ad marked to show the right of way. At rail crossigs, the right of way should be i favour of trais, as eve at low speeds they caot stop easily. 300 You should thik about what loads vehicles are likely to be carryig. If a accidet could result i dagerous mixig of loads, or a load mixig with substaces stored or piped o site, you should fid a differet ad safe route to trasport the substace wherever this is practical. 301 Vulerable parts of the workplace (such as cast-iro colums, partitios, pipes ad services) eed to be protected from vehicles hittig them. The stadard of protectio should be based o how severe a collisio could be. 302 Whe you are decidig how much protectio a site feature eeds, you eed to kow how likely it is that a vehicle will hit the feature, how it would hit (at what speed, from what agle, ad how heavy the vehicle might be), ad what the cosequeces would be. Workplace trasport safety Page 41 of 144

Health ad Safety 303 Protective barriers should be built to the stadards set out i BS 7669-3: 1994 Vehicle restrait systems. 9 You should read the British Stadard Code of Practice BS 6180: 1999 Barriers i ad about buildigs 10 for more iformatio. 304 Normal site features that might eed protectio iclude taks, cyliders, silos, bud walls (which are ot ormally strog eough to withstad a vehicle hittig them), buildigs, colums, masts, gatries ad pipes. 305 By law, pedestrias or vehicles must be able to use a traffic route without causig dager to the health or safety of people workig ear it. 306 You eed to cosider protectio for people who work ear vehicle routes. This might ivolve screes to protect people who are at risk from materials that could fall from vehicles, or measures to protect people from oise or fumes. 307 Avoid usig vehicles that geerate potetially harmful exhaust fumes i cofied spaces, where these fumes could gather ad pose a health risk to drivers or others i the workplace. Adequate vetilatio should always be provided. See our guide Safe work i cofied spaces 11 for more iformatio about usig combustio egies i this sort of eviromet. 308 Restrict access to places where high-risk substaces (for example, petrol) are stored, ad where vehicles are refuelled or recharged. 309 By law, traffic routes must also keep vehicle routes far eough away from doors or gates that pedestrias use, or from pedestria routes that lead oto them, so that the safety of pedestrias is ot threateed. There eeds to be eough time for a driver or a pedestria to react successfully if they ecouter oe aother (for example, where there is limited visibility or where other oise might mask the approach of a vehicle). Figure 9 This well-orgaised buildig etrace separates vehicles ad pedestrias as well as beig clearly marked ad providig sigals ad sigs for drivers Workplace trasport safety Page 42 of 144

Health ad Safety Case study 5 A temporary worker was struck by a lift truck ad ijured as he left the site at the ed of the day. As he crossed i frot of a door used by lift trucks, he suffered serious ijuries whe the forks of a emergig vehicle kocked him dow. The employee had ot heard the vehicle hor ad had received o iformatio o geeral workplace hazards ad how to avoid them. Vehicle ad pedestria routes were ot marked or segregated. There were o markigs o the doors to idicate their use ad drivers could ot see employees outside the buildig, as there were o visio paels i the doors. The site operator is resposible for assessig the risks at the workplace arisig out of work activities, ad for takig the measures ecessary to reduce those risks so that they are as low as reasoably practicable. 310 By law, traffic routes must also be suitably idicated where ecessary, for reasos of health or safety. 311 You should mark ad sig routes across ope areas or yards. 312 You may also eed suitable road markigs ad sigs to alert drivers to restrictios o usig traffic routes. See Sigs, sigals ad markigs (paragraphs 393-402) for more iformatio. 313 You may eed to highlight hazards o traffic routes by usig suitable warig sigs. These hazards may iclude: sharp beds; juctios; crossigs; blid corers; steep gradiets; ad roadworks. 314 There is more iformatio about pedestria ad cyclist crossig poits i Pedestrias ad cyclists i paragraphs 371-392. There is more iformatio about hazard sigs i Sigs, sigals ad markigs i paragraphs 393-402. 315 It may be useful to provide a pla of the workplace at the etrace (ad at other appropriate poits) showig vehicle routes, oe-way systems ad so o. This would be particularly useful at workplaces that have visitig drivers. 316 It is importat to pla where certai types of vehicle operatio will take place. These iclude loadig, uloadig, tippig, trimmig, sheetig ad other vehicle activities. 317 It is also importat to pla where waste or recyclig bis, skips or other cotaiers are placed. Deliverig, collectig or exchagig demoutable cotaiers ca eed complicated ad repetitive vehicle movemets, ad plety of space should be allowed both aroud ad overhead. Reversig visibility is ofte poor as cotaiers block the lie of sight behid the vehicle. Workplace trasport safety Page 43 of 144

Health ad Safety 318 The coditios of the site should allow for ay specific requiremets of hook-lift or chai-lift demoutables, especially i terms of the quality of the groud ad the amout of overhead space eeded. Costructio of traffic routes 319 The build quality of outdoor traffic routes should be similar to the stadards for public highways. 320 By law, every traffic route i a workplace must be built so that the drivig surface is suitable for its purpose. Also, the law requires that the surface of ay traffic route must ot be so ueve, potholed, sloped or slippery that ay perso is exposed to a risk to their health or safety. 321 Traffic routes should be maitaied to provide good grip for vehicles or people. For example, they should be rougheed if too smooth, gritted or saded if slippery, ad kept free of oil, grease, rubbish ad other debris. 322 A surface providig extra grip may be eeded o sloped drivig surfaces. 323 Vehicles (icludig aythig they are carryig) must be uder a certai weight to use roads i the UK. The restrictio o a vehicle s weight is liked to the umber of axles it has. More weight is allowed for vehicles with more axles. 324 The maximum gross combiatio weight is 44 000 kg, although few vehicles operate at this weight. The more usual maximum is 38 000 kg, although vehicles with six axles ad road-friedly suspesio ca operate at 41 000 kg. 325 Traffic routes, icludig ay bridges, ramps ad other features, should be able to support the weight of the vehicles (ad their loads) that are usig them. 326 Structures with weight restrictios (for example, bridges) should be clearly idetified. 327 Wherever possible, routes should: be made of a suitable material for the locatio, the type of traffic, the size of the route, ad the groud or foudatio it is laid o; have firm ad eve surfaces, ad be properly draied; ad avoid steep slopes. If they are uavoidable, steep slopes should be properly sigposted. 328 Steep slopes should especially be avoided i areas where lift trucks ad other similar plat operate, uless they are desiged to operate o slopes. 329 Suitable materials iclude: hot rolled asphalt (or tarmac) for flexible, outdoor road-type routes; cocrete or aother rigid material for other types of route; or semi-rigid slab -type costructios. 330 The type of operatio that takes place o a surface should ifluece decisios about its desig ad costructio. A good example is road taker loadig ad uloadig, where a maximum gradiet of 1 i 30 is recommeded to make sure the vehicle moves as little as possible, ad to help cotai ay spillages. Workplace trasport safety Page 44 of 144

Health ad Safety 331 See Hardstadigs (paragraphs 478-487) for more iformatio about makig sure these sorts of surface are strog eough to support the loads they eed to. 332 The sort of groud or surface that the route is laid o will also make a differece to which type of pavig is most suitable. 333 A surface gradiet (or road camber) of about 1 i 40 should be eough to provide draiage from most areas. Ru-off water should be gathered ito gullies or draiage chaels wherever possible, ad all gratigs ad chael uits should be strog eough to bear loads suitable to their locatio. 334 Coectios for surface ru-off from roads, hardstadigs ad so o may have to iclude iterceptio facilities where there is a risk of oil or chemical spillage. 335 You should ot allow potholes to develop. If a pothole is foud, it should be repaired promptly. 336 For more iformatio o desigig ad maitaiig drivig surfaces i a way that is suitable for the vehicles that use them, see the Freight Trasport Associatio publicatio Desigig for Deliveries. 8 You ca also get iformatio from Iterpave (the Precast Cocrete Pavig ad Kerb Associatio) ad other idustry guidace. 337 You should also cosider the services of a qualified egieerig practice. Figure 10 Diagrammatic cross sectio of a road Temporary workplaces ad uprepared roadways 338 Temporary workplaces (for example, costructio sites ad forestry operatios) ad other types of site (for example, some farms) ofte have routes for vehicles ad pedestrias that chage as work progresses, or uprepared routes such as usurfaced roads or ope groud. 339 It is importat that you pla these routes carefully, icludig ay iteded chages, as they should meet the same basic safety stadards that apply to prepared routes. I other words, they should be suitable for their purpose, have firm ad eve surfaces, be properly draied, ad have o slopes that are too steep. 340 May commo surfaces o temporary roadways ca suffer from podig (stadig water gatherig). The coditio of these surfaces will quickly get worse i wet coditios if they are ot properly draied. 341 Try to make sure that temporary routes follow atural cotours of the groud wherever possible, so that atural draiage works for you, ot agaist you. 342 Loger slopig roads will beefit from a varyig slope, rather tha a costat gradiet, as this will help prevet water from podig at the bottom of the slope. Workplace trasport safety Page 45 of 144

Health ad Safety Figure 11 How a varied slope helps avoid podig water 343 Draiage features will eed to be large eough, ad spaced apart, so that they ca deal with the greatest expected demads o them. 344 Temporary roadways ad uprepared routes ca icrease the risk of accidets. For example: vehicles are more likely to overtur o ueve groud; drivers might ot be sure where to drive if there are o road markigs (for example, o gravel roads); ad roads with poor surface frictio ca affect stoppig distaces. 345 As a result of this, you may eed to place more emphasis o: drivers competece, particularly i dealig with the sorts of hazards foud o uprepared routes; providig iformatio ad istructio to drivers, especially if they are ot familiar with the temporary roadways; safe systems of work ad traffic maagemet for example, usig temporary road sigs ad traffic lights; ad supervisig drivers, vehicle activities ad other employees. 346 You may also eed to place more emphasis o prevetive checks to make sure that vehicles do ot develop faults while workig o uprepared roadways. 347 You may eed safety baks o some routes to prevet vehicles from ruig over ope edges, or to show a safe route. 348 We recommed that a bak should be at least 1.5 m tall or the axle height of the largest vehicle usig the route (whichever is more) ad be strog eough to withstad a vehicle hittig it. Alteratively, if large rocks are used to form a safety bak, the rocks will eed to be high eough ad thick eough to withstad a vehicle hittig them. 349 Sometimes people have to work o public roads. These are temporary workplaces, ad you ca fid more iformatio about them i paragraphs 234-237. 350 See our guide The safe use of vehicles o costructio sites 12 for workplace trasport guidace that is specific to the costructio idustry. Speed 351 Limitig the speed that vehicles move aroud the workplace is a very importat part of cotrollig traffic. Workplace trasport safety Page 46 of 144

Health ad Safety 352 The best way to do this is to use fixed features that mea drivers ca t move too quickly. Examples iclude speed humps, arrowed routes (by bollards, raised kerbs, chicaes, built-i routeside features ad so o these are sometimes kow as pich poits ), ad rumble devices (such as rumble strips, rumble areas or jiggle bars). 353 Traffic-calmig measures should be siged ad clearly visible. May features ca be lit or made reflective. 354 It is importat to be careful whe you are decidig where to use traffic-calmig features, because they ca sometimes actually icrease risks (for example, by affectig the stability of vehicles or less secure loads). 355 Speed humps are a prove way to limit the speed that vehicles move aroud a traffic system. Speed humps ormally slow vehicles to a average of aroud 15 miles per hour. 356 Warig sigs should be clearly visible, ad should be far eough away from the hump to allow drivers to chage their speed safely. The humps themselves should also be clearly marked. See Figure 12 for a example of the type of sig you should use. Humps for 1 2 mile Note: Distace show for is illustratio oly Note: Distace show is for illustratio oly Figure 12 This sig should be used to show the distace over which speed humps exted 357 For similar reasos, idividual humps should ot be used o their ow. Humps should be repeated at itervals alog a route ad should ot be used withi 15 m of a juctio or bed. 358 Speed humps are oly suitable for routes where vehicles ca go over the humps safely. 359 Some vehicles may ot be desiged to be able to go over speed humps safely (for example, most idustrial lift trucks or some caravas). Also, some emergecy vehicles eed to avoid speed humps (for example, ambulaces carryig patiets with spial ijuries). However, it is ofte possible to iclude some type of bypass to allow these vehicles to avoid goig over the hump. 360 Sometimes speed cushios ca be used istead of speed humps. Speed cushios work i a similar way as speed humps, but do ot stretch across the whole road. Istead, they leave some space clear for certai types of vehicle to drive through or straddle the raised areas (for example, cyclists or larger emergecy vehicles). Workplace trasport safety Page 47 of 144

Health ad Safety Figure 13 A lift truck passig through a iterrupted road hump 361 Some vehicles (for example, some lift trucks) may also have trouble passig through chicaes safely, especially if they are carryig stacked loads. 362 Speed limits are also used widely, but they eed to be used sesibly. Speed limits have to be practical, otherwise drivers will be tempted to break them. 363 Commo problems with speed limits are that they are poorly siged, ot appropriate or ot eforced. They are ofte set by guessig, but this ca result i a ureasoable speed limit that is very difficult to eforce. Also, speedometers ofte do t work effectively at low speeds, ad some iteral site trasport vehicles do t have speedometers at all. 364 It is quite commo for sites to set the same speed limit across a whole site. This is ot usually effective, ad ca be very difficult to eforce. Ofte, you will eed to decide o idividual speed limits for differet routes, because the types of traffic ad task are differet. 365 Speed limits eed to be appropriate for: the vehicles usig the route; the types of load they carry ad how they carry them; the drivig surface; the layout of the route, icludig how tight the beds are ad visibility at juctios; hazards alog the way; ad work that takes place o or ear the route. 366 To decide a appropriate limit, you should measure the actual speeds that vehicles are travellig at various locatios alog the route. The limit you decide o should be sesible cosiderig these speeds. The limit should be a safe speed, but if it is ureasoably slow, drivers will be tempted to igore it completely. 367 Whe assessig the appropriate speed limit for a particular place, you may eed professioal advice based o the route layout ad character of the site. 368 There is more iformatio about eforcig health ad safety rules i Cotrol, co-operatio ad cosultatio (paragraphs 126-153) i the chapter Orgaisig for safety. 369 Speed limit sigs may eed to be repeated aroud the factory roads istead of just oe sig beig put up at the etrace to a limit area. This will deped o the size of the limit area, ad whether drivers are likely to kow (or eed remidig) about the speed limit. You ca fid out more about how you could use sigs, sigals ad markigs i paragraphs 393-402. Workplace trasport safety Page 48 of 144

Health ad Safety 10 Note: Speed show here is for illustratio oly Note: Speed show here is for illustratio oly Figure 14 Example of a maximum speed sig 370 Some systems ivolve cotrols that iteract betwee the site ad vehicles that use it. As well as iformatio sigals that sese speed ad react to tell drivers that they should slow dow, some systems ow activate speed limiters o vehicles i respose to radio sigals broadcast at area boudaries. Pedestrias ad cyclists 371 Pedestrias ad cyclists are very vulerable where vehicles are beig used. 372 You should provide separate routes or pavemets for pedestrias to keep them away from vehicles, wherever it is reasoable to do so. Segregatig pedestrias from vehicle activity, preferably by makig routes etirely separate, is the most effective way of protectig them. Figure 15 Examples of sigs used to segregate pedestrias ad vehicles 373 Good examples of complete segregatio iclude footbridges (although make sure structures over traffic routes do t threate to dislodge high loads, ad cosider access for disabled people) or subways. 374 Pedestrias should be kept away from areas where vehicles are workig uless they eed to be there. A good example of this is quarry workig, where drivers are usually ot allowed out of their vehicles beyod a certai poit to make sure they are safe where very large surface miig vehicles are operatig. 375 Where possible, pedestria traffic routes should represet the paths people would aturally follow (ofte kow as desire lies ), to ecourage people to stay o them. Workplace trasport safety Page 49 of 144

Health ad Safety 376 Protective barriers to keep vehicles away from pedestria areas, ad clear markigs to set apart vehicle ad pedestrias routes, are also effective. You ca also use raised kerbs to mark vehicle ad pedestria areas. Case study 6 A food-factory dispatch clerk was killed istatly whe she was kocked dow ad ru over by the bucket of a 15-toe loadig shovel. Risk assessmets failed to idetify workplace trasport issues adequately. It was regular practice for staff to walk across a warehouse where the loadig shovel was operatig, ad o measures were put i place to prevet this. The judge idetified fudametal flaws of the maagemet ad the firm was fied 400 000 followig a prosecutio. Figure 16 Barrier to protect pedestrias 377 Where eeded, you should provide suitable barriers or guard rails: at the etraces ad exits to buildigs; at the corers of buildigs; ad to prevet pedestrias from walkig straight oto roads. 378 Where pedestria ad vehicle routes cross, you should provide appropriate crossig poits for people to use. 379 Crossig poits should be suitably marked ad sigposted, ad should iclude dropped kerbs where the walkway is raised from the drivig surface. Figure 17 This pedestria crossig has bee combied with a well-marked speed hump Workplace trasport safety Page 50 of 144

Health ad Safety Figure 18 Differet types of barrier 380 Where ecessary, you should provide barriers or rails to prevet pedestrias from crossig at particularly dagerous poits ad to direct them to the crossig places. Similarly, you ca use deterret pavig to guide pedestrias to the crossig poits. 381 Pedestrias, cyclists ad drivers should be able to see clearly i all directios at crossig poits. 382 At busy crossig places, you should cosider traffic lights, zebra crossigs (or other types of crossig), or suitable bridges or subways as a way of segregatig pedestrias from movig vehicles. Figure 19 Pedestria crossig sig 383 A stadard warig sig to show a pedestria crossig is icluded i The Highway Code. 13 It should be used i workplaces wherever appropriate. See Sigs, sigals ad markigs i paragraphs 393-402 for more iformatio. 384 Where vehicle roadways are particularly wide, you may eed to cosider islad refuges to allow pedestrias ad cyclists to cross the road i stages. I some cases, subways or footbridges could be ecessary. Workplace trasport safety Page 51 of 144

Health ad Safety 385 Where the umber of vehicles, pedestrias or cyclists usig a route is likely to chage at regular times, you should cosider prevetig pedestrias or vehicles from usig the routes at these times, to keep them apart. A example might be limitig the use of vehicles o a roadway durig a shift chageover, whe a lot of pedestrias are likely to be crossig. DURING PEAK TRAFFIC CARS ONLY Figure 20 Example of a sig chagig vehicle routes at certai times 386 You should provide separate vehicle ad pedestria doors wherever possible (segregatio). Widows o doors ca help drivers ad pedestrias see whether it is safe for them to approach a door. 387 See paragraphs 258-318 i Traffic routes for more iformatio about how wide routes used by pedestrias should be. 388 Routes used by vehicles iside buildigs should be show by sigs ad markigs o the floor to tell both drivers ad pedestrias. 389 O routes used by both pedestrias ad automatic (driverless) vehicles, you should make sure that vehicles do ot trap pedestrias. The vehicles should be fitted with safeguards to keep the risk of ijury low if a vehicle hits someoe. You should provide adequate clearace betwee the vehicles ad pedestrias, ad take care to make sure that fixtures alog the route do ot create trappig hazards. 390 There is more iformatio about orgaisig traffic routes to keep pedestrias safe i Traffic routes (see paragraphs 258-318). 391 Make sure that visitig pedestrias report to the site office, if this is appropriate. Tell visitors about site safety policies ad procedures before they are allowed ito areas where vehicles work. 392 I some situatios, it will be appropriate to make sure that pedestrias, icludig ay visitors, wear high-visibility clothig. Sigs, sigals ad markigs 393 Sigs are ecessary to tell drivers ad pedestrias about the routes they should use, ad also to istruct people how to behave safely (for example, whether they must use protective equipmet, ad how). Workplace trasport safety Page 52 of 144

Health ad Safety ALL TRAFFIC 10 Figure 22 These clear sigs help arrivig drivers kow what to expect 394 You should use route markigs to show traffic laes, route edges, priority at juctios, stop lies, o-parkig areas, pedestria crossigs ad so o, ad to istruct drivers (for example, SLOW ). 395 By law, road sigs used to war or give iformatio to traffic i private workplaces must be the same as those used o public roads, wherever a suitable sig exists. Road sigs are set out i The Highway Code. 13 Drivers ad pedestrias should be able to expect that the layout, sigs, road furiture ad markigs o site will be similar to those o public roads. 4 4 m 14 6 2 0 m 6 6 Note: Figures show here are for illustratio oly Note: Figures show here are for illustratio oly Figure 23 These sigs ca be used to show that o vehicles over the height or width show ca cotiue 396 You should use warig sigs to show hazards alog the way. WEAK BRIDGE 17 T m g w Note: Sig show here is for illustratio oly Note: Sig show here is for illustratio oly Figure 24 A sig like this should be used to show that o vehicles over a certai maximum gross weight show ca cotiue, ad why 397 You ca use traffic lights to cotrol the flow of traffic at busy juctios, at arrow places ad at site etraces. You ca also use speed sesors ad flashig warig sigs to help cotrol the speed of traffic. Workplace trasport safety Page 53 of 144

Health ad Safety 398 You should provide sigpostig so that drivers do ot go the wrog way. This should help prevet vehicles from movig aroud areas where pedestrias or other drivers might ot expect them. 399 You should place sigs so that people have time to see ad uderstad them, ad take ay actio to reduce risks before they reach the hazard. 400 All sigs should: be clear ad easy to uderstad; stad out eough to be oticed; ad be kept clea ad well maitaied so that they are visible at all times. 401 If sigs have to be visible i darkess, they will eed to be reflective ad, ideally, illumiated. Sig lightig eeds be kept clea ad workig. 402 You ca fid detailed iformatio about reflective ad lit road sigs i BS 873-1: 1983 Road traffic sigs ad iterally illumiated bollards. 14 Road markigs 403 White road markigs are used to regulate traffic, ad yellow markigs are used to regulate parkig. Double yellow lies i particular should be applied alog the edges of routes where parkig is ot allowed, although you should ot rely o these to prevet parkig i these areas without eforcemet. 404 Road markigs are usually applied as either a cemet-based pait or as thermoplastic markigs. Thermoplastic markigs have advatages over pait, but are slightly more expesive. Tyres ca soo scrub away cemet pait markigs, whereas thermoplastic markigs have a loger life because they grip the surface better. They also remai slightly raised for loger, makig them easier to see ad providig better grip for vehicles. 405 Markigs are made reflective by addig tiy glass beads. These ca be mixed ito the markig material or dusted o the surface after it has bee laid (or both). 406 Thermoplastic markigs are ormally both premixed ad dusted with beads, but paited lies are ormally oly dusted after they have bee laid. As thermoplastic is rubbed away by vehicle tyres, more beads are exposed, but whe paited lies wear away the beads are wor away, leavig the markigs ureflective. Surface dressig Newly laid Glass Glass beads Pait Pait dusted dusted o o markig CEMENT Wor away Rubber Rubber tyre residue tyre residue Surface dressig Road surface Road surface Reflective Much less reflective Surface dressig Newly laid Glass beads dusted o o ad ad mixed i i THERMOPLASTIC Rubber Rubber tyre residue tyre residue Wor away Surface dressig Road surface Road surface Reflective Less reflective Figure 25 Road markigs: whe cemet pait markigs rub away, they become ureflective Workplace trasport safety Page 54 of 144

Health ad Safety 407 You should reew road markigs whe they fade. Markigs o asphalt are laid by road liig cotractors, who ofte charge a call-out fee, so it is usually cheaper to have them lay as much as possible i oe go, although this is ot a reaso for waitig to refresh dagerously faded markigs. Your local authority highways departmet should be able to provide a list of these cotractors i your area. 408 If the overhead clearace o a route is limited, you should cosider sigs to tell drivers this. If the clearace is less tha 4.5 m, sigs will almost certaily be eeded if road vehicles might use the route. As usual, sigs should be clear ad easy to uderstad from a distace that will allow drivers to act accordigly. If possible, they should also be placed to allow drivers to choose a safe route. Parkig areas 409 Keep statioary objects, icludig parked vehicles, out of the flow of traffic ad people aroud the workplace. 410 Wherever practical, you should provide parkig areas for all vehicles usig the workplace that is, for work-related vehicles ad for private cars, motorcycles ad pedal cycles. 411 Cotrolled parkig areas might be appropriate wherever ucotrolled parkig might pose a risk to safety, for example by: arrowig routes; blockig sight lies; ad forcig pedestrias oto vehicle routes. 412 O some sites (for example, larger idustrial complexes) it may be appropriate to cotrol parkig across the whole site. Figure 26 This visitors car park has a covered pedestria walkway ad sig tellig visitors where to go 413 Whe drivers eter a area where parkig is cotrolled, you should clearly tell them that they may oly park i allowed places, ad how they ca recogise these areas. Where parkig is cotrolled throughout the site, you should give this iformatio at the site etrace. 414 Keep people ad vehicles apart i ad aroud parkig areas by usig pedestria ad vehicle exclusio areas. Figure 27 Pedestria walkway i car park Workplace trasport safety Page 55 of 144

Health ad Safety 415 Parkig areas should be i safe ad suitable places. 416 If possible, drivers leavig parked vehicles should ot have to cross potetially dagerous work areas or traffic routes. 417 Parkig areas should: be clearly sigposted; be firm; be level; be well draied; ot be slippery; be well lit (if possible); ad be as close as possible to where people eed to go whe they leave their vehicles (for example, refreshmet facilities for visitig drivers). 418 The type of parkig area will deped o what vehicles are used at the workplace (icludig visitig vehicles), where they go ad what they are used for. 419 A alterative to parkig lots might be bays or lay-bys, offset from the flow of traffic ad people, where vehicles ca be left safely. These should also be firm, level, well lit ad clearly marked. Figure 28 This fork-lift truck has bee removed from the flow of traffic 420 Wherever possible, parkig areas should be desiged so that oly simple maoeuvres are eeded for vehicles to park ad leave. You should always try to avoid the eed for reversig, ad should also thik about how articulated ad other large vehicles will be able to use the space safely. 421 If a driver eeds to move the load area of their vehicle close to a structure, reversig will ofte be uavoidable. However, parkig areas ca ofte be arraged i drive-through patters. 422 If you ca t have drive-through parkig, arragemets should ecourage reverse parkig, to reduce the umber of vehicles reversig out ito a flow of traffic ad improve visibility for departig vehicles. 423 Arragig parkig bays at a agle backwards to the flow of traffic is a good way of ecouragig reverse parkig. 424 Physical precautios such as bollards ad barriers to prevet vehicles from crossig ito walkig areas ca improve safety for pedestrias. See Pedestrias ad cyclists (paragraphs 371-392) for more iformatio about protectig these people. Workplace trasport safety Page 56 of 144

Health ad Safety Figure 29 Parkig bays agled backwards to the flow of traffic, to ecourage reverse parkig Figure 30 Pedestrias are segregated from vehicles o this slope 425 You may eed a wheel-clampig scheme (where wheel clampig is legal) or other measures to eforce parkig restrictios o some sites. You should carry out these measures if somebody parks where they are ot supposed to, to make sure the schemes are effective. 426 If parkig is a sigificat problem, a full survey of parkig demad ad availability might be appropriate. A survey of this kid could beefit from the support of professioal egieers. 427 You ca fid more advice about parkig arragemets for cars i the Departmet for Trasport publicatio Residetial Roads ad Footpaths. 15 You ca fid more advice about parkig for larger vehicles i the Freight Trasport Associatio guide Desigig for Deliveries. 8 Loadig areas 428 As far as possible, loadig ad uloadig areas should be i safe ad suitable places (for example, ext to marshallig areas so that vehicles ca be maoeuvred easily, or ear sheetig areas). 429 Wide loadig areas will usually eed at least two exit poits, oe at each ed. 430 You might also cosider a refuge or bolthole, to prevet people from beig struck by vehicles. This could take the place of a extra pedestria exit i a larger loadig area. Case study 7 A joier suffered severe head ijuries whe he fell from the top of a stack of timber o the back of a flatbed lorry. The joier was helpig to uload the delivery whe he climbed o top of a timber stack. While edgig alog the stack, he lost his footig ad fell. A uloadig bay with a cocrete platform was available to provide safe access for uloadig vehicles, but was ot used. Workplace trasport safety Page 57 of 144

Health ad Safety The joier should have received traiig ad istructio o how to uload safely, usig the uloadig bay. Supervisio should have esured that he followed those istructios. Because istructio was ot provided, the joier should have waited i a safe area util uloadig had fiished. Climbig o top of loads should be avoided wheever reasoably practicable. 431 Loadig areas are ofte arraged ito bays, with a raised platform for vehicles to park agaist that allows site staff to move straight ito the load body. 432 Desigers will try to fit as may bays as possible ito a area, to allow for the largest possible umber of vehicles to be loaded or uloaded at oe time. However, it is importat that there is eough space aroud bays for vehicles to move safely ito ad out of the bay, ad for people to move aroud the vehicle without beig trapped. 433 The height of vehicle load platforms ca vary quite a lot eve betwee whe a sigle vehicle is empty or loaded. This ca mea that the differece i height betwee the loadig bay platform ad the vehicle load platform varies. Loadig ad uloadig workers eed to be aware of this. It is better to have a bay platform slightly lower tha the vehicle platform, rather tha oe that is slightly higher. 434 Dock levellers (adjustable ramps that ca cover the height differece betwee the vehicle ad bay platforms) are commo. They should ot be exteded to a steep slope either dowwards or upwards, because this ca mea that aythig crossig the surface is difficult to cotrol. 435 May dock levellers use a higed lip to coect the ramp to the vehicle load platform. Care should be take that this lip does ot trap aythig as it is ufolds or folds. People usig this equipmet should be competet to do so safely. Figure 31 A exteded dock leveller likig a loadig bay to a vehicle load body 436 Visibility durig reversig is always importat, ad especially where pedestrias may have o escape route from a vehicle approachig them. 437 I particular, where articulated vehicles have to reverse-steer ito a area, visibility to the back of the vehicle is ofte blocked by parts of the trailer (you should recogise this durig risk assessmets). A system of work tellig the driver whether it is safe to reverse may be appropriate. 438 The edges of loadig bays eed to be marked clearly. 439 Where there is a dager of people fallig off platforms or bays i loadig areas, the platforms or bays may eed to be feced for example, by secure guard rails (desiged so that goods ca be passed safely over or uder them, or removable sectios of railig may be used if this is properly supervised). If fecig is ot practical, other safeguards may be eeded. Workplace trasport safety Page 58 of 144

Health ad Safety 440 You may also eed to provide protectio agaist bad weather. For example, strog wids ca be very dagerous durig loadig. See chapters Loadig ad uloadig, ad load safety ad Prevetig falls from workplace vehicles for more iformatio about loadig coditios ad practices, ad prevetig falls from vehicles. 441 Dock shelters ad dock houses ca help to cotrol loadig ad uloadig coditios. I these arragemets, a vehicle reverses directly up to a opeig i the side of the buildig, where a weather seal is created aroud the opeed ed of the vehicle. 442 You should take care that these shelters do ot create their ow trappig or machiery hazards. People usig this equipmet should be competet to do so safely. Aythig that creates a seal aroud the back of a goods vehicle ca also reduce the amout of commuicatio that takes place betwee the delivery driver ad site workers, which ca itroduce additioal risk. This should be recogised i your risk assessmet. 443 There is a risk that static electricity ca build up where flowig solids are released through a hose or a chute. Delivery workers could receive a electric shock, or sparks from this electrical charge could start a fire or a explosio (for example, i a cloud of dust or fumes). You may eed to provide earthig poits to allow this charge to escape to earth safely through vehicle-mouted equipmet. 444 You ca fid more advice about loadig bay arragemets ad loadig areas i geeral i the Freight Trasport Associatio guide Desigig for Deliveries. 8 Site-based ways to stop vehicles from movig 445 Prevetig vehicles from movig durig loadig ad uloadig operatios ca be importat to make sure that people who might be workig o or aroud the vehicle are protected. 446 Prevetig vehicles from movig util it is safe to do so is also importat to reduce the risk of leaks, spillages or fallig loads, especially where dagerous loads are beig trasferred. 447 You may eed to thik about ways to prevet drivers from leavig too early this is kow as a driveaway accidet. Driveaways ca have very serious cosequeces, especially if lift trucks are ivolved. 448 Measures could iclude: vehicle or trailer restraits; traffic lights, barriers or other stop -type sigals; various systems for cotrollig access to vehicle keys or the cab; ad safe systems of work that make sure the driver is aware of whe it is safe to leave. 449 Vehicles ca also creep away from the edge of the loadig bay as machies hadlig the materials jolt the vehicle whe they move betwee the bay platform ad the vehicle. This ca cause a large gap, or ca lead to a ramp suddely slippig from the vehicle, causig vehicles or people to fall. 450 Systems to prevet vehicles from movig ca either be built ito the desig of the vehicle or be site based. Workplace trasport safety Page 59 of 144

Health ad Safety 451 This sectio deals with the methods that remai i oe workplace ad deal with differet vehicles as they pass through. The advatage of these systems is that they are directly uder the cotrol of the site. 452 See Vehicle-based ways to stop vehicles from movig (paragraphs 575-591) for more iformatio about vehicle-based methods. While vehicle-based methods ca be very effective, relyig o them assumes that they are checked ad maitaied by the vehicle operators. This places them out of the direct cotrol of the site operator. As a result, site operators ofte eed to take their ow precautios. 453 Systems that rely o people s actios are less reliable tha egieered solutios. Figure 32 This cocrete wheel stop helps make sure vehicles do ot drive ito a pedestria area 454 The simplest way to prevet a vehicle from movig is to place chocks (large wedges of hard material) beeath the wheels. The chocks will resist movemet, ad should be at least large eough to be oticed by a driver tryig to move with them i place. They should also be brightly coloured, to make them visible to drivers ad other workers. 455 Chocks should always be removed whe it is time for the vehicle to move away. A safe system of work coverig the use of wheel chocks is very importat, as workers who put them i place or remove them will be i a dagerous place. Drivers should kow ot to move util they have bee sigalled that it is safe to do so by a desigated perso, who should be sure workers are i a safe place before allowig movemet. It may be ecessary to halt vehicle movemets (such as delivery vehicles arrivig i adjacet bays) while chocks are beig put i place or removed. 456 You ca use other methods to restrai the vehicle. Some systems clamp to a part of the vehicle, such as the rear uder-ru bar. However, larger vehicles are ofte very powerful, ad sometimes simply rip restrait devices from their moorigs whe they begi to move. Other methods are like advaced versios of chocks that are fixed to the floor of the loadig bay. 457 Some methods force drivers to apply the semi-trailer emergecy brakes before they ca ulock the gate of the dock shelter. These are effective at prevetig driveaways, but you should be careful that you do ot ecourage drivers to rely o emergecy brakes as a way of keepig a semi-trailer statioary parkig brakes should also be applied. 458 Sigals such as traffic lights ca be effective, although they do ot actually prevet a vehicle from movig without some sort of barrier or safe system of work as well. Workplace trasport safety Page 60 of 144

Health ad Safety Figure 33 A well-orgaised loadig bay, usig traffic lights to iform drivers, ad usig visibility markig effectively 459 A relatively cost-effective way of placig a barrier i frot of a vehicle is to arrage a stop sig (which is tall eough to be see from the vehicle cab) i a palletised cocrete block. Site staff with liftig equipmet (for example, a lift truck) ca place this i frot of the vehicle ad the remove it whe it is safe for the vehicle to leave. It is very importat that a safe system of work is followed to make sure that ayoe movig aroud i vehicle marshallig areas is kept safe. 460 Applyig the hadbrake ad removig the keys are stadard measures to make sure a vehicle ca t be drive away too early. 461 You should cosider removig the vehicle keys or paperwork, ad keepig them away from the driver. Systems like this (sometimes called key-safe or custody systems) usually cost very little ad are widely used, ofte i support of traffic light systems. If you use a key-safe system, the keys should be kept out of reach util it is safe for the vehicle to be moved. A good way of achievig this is by placig them o a hook attached to the back of a loadig bay door, where this is possible. Figure 34 These hooks keep keys away from the vehicle util loadig has bee completed 462 However, may drivers ow carry extra keys, as they prefer to remai i cotrol of their vehicle. As a result, some sites do ot allow drivers to stay i the vehicle durig loadig ad uloadig. 463 Although this is a good way of prevetig driveaway accidets, you should cosider the welfare of the driver. Drivers may have sleepig space or other facilities i their cab. Their welfare ad safety, ad that of other site ad road users, might be better protected by fidig a alterative that is as effective at prevetig driveaways, especially where drivers may be stoppig betwee log joureys. 464 If drivers are ot allowed i their vehicles, it is importat that you provide them with a safe area to wait that allows them to rest effectively betwee drivig shifts, especially where they may be waitig for several hours. 465 Although by law everyoe ivolved i loadig a vehicle is resposible for the vehicle beig loaded safely, goods drivers i particular eed to make sure that their vehicle has bee well loaded, because they drive o public roads. Workplace trasport safety Page 61 of 144

Health ad Safety 466 Where drivers eed to observe the loadig, they will eed to be i a safe place to do this. This should be away from dager (for example away from movig vehicles, or places where loads could fall) ad should be clearly marked. 467 Eve where drivers carry extra sets of keys, key-safe systems ca help make sure that site workers ad visitig drivers commuicate about whe it is safe to drive away. 468 These safeguards would be especially effective where there may be commuicatio problems (for example, where drivers who do ot speak Eglish are ivolved). 469 Igitio cotrols (such as keys or fobs) should ot be left i the vehicles whe they are parked. Weighbridges 470 Weighbridges ofte mark the poit beyod which visitig drivers are ot allowed to leave their vehicles. This is a good way of separatig visitig pedestrias from dagerous vehicle movemets (segregatio). 471 I older factories, the weighbridge was ofte placed just iside the factory gate so that vehicles eterig or leavig the site could use it. 472 Whe site etraces hostig weighbridges are also used by other traffic, they ca block the flow of traffic. 473 Where possible, weighbridges should be placed so that they do ot block traffic flow. 474 Visitig drivers may also eed space away from the traffic flow after they have crossed the weighbridge, to park up ad check, trim ad sheet their load i safety, before leavig the site. See Site-based access to vehicles (paragraphs 498-522) ad chapter Trimmig, sheetig ad ettig for more iformatio o providig facilities to help people do these tasks safely. These areas should be able to hadle the umber of vehicles that eed to use them. 475 The cosequeces of a vehicle tippig over the side of a weighbridge ca be very severe, ad could be eve worse if the weighbridge is elevated (higher tha the ormal drivig surface). The people at risk are the driver ad ayoe else i, o or aroud the vehicle. 476 If there are buildigs close to the weighbridge, the people i the buildigs could also be at risk if a vehicle falls o the buildig especially if the buildig is fragile. 477 You eed to take measures to prevet vehicles from fallig over. Edges of roads, loadig platforms etc should be clearly marked, ad prevetio features that are strog eough to withstad the force of a fallig vehicle might be appropriate. Measures to help drivers lie their vehicles up properly should also help prevet vehicles from beig drive over the edge. Hardstadigs 478 Places where vehicles ad their trailers park up for ay reaso should be hardstadig. Workplace trasport safety Page 62 of 144

Health ad Safety 479 This meas they should be strog eough to safely support the weight of the vehicle, trailer ad load as it rests o the surface (through the wheels ad ay outriggers or other stabilisers). 480 They should also be able to withstad the corrosive effect of ay spilled loads, fuel, oil ad other pollutats without beig made sigificatly weaker. 481 If a vehicle parks up or tries ay other operatio (for example, tippig) o a area that caot support it, it may overbalace if the groud udereath gives way. 482 Cemet cocrete surfaces are ormally better tha asphalt or bitumious surfaces where goods vehicles stad to load or uload, because they are ofte better at supportig heavy loads over a small area. 483 Also, asphalt or bitume used as a bider i surface coatigs is ot usually resistat to spilled or leaked oil, petrol or some other chemicals. 484 If you use bitumious surfaces, you are likely to eed paddig (sometimes kow as load-spreadig plates ) uder semi-trailer ladig legs because these surfaces are less able to support heavy loads over a small area. 485 However, this sort of paddig is ot always effective. This is because for the plates to be strog eough to be useful, they ofte eed to be very heavy. 486 Drivers should be aware that a prepared surface ca look much the same from above, o matter how well it is costructed. A surface may look strog eough but may ot be suitably hardstadig. 487 Drivers should check with iformed site workers if they are i doubt. It is importat that site workers are able to accurately tell them where it is safe for them to park up. Lightig 488 By law, every workplace must have suitable ad sufficiet lightig. 489 All roads, maoeuvrig areas ad yards should be adequately lit. Areas ear juctios, buildigs, plat, pedestria routes ad areas, ad places where vehicles or mobile plat regularly move, all eed particular attetio. 490 You ca fid more advice about idoor lightig i the Code for Lightig 16 published by the Society of Light ad Lightig ad the Chartered Istitute of Buildig Services Egieers. Our publicatio Lightig at work HSG38 17 also provides iformatio ad guidace for lightig workplaces. 491 Where lights are placed ca be very importat. 492 Tall vehicles ca block light, eve whe it comes from widows or lamps that are placed high o posts, or o walls, ceiligs, caopies ad so o. Lights should be placed over the space betwee vehicle bays, rather tha over the cetre of the bay where they will be blocked by a tall vehicle. 493 If drivers have to reverse towards strog lights, you should make sure that the lights are ot placed or agled so that they dazzle the driver either directly or i their mirrors. 494 Places where work is carried out aroud movig vehicles should be very well lit (for example, with floodlights) where work happes durig the hours of darkess. Workplace trasport safety Page 63 of 144

Health ad Safety 495 Lightig must ot be a uisace to the local eviromet, so this might ifluece where you put the lightig ad how strog it is. You ca get advice about this from your local authority Evirometal Health departmet. 496 Glare from the su ca sometimes be a problem for drivers, so you may eed measures to avoid this (for example, su visors). 497 You may also eed measures to avoid sudde chages i lightig levels for example, whe movig from a dark warehouse to a bright day, or from a dark ight to a strogly lit buildig. Movig too quickly from bright to darker areas (ad from dark to brighter areas) makes it hard to see, ad ca make closed-circuit televisio (CCTV) systems much less effective, as they ca take time to adjust to differet lightig levels. Our guide Lightig at work 17 provides more guidace about how to arrage lightig to allow for the chage betwee differetly lit areas. Site-based access to vehicles 498 Vehicle activities that mea workers eed access to differet parts of vehicles are quite commo. Apart from loadig ad uloadig, workers may eed access to parts of vehicles i order to clea them, trim aggregate loads ad maually sheet loads, ad so o. 499 This sectio deals with the site-based structures used for accessig parts of differet vehicles as they pass through the site. The advatage of these structures is that they are directly uder the cotrol of the site. 500 The mai types of structure are platforms ad gatries. 501 Most platforms are simple drive-through or drive-past structures. Although desigs with three fixed sides are sometimes used, they should be avoided, as vehicles eed to reverse to use them. 502 If a three-sided structure is goig to be used, you ca avoid the eed for reversig by makig the ed platform moveable. The vehicle ca drive i forwards betwee the two fixed side platforms, ad the the ed platform ca be replaced ad secured behid the vehicle. As with other mobile work platforms, these should oly be used oce a competet perso has checked it is safe to do so. 503 Drivers eed to be able to pull up very closely alogside the platform to prevet falls betwee the side of the vehicle ad the edge of the platform. 504 Platforms do have some disadvatages: if workers eed access to vehicles of differet sizes, platforms may be a problem because they are usually a fixed height, so caot be chaged to match the heights of differet vehicles; drive-through platforms are also usually a fixed width ad so ca t be made to match the widths of differet vehicles. 505 Gatries ca be more suitable where lots of differet sized vehicles are expected, because they are useful for a wider rage of vehicle sizes. 506 A gatry would ormally be a small platform with a overhead beam reachig over the vehicle. A haress system is attached to the beam. The worker will stad o the load or vehicle, but the system will help prevet the dager of the worker fallig a log way. The system is likely to be either of the work-restrait type (which will prevet the worker from approachig a dagerous area like the edge of Workplace trasport safety Page 64 of 144

Health ad Safety the vehicle), or the fall-arrest type (which does ot prevet a fall, but will make it less serious). 507 Both the gatry structure ad the haress system eed to be strog eough to take the worker s weight i case they fall. 508 However, gatries do rely o a safe system of work beig used, as drivers eed to be traied to use haress systems properly. If this is oe-off work, the worker will eed to be supervised while usig the equipmet. 509 There eed to be eough platforms or gatries to allow for the largest umber of vehicles likely to eed them at oe time. Drivers might choose to bypass the system to avoid queuig if there are ot eough spaces. 510 Platforms ad walkig surfaces o gatry structures should be level, stable ad strog, ad should provide good walkig grip. Both types of structure should be clearly marked to help prevet vehicles from strikig them. 511 Platforms or gatries should ot be used if weather coditios are bad eough to threate safety of workers. 512 Platforms ad gatries should have a safe way for people to get oto them ad dow from them. You should cosider i advace how ay worker who has suffered a fall ca be rescued. 513 Stairs ca be much more effective tha ladders if workers are likely to be carryig somethig (such as a bag, toolbox, or tools). 514 Steps should be made of slip-resistat gratig or aother slip-resistat material with eough space for mud or oil to pass through the grate ad away from the walkig surface. 515 Rugs or steps should be level ad give plety of toehold or foothold. Rouded rugs are the least safe, as they become slippery easily ad ca be ucomfortable to use. 516 Steps, stairs ad ladders should have soud had ad guard rails that are co-ordiated with the footholds, ad the lower part should be easily reached from wherever workers are usig them. Hadrails are better tha idividual hadholds, as they ca be used without the worker havig to remove their had from the rail. 517 Some platforms are oly meat to help drivers get oto or dow from a vehicle. 518 This helps reduce the distace a perso is likely to fall, because they lad o the platform istead of the groud, which makes it less likely that a perso will be seriously ijured. They also make falls less likely, because a perso does ot have to climb aroud as much. 519 Platforms beefit from well-costructed ad suitably high barriers aroud them, to prevet people from fallig off. It may be suitable to have several rails, to protect people who work whe crouched or stadig. This is obviously ot practical if the driver eeds to get oto the vehicle itself. 520 You ca also use platforms ad gatries to improve safety durig load trimmig. See chapter Trimmig, sheetig ad ettig for more iformatio o trimmig loads safely. Workplace trasport safety Page 65 of 144

Health ad Safety 521 I some workplaces (for example, ladfill sites) gatries ad platforms may eed to be moved aroud. They should be used oly after a competet perso has checked it is safe to do so. 522 If there is ay doubt as to whether a platform or gatry is suitable to be used, it should ot be used. Housekeepig 523 If vehicles or other obstructios are left blockig traffic ways, or if drivig or walkig surfaces become littered, slippery or too dirty, they may cause sigificat risks to health ad safety. 524 By law, traffic routes must, so far as is reasoably practicable, be kept free from obstructios ad from aythig that may cause a perso to slip, trip or fall. 525 By law, every floor i a workplace, ad the surface of every traffic route, must be kept free from obstructios, so far as is reasoably practicable. 526 For more about what reasoably practicable meas, see paragraphs 35-50. 527 Spilled loads, or aythig that falls from a vehicle or aywhere else that could be a dager, should be removed or cleaed up as soo as possible. 528 Site operators should make sure that waste cotaiers are available: wherever used packagig or other refuse is likely to gather; are big eough; ad are suitable for their iteded use. 529 Wherever it is practical, site operators should make sure that there are specified places for moveable objects, ad that wheever they are beig left overight or for log periods of time, they are kept i their proper place. Maiteace areas 530 Where maiteace work has to be carried out o or ear roads, vehicle traffic should be kept away from those doig the work. This may ivolve usig coes or barriers, or closig the route to vehicles. Workplace trasport safety Page 66 of 144

Health ad Safety Safe vehicles Safe vehicles i geeral 531 By law, every employer must make sure that work equipmet (which icludes vehicles) is suitable for its purpose. 532 The law also requires that every employer, whe choosig work equipmet, must take accout of the workig coditios ad the risks to the health ad safety of people usig the work equipmet. 533 By law, employers must also take accout of ay further risk posed by the use of chose work equipmet. 534 The desig of vehicles used o public roads has to meet specific legal stadards, set out i the Road Vehicles (Costructio ad Use) Regulatios. The overall stadard of vehicles used i workplaces should be at least as good as for public roads. I some cases, there are specific supply stadards dealig with mobile plat i the workplace (for example, some lift trucks). 535 Some workplaces or types of work are particularly dagerous (for example, buildig sites), so there may eed to be specific stadards for vehicles used i these places. Suitable for the task 536 Workplace vehicles should be stable uder workig coditios ad provide a safe way to get ito ad out of the cab, ad ay other parts of the vehicle that eed to be accessed regularly. 537 Access features o vehicles, such as ladders, steps or walkways, should have the same basic features as site-based access systems. See chapter Prevetig falls from workplace vehicles ad Site-based access to vehicles (paragraphs 498-522) for more iformatio o safe ways of accessig vehicles. Case study 8 A employee of a logistics firm was deliverig to a distributio warehouse i a curtai-sided lorry, whe he received a serious had ijury. A warehouse employee was usig a fork-lift truck to offload pallets of ewspapers. The trailer s cetre pole was obstructig oe of the pallets. The lorry driver tried to remove the pole maually, but other pallets were pushig agaist it so he could t remove the lockig pi. It was decided to relieve pressure o the lockig pi by usig the fork-lift truck to push the pole, ad the lorry driver s had was either struck or trapped by oe of the forks, which severed his idex figer. The firms risk assessmets had failed to idetify this usafe system of work, which was commo practice i the warehouse. Both firms were prosecuted ad have ow revised their systems ad traied staff how to remove poles safely. Workplace trasport safety Page 67 of 144

Health ad Safety 538 It is importat that drivers are able to see clearly aroud their vehicle, to allow them to spot hazards ad avoid them. See Visibility from vehicles ad reversig aids (paragraphs 550-570) for more iformatio. 539 You should cosider fittig a hor, vehicle lights, reflectors, reversig lights ad possibly other warig devices (for example, rotatig beacos or reversig alarms). See Visibility from vehicles ad reversig aids (paragraphs 550-570) for more iformatio. 540 You should use suitable paitig ad markigs to make the vehicle stad out. 541 Vehicles should have seats ad seat belts (or other restraits where ecessary) that are safe ad comfortable. 542 There eed to be guards o dagerous parts of the vehicle (for example, power take-offs, chai drives, exposed hot exhaust pipes). 543 Vehicles should be suitable for ay loads carried, ad it is especially importat that the vehicle has adequate achor poits to make sure that loads ca be carried securely. Figure 35 Well-marked yard shuter 544 If loads are secured to the vehicle, the places where the load straps are attached (achored) to the vehicle eed to be strog eough to take the strai. The Departmet for Trasport guide Safety of Loads o Vehicles 18 gives detailed advice about vehicles carryig loads o public roads, much of which is relevat to securig loads to workplace vehicles. Whe securig loads: achor poits should be desiged so that they spread the weight ad forces they receive ito the mai structure of the vehicle; if a achor poit has movig parts, they should move as little as possible whe loaded by a restrait, as ay movemet will seriously reduce how effective the restrait is; the achor poits must be compatible with the type of securig equipmet likely to be used; we recommed that the attachmets meet the relevat British Stadards (for example, eye bolts to BS 427819 ad shackles to BS 3551);20 achor poits should be firmly attached either directly to the chassis or to a metal crosspiece or outrigger; achor poits that are secured oly to woode members are ulikely to be strog eough; if achor poits are fixed at or i the area that will be loaded (for example, the load platform of a flat-bed lorry), they should ot stick out above the level of the loadig area whe they are ot beig used (for example, they could sit i a dedicated iche); the size of ay iche should be o larger tha is ecessary for the particular achorage used. Workplace trasport safety Page 68 of 144

Health ad Safety 545 Whe idividual parts eed to be replaced because of wear or damage, loadretetio strappig, demoutable liftig chais, liftig cables ad other systems should be replaced i sets wherever this is reasoable. This helps to make sure that there are ot large differeces i the levels of stress that differet pieces have bee exposed to. 546 Vehicles should provide protectio for drivers from bad weather, or a ihospitable workig eviromet (for example, very high or low temperatures, dirt, dust, fumes, or excessive oise or vibratio). 547 Drivers have bee kow to fix materials across overhead parts of a vehicle (such as the fallig-object protectio o a lift truck) to provide some shelter from the weather. This is a sig that properly egieered weather protectio is probably ecessary. 548 No oe should be allowed to climb aroud parts of vehicles that are ot desiged to support them, ad o oe should act i a way that could result i slippig ad accidetally activatig vehicle cotrols. Case study 9 A employee received fatal ijuries whe he was crushed betwee the mast ad the top of the overhead guard of a idustrial couterbalace lift truck. He accidetally operated the mast tilt with his boot as he climbed oto the dashboard to wrap plastic film over the overhead structure to protect himself from heavy rai. The lift truck egie had bee left o ad hadbrake off. Although eight lift truck drivers worked for the firm, several had ot had refresher traiig for may years, ad two had received o traiig at all. The use of clig film for weather protectio was commo, as was the fittig of wood or metal covers o lift trucks. The truck was maily used outside, but the compay had ot assessed the eed for a cover. Appropriate weatherproofig should have bee fitted; access to the bulkhead should have bee restricted ad accidetal use of the cotrols preveted by fittig a trasparet half-scree. The firm was prosecuted ad fied 5000 with 3000 costs. 549 Where appropriate, vehicles should have driver protectio to prevet ijury if the vehicle overturs, ad to prevet the driver from beig hit by fallig objects. This could iclude roll protectio, operator restraits ad fallig-object protectio. See chapter Prevetig vehicles from overturig for further iformatio about roll-over protectio ad driver restraits. Visibility from vehicles ad reversig aids 550 Vehicles should have large eough widscrees (with wipers where ecessary) ad exteral mirrors to provide adequate all-roud visibility. Figure 36 Side-mouted mirrors Workplace trasport safety Page 69 of 144

Health ad Safety 551 Road-goig vehicles are fitted with covetioal side mirrors, ad it is ofte worthwhile addig extra mirrors to reduce blid spots for drivers. Figure 37 Mirrors fitted to off-highway costructio plat 552 Side mirrors agled to allow drivers of larger vehicles to see cyclists ad pedestrias alogside their vehicles are also available, ad ca be effective i improvig visibility aroud the vehicle from the drivig positio. These mirrors are fitted to larger road-goig vehicles as stadard. 553 Items should ot be placed i the widscree area or i the way of mirrors or moitors, where they might get i the way of visibility from the drivig positio. A good guide ca be that the area of the widscree that is kept clear by the wipers should ot be obscured, ad or should the side widows. 554 Widows ad mirrors will also ormally eed to be kept clea ad i good repair. Dirt or cracks ca make widows or mirrors less effective. 555 Vehicle widows i some workplaces may eed to be made of a material that ca resist objects flyig towards them (for example, where drivers are at risk from broke chaisaw blades durig forestry operatios). 556 Some types of vehicle (such as straddle carriers, large shovel loaders ad some large quarry vehicles) ofte have poor visibility from the cab. Visibility ca be poor to the side or frot of a vehicle as well as behid, ad loads o vehicles ca severely limit the visibility from the drivig positio. 557 Lift trucks ad compact dumper vehicles i particular ca have difficulty with forward visibility whe they are trasportig bulky loads. You should recogise the risks associated with this reduced visibility i your risk assessmet. For more iformatio o doig your trasport risk assessmet, see Maagig the risks. 558 Closed-circuit televisio (CCTV) may be appropriate for some vehicles where the driver ca t see clearly behid or aroud the vehicle. Figure 38 CCTV moitor i vehicle cab Workplace trasport safety Page 70 of 144

Health ad Safety 559 CCTV ca cover most blid spots. The cost of fittig CCTV systems has falle sice the techology was first developed, ad the systems are also more reliable. The cost of fittig a system to a vehicle varies with the type of camera, lik ad moitor. Compaies who have fitted CCTV have foud that it ca reduce the umber of reversig accidets, ad i this way the systems usually pay for themselves i a few years. 560 Both black-ad-white ad colour systems are available. Colour systems ca provide a clearer image where there is little cotrast (for example, outside o a overcast day). However, black-ad-white systems ormally provide a better image i lower light or darkess, ad usually come with ifrared systems, which ca be more effective tha stadard cameras where work happes outside durig the hours of darkess. 561 Moitors should have adjustable cotrast, brightess ad resolutio cotrols to make them useful i the differet light coditios i which they are likely to be used. It may be ecessary to shield ay moitor from glare by usig a hood. 562 If possible, the camera for a CCTV system should be fitted i a high positio i the middle of the vehicle s rear where oe camera is beig used, or i the upper corers where two cameras are used. This will provide a better agle for the driver to judge distace ad provide a greater field of visio. It also keeps the camera clear of a lot of the dust ad spray that ca make cameras less effective, as well as usually beig out of the reach of thieves or vadals. 563 However, CCTV systems do have the followig limitatios: if vehicles are leavig a darker area to a more strogly lit area (for example, drivig out of a buildig), the chage i the level of brightess ca mea that CCTV systems do ot work for a momet as they adjust; a dirty les will make a camera much less effective; it ca be difficult for drivers to judge heights ad distaces o CCTV moitors. 564 It is importat that usig CCTV systems does ot lead to drivers beig complacet about safety. Operators eed to kow how to use the equipmet properly, ad should be traied i usig CCTV systems. Figure 39 High cetre-mouted CCTV camera 565 Other types of system to improve awareess for both pedestrias ad drivers are available. 566 Alarms such as radar ad other devices that sese earby obstructios are icreasigly beig fitted to road-goig vehicles as parkig aids. Workplace trasport safety Page 71 of 144

Health ad Safety 567 These systems may be useful as reversig aids o ope sites where the umber of uwated alarms is likely to be low. Sesig alarms may ot be as effective where they would be set off very ofte. Their rage is usually limited to about 2 m. 568 Reversig alarms ca be fitted. They should be kept i workig order. The alarm should be loud ad distict eough to make sure that it does ot become part of the backgroud oise. 569 Reversig alarms are sometimes ot useful as they may be drowed out by other oise, or may be so commo o a busy site that pedestrias do ot take ay otice. It ca also be hard to kow exactly where a alarm is comig from, ad people who are less able to hear are also at greater risk. Alarms ca also disturb earby residets. 570 Usig reversig alarms may be appropriate (based o your risk assessmet) but might be most effectively used alog with further measures to reduce risks that result from reversig vehicles, such as warig lights. Maoeuvrability 571 Accidets ofte happe because people become trapped or crushed by part of a rear-wheel steer or tracked vehicle (like the couterbalace o a lift truck) that they were ot expectig to move i a certai way. 572 As part of your workplace trasport risk assessmet, it is importat that you uderstad the hadlig characteristics of the vehicles that use your site. 573 You should use this kowledge to help you make decisios about the layout of your site, ad how you ca make sure that people are safe. See Traffic routes (paragraphs 258-318) for more iformatio o desigig routes that are able to accommodate the vehicles ad pedestrias usig them. 574 It may be appropriate for you to make sure that people kow about the way differet types of vehicle move before they are allowed ito a area where vehicles operate. Vehicle-based ways to stop vehicles from movig 575 It is importat to make sure that vehicles do ot move whe they are parked (ad durig loadig, uloadig ad other operatios) so that people who might be workig o or aroud the vehicle are protected. 576 Systems to prevet vehicles from movig ca either be built ito the desig of the vehicle or be site based. For more iformatio about site-based systems, see Site-based ways to stop vehicles from movig (paragraphs 445-469). 577 Vehicles should have suitable ad effective brakes, both for geeral service ad for parkig. 578 Some taker vehicles have a safety system that prevets the vehicle brakes from beig released util the delivery hose has bee stored. These systems prevet the taker from drivig away while the delivery is still uderway. This is a effective egieered solutio, but workers should ot use a site-based hose istead of these systems, leavig the vehicle hose stored ad the safety system iactive. 579 O some vehicles, the hadbrake is desiged to secure the rear wheels oly. Fully extedig the outriggers o some vehicles may raise the rear wheels off the groud, which might mea that the hadbrake does ot work. Workplace trasport safety Page 72 of 144

Health ad Safety 580 Cosider fittig four-wheel brakig systems or other effective methods to make sure the vehicle caot move durig loadig. 581 If it is reasoable, fit outriggers with plates istead of wheels, to icrease cotact with the groud. 582 If maufacturers provide wheel chocks, use these at all times whe vehicles are statioary. Iformatio o chockig should be provided with the vehicle operatig istructios. 583 You should istruct drivers to make sure that the wheels remai i cotact with the groud whe operatig outriggers, ad to use chocks where provided. 584 The fail-safe type of emergecy air brakes o semi-trailers lock the trailer wheels whe the air hose coectio with the trailer (the suzie ) is discoected. This is so that if the trailer breaks away from the tractive uit (for example, i a crash), the lie is broke ad the brakes are applied to stop the trailer. 585 Drivers sometimes use the emergecy brakes as parkig brakes whe they ucouple the tractive ad semi-trailer uits, because they have to discoect the suzie ayway. This should ever be allowed to happe. Air brakes should ever be applied solely by discoectig the suzie hose. The emergecy brakes should ot be relied o to secure a semi-trailer. 586 Although the actual brakes o this sort of system are the same for both the parkig ad emergecy brakes, the cotrol mechaism is very differet, ad emergecy brakes should ever be relied o to secure a semi-trailer. 587 Recoectig the hose will free the brakes immediately, leavig the vehicle free to move with the driver away from the cab. These accidets are called vehicle ruaways ad ca mostly be preveted. 588 Whe vehicle ruaway accidets happe, they ofte cause very serious ijuries because there are usually people aroud the vehicle (for example, the driver). Eve if obody is hurt, there is likely to be sigificat ad expesive damage to the vehicle, buildigs or other plat. 589 Makig sure that both the tractive uit ad semi-trailer parkig brake cotrols are used is the most effective way of makig vehicle ruaways less likely. 590 Alarm systems that go off if the driver tries to leave the vehicle cab without applyig the hadbrake are ow available. These systems may help to make vehicle ruaway accidets less likely where tractive uits fitted with these alarms are ivolved. However, they will ot help make sure that semi-trailer parkig brakes have bee applied, ad so are ot a complete solutio to the problem of vehicle ruaways. 591 Relyig o the tractive uit hadbrake to secure a semi-trailer is ot safe. These brakes are ot desiged to hold the combied weight of the tractive uit ad a semi-trailer. Also, a differet tractive uit might be ivolved, ad it may ot be fitted with the same sort of alarm system. Skips, cotaiers ad demoutables 592 A rage of demoutable cotaiers (such as chai-lift skips, hook-lift cotaiers, compactors ad twist-lock shippig cotaiers) are used i idustry. They vary greatly i size ad coditio. Workplace trasport safety Page 73 of 144

Health ad Safety 593 Serious ad fatal accidets have bee caused by poor maiteace or the failure of door locks, or failure of the parts that secure demoutables to vehicles. 594 Joggig is where drivers reverse ad brake hard to free blocked material from skips. Avoid this because it ca lead to too much wear to the parts securig the cotaiers, leadig to their failure ad the ucotrolled release of the cotaier itself. 595 You ca fid more iformatio o risks durig tippig, some desig cosideratios ad suggestios for safe systems of work i chapter Tippig. 596 You should istruct ad trai drivers ad operators to regularly ispect bis, doors ad restraiig devices ad to report faults. 597 You must check that faults are put right ad provide a maiteace system for skips ad cotaiers. Keep a record of the checks carried out ad ay resultig actio. 598 Several fatal accidets have ivolved skip or bulk loader ruaways durig loadig or tippig activities. 599 Accidets have happeed where the twist-lock fixigs which secure shippig cotaiers to trasporters have ot bee properly released before tryig to lift the cotaier clear of the vehicle. This ca result i the vehicle beig lifted with the cotaier, ad ca be very dagerous. 600 Liftig-machiery operators should ot begi to move cotaiers util groud workers have cofirmed that all of the locks have bee released. Groud workers should ot provide this sigal util they are cofidet that it is correct. Maiteace, repair ad retrofittig 601 By law, every employer must make sure that work equipmet is maitaied i a efficiet state, i efficiet workig order ad i good repair. 602 Our publicatio Health ad safety i motor vehicle repair 21 provides guidace o safe workig practices for maitaiig motor vehicles. 603 It is importat that vehicles are maitaied so that they are mechaically i good coditio. Case study 10 A shut driver fell from a lorry cab because of a faulty door. He hit his head o a cocrete floor at his compay s depot ad died some days later from his ijuries. The compay had failed to deal with the faulty hadle because of a systemic failure i the compay s vehicle checks. The shut vehicles were treated as low priority for repairs ad maiteace, ad vehicle servicig was ofte late. The compay was fied 150 000 ad ordered to pay 21 000 i costs. Sice the accidet, ew vehicles have bee bought ad maiteace improved. Workplace trasport safety Page 74 of 144

Health ad Safety 604 Ispectios could rage from drivers carryig out start-up safety checks before usig the vehicle (such as checkig that the tyres are properly iflated) to regular prevetive maiteace ispectios carried out based o time or mileage. Each vehicle you purchase or hire should come with a hadbook givig maufacturer s guidace o regular maiteace. 605 To help idetify problems which may happe while the vehicle is beig used, the driver will eed istructio or traiig o carryig out appropriate checks ad reportig ay problems. 606 Employers may fid it helpful to give drivers a list of daily checks to sig off for their vehicles. 607 Plaed maiteace is also eeded to help prevet failures durig use. 608 Plaed maiteace should be thorough, regular ad frequet eough to meet the maufacturer s guidelies ad commo sese. You should pay special attetio to: the brakig system; the steerig system; the tyres; mirrors ad ay fittigs that allow the driver to see clearly (for example, CCTV cameras); the widscree washers ad wipers; ay warig devices (for example, hors, reversig alarms or lights); ay ladders, steps, walkways or other parts that support people or make it easier for them to access parts of the vehicle; ay pipes, peumatic or hydraulic hoses, rams, outriggers, liftig systems or other movig parts or systems; ad ay specific safety systems (for example, cotrol iterlocks to prevet the vehicle or its equipmet from movig uitetioally), rackig, securig poits for ropes ad so o. 609 Wherever relevat, the followig precautios should be take whe maitaiig vehicles: brakes should be applied ad, where ecessary, wheels should be chocked; egies should always be started ad ru with brakes o ad i eutral gear; raised parts should be suitably propped or supported; a way of restraiig wheels, such as a tyre cage, should be used whe iflatig tyres o split-rim wheels; tyres should be removed from wheels before weldig, cuttig or heatig work begis o a wheel or wheel rim fitted with a tyre, eve if the tyre is deflated. See our guide Hot work o vehicle wheels 22 for further guidace; beware of the risk of explosio whe draiig ad repairig fuel taks, ad from battery gases. Fuel taks should ever be draied or filled whe the equipmet is hot or i a cofied space, or should they be draied over a pit; take care to avoid short-circuitig batteries. Batteries should be charged i wellvetilated areas. Suitable persoal protective equipmet should be provided ad used for hadlig battery acid; measures should be take to prevet maiteace staff from breathig asbestos dust from brake ad clutch liig pads; oly people who have received the relevat iformatio, istructio ad traiig should be allowed to carry out maiteace work. Workplace trasport safety Page 75 of 144

Health ad Safety 610 Fittig further features to existig vehicles ( retrofittig ) eeds careful plaig: retrofittig must ot sigificatly weake the chassis or body structure; i particular, you should ot cosider drillig holes i the chassis ad weldig to it without the approval of the origial maufacturer; retrofittig should also take accout of the structure of the vehicle. Sesitive poits such as fuel taks will eed to be avoided. Lift trucks ad thorough examiatio 611 Lift trucks are used very widely i may differet types of workplace. There are may differet types of lift truck. 612 By law, liftig equipmet must be thoroughly examied at appropriate itervals to make sure it is safe to use. This icludes the liftig gear o lift trucks. 613 The itervals betwee thorough examiatios should be either: i lie with a examiatio scheme draw up by a competet perso (see paragraph 614), who must be idepedet from lie maagers. The competet perso ca be i-house or from a outside orgaisatio such as a isurace compay; or at least every 12 moths, uless the truck operates for more tha 40 hours a week, is used to lift people, or has a side shift or attachmets fitted. By law, these must be thoroughly examied at least every six moths. 614 Competet perso i paragraph 613 meas a perso chose by the employer to carry out thorough examiatios based o his or her level of kowledge of the equipmet, problems ad their causes, methods of testig ad diagosig faults. 615 A atioal scheme of accredited, quality-assured examiers is ru by Cosolidated Fork Truck Services, ad edorsed by the HSE. 616 See chapter Prevetig vehicles from overturig for more iformatio about roll-over prevetio ad protectio, ad operator restraits o lift trucks. 617 Guidace ca also be foud i Safety i workig with lift trucks. 24 Privately owed vehicles 618 Maagers, foreme ad site operators do ot usually have much cotrol over the coditio of private vehicles (such as employees cars) brought ito the workplace. 619 However, private vehicles ca be regulated by: restrictig the type of vehicle allowed oto the site; restrictig their routes; providig clearly sigposted parkig areas wherever possible, away from mai routes ad dagerous areas; eforcig speed limits; ad makig sure visitig drivers report to the site office. 620 You should make it clear to everyoe that drivig i the workplace calls for the same stadard of care as o public roads, ad ofte eeds eve more skill ad care. Workplace trasport safety Page 76 of 144

Health ad Safety Safe drivers Safe people i geeral 621 I a study of deaths ad ijuries ivolvig site dumpers, less tha half of the employers had bothered to check the drivers competece. 622 By law, you must take accout of your employees capabilities regardig health ad safety whe you give them tasks. 623 The law also requires that employers must make sure employees are give adequate traiig to esure health ad safety: whe they are recruited; ad whe they are exposed to ew or icreased risks i the workplace. 624 Oly authorised drivers should be allowed to drive workplace vehicles. Figure 40 Lift-truck operator lookig backwards while reversig 625 Employers procedures for recruitmet, checkig refereces, iductio, traiig, supervisio, auditig ad assessig competece should make sure that workers are fit to operate the machies ad attachmets they use at work, i all of the eviromets i which they are used. 626 We recommed that the same (or higher) stadards that are eeded to drive o public roads should apply to choosig people employed to drive i the workplace: with a few exceptios, people i the UK must be aged 17 or over ad have passed a drivig test; drivers of large or heavy goods vehicles must, with certai exceptios, be aged 21 or over ad have passed the appropriate test. 627 It is importat to stress to drivers the risks of usafe workig such as drivig too fast, turig too sharply or drivig o usuitable groud or slopes. 628 Drivers will ofte eed may more skills tha simply cotrollig a vehicle whe it is movig. May vehicles used i the workplace have very specialised attachmets to do their jobs, ad there are may other skills relatig to loadig, uloadig, trimmig, sheetig ad so o. 629 Every driver, particularly youger or less experieced drivers, should be istructed to drive ad to carry out other work resposibly ad carefully. Workplace trasport safety Page 77 of 144

Health ad Safety 630 You should ever take for grated a perso s ability to do a task safely. Choosig drivers 631 You should choose drivers carefully. 632 Drivers should be fully able to operate the vehicle ad related equipmet safely, ad should receive comprehesive istructio ad traiig so that they ca work safely. 633 Drivers will eed to have a mature attitude ad be reliable. 634 Safely operatig most types of vehicle eeds a reasoable level of both physical ad metal fitess, ad itelligece. 635 The drivers you choose should be fit eough so that beig i cotrol of the vehicle does ot pose a risk to their ow health ad safety, or that of others. Fitess for drivers should always be judged idividually. Some less physically able people develop skills to compesate. 636 You ca fid detailed advice o the medical stadards of fitess to drive o UK roads i the Driver ad Vehicle Licesig Agecy (DVLA) publicatio At A Glace. 23 These stadards provide a good guide for medical fitess to cotrol vehicles i the workplace as well. 637 You should try to match the requiremets of a particular vehicle, task ad situatio with the fitess ad abilities of the driver. 638 A example of a suitable level of fitess might be that people who use idustrial lift trucks should usually be able to fully move their whole body, to allow them to maitai good awareess of hazards all aroud their vehicle. 639 For more iformatio about the stadards of physical fitess, ad other thigs you should cosider whe choosig lift truck operators, you should read our publicatio Safety i workig with lift trucks. 24 This guidace is also a good basis for choosig operators for other types of vehicle. 640 Employers, maagers ad supervisors should ever allow ayoe who is ufit through drik or drugs (prescriptio or otherwise) to drive ay vehicle. 641 If the workplace has cotractors workig o site, the site operator or pricipal employer should take measures to make sure that they are competet to carry out their duties resposibly ad carefully. A example might be askig for evidece of their capabilities from the drivers or their employers. Driver traiig ad competece 642 The amout of traiig each driver eeds will deped o their previous experiece ad the type of work they will be doig. 643 Your risk assessmet should help decide the level ad amout of traiig eeded for each type of work. 644 Drivers ad other employees will probably eed the most traiig whe you have first recruited them. Workplace trasport safety Page 78 of 144

Health ad Safety 645 It is essetial to check what experiece people have of the vehicles they will be usig ad the work they will be doig. Where appropriate, you should check that the iformatio they give is true. For example, employers will usually eed to check that refereces to traiig schemes ad other qualificatios are supported by certificates. 646 The iformatio, istructio ad traiig provided by the employer should cover areas of people s work activities if they may be ufamiliar to them. Case study 11 A employee drivig a all-terrai vehicle (ATV) received spial ijuries after the vehicle overtured while he reversed it dow a slope. To prevet the ATV from ladig o him, the driver arched his back ad pushed the ATV away from him. He was ot wearig a helmet, ad tried to protect himself as the vehicle overtured. He ad other employees had received o traiig ad the wearig of helmets was ot eforced. The compay was issued a eforcemet otice to trai employees i the correct use of ATVs. 647 It is likely that traiig will eed to cover the followig: geeral iformatio about the job, for example: the layout of the workplace routes; how ad where to report faults or hazards; ad procedures for reportig accidets; traiig ad checks to make sure that people ca work safely. For a driver, this is likely to iclude: makig sure they kow how to use the vehicle ad equipmet safely; iformatio about, for example, particular dagers, speed limits, parkig ad loadig areas, procedures; ad makig sure they kow what persoal protective equipmet they should wear for the task they are goig to do, ad how they should use it. Examples might iclude high-visibility clothig, head protectio, a driver restrait, safety boots ad equipmet to prevet falls; iformatio o the structure ad level of supervisio that will apply, ad the pealties if they fail to follow istructios ad safe workig practices. 648 You may eed to test traiees o site, eve whe they provide evidece of previous traiig or related work experiece. Always check that traiees uderstad what they have bee asked to do. 649 People lose skills if they do ot use them regularly. A ogoig programme of traiig ad refresher traiig will usually be ecessary for all drivers ad other employees, to make sure their skills cotiue to be up to date. 650 Eve if drivers ofte operate vehicles, we recommed regular refresher traiig to make sure that drivers: maitai good drivig habits; lear ew skills where appropriate; ad reassess their abilities. Workplace trasport safety Page 79 of 144

Health ad Safety 651 You should cosider a gap betwee traiig ad refresher traiig of betwee three to five years, depedig o the risks. Some compaies provide refresher traiig more ofte tha this. 652 Chages i the workplace may mea that drivers or other employees are exposed to differet risks. Everyoe should receive suitable safety traiig before beig exposed to risks. 653 Traiig is particularly importat for maiteace ad repair work, as these are a major source of ijuries ad deaths. 654 It is importat to keep traiig records for each employee. These should iclude eough iformatio to be able to idetify the employee, the full traiig history, plaed traiig, ad a copy or details of ay certificates or qualificatios gaied. 655 As a employer, if you are satisfied that a employee is competet to use a type of vehicle safely, you ca store these details ad refer to them whe ecessary to make sure that employees are traied ad competet before beig allowed to operate particular vehicles. This could be a simple documet with details of the types of vehicles (or the specific vehicles) that a perso is competet to operate. 656 You should keep the iformatio o a cetral register. 657 A example of a employee traiig record is i Appedix 2. You could use this as the basis for your ow records, or just photocopy it ad use it as it is. 658 O some sites, drivers must carry a copy of their authorisatio whe drivig a workplace vehicle (some sites issue authorisatios i the form of a badge with their photograph). People should ot be authorised uless the employer is satisfied that the perso is competet. 659 Lift trucks i particular are a potetially dagerous type of vehicle. Every year, thousads of ijuries ivolvig lift trucks are reported. Accidets ivolvig lift trucks are ofte associated with a lack of traiig ad poor supervisio. 660 The Health ad Safety Commissio has published a Approved Code of Practice (ACOP) ad guidace called Rider-operated lift trucks. Operator traiig. 25 This sets the legal miimum stadard of basic traiig people should receive before they are allowed to operate certai types of lift truck eve if they oly operate the equipmet occasioally. It also provides detailed guidace about how this stadard ca be met. 661 The ACOP covers stackig rider-operated lift trucks, icludig articulated steerig truck types. Rider-operated meas ay truck that ca carry a operator ad icludes trucks cotrolled from both seated ad stad-o positios. 662 If you employ ayoe to operate a lift truck covered by the ACOP, you should make sure that operators have bee traied to the stadard set out there. For more iformatio o the types of lift truck covered, refer to the ACOP. 663 The Health ad Safety Commissio recogises specific idustry orgaisatios as competet to accredit ad moitor traiig providers who trai istructors ad trai, test ad issue certificates for operators. 664 These orgaisatios accredit ad moitor traiig providers agaist the stadards set out i the ACOP. You ca fid a list of these recogised accreditig bodies i the ACOP. Workplace trasport safety Page 80 of 144

Health ad Safety 665 Traiig courses provided by compaies accredited by oe of the recogised accreditig bodies are recogised by the Health ad Safety Commissio as meetig the legal miimum stadard set out i the ACOP. Certificates from accredited traiig providers will ormally idetify the relevat accreditig body. Workplace trasport safety Page 81 of 144

Health ad Safety Operatioal guidace Reversig Commo risks 666 Nearly a quarter of all deaths ivolvig vehicles at work happe durig reversig. May other reversig accidets cause ijury or expesive damage. 667 Visibility is the mai problem. I may vehicles, especially larger idustrial oes, it is very difficult for the driver to see backwards. 668 There are a umber of steps you ca take to help reduce the risk of reversig accidets. The followig are examples, but it is ulikely that ay sigle measure will be eough to protect people s safety. Figure 41 Dager-Reversig vehicles sig Safe site 669 The most effective way of dealig with the risks caused by reversig is to remove the eed for reversig. 670 Oe-way systems are a very effective way of dealig with the risk of reversig accidets. Rig roads, drive-through loadig ad uloadig positios, ad parkig areas with etraces ad exits o either side are just a few examples of measures which help to prevet the eed for reversig. 671 If reversig caot be avoided, routes should be orgaised to reduce as far as possible the eed for reversig ad the distace vehicles have to travel backwards. 672 Site layouts ca be desiged (or ameded) to icrease visibility for drivers ad pedestrias, ad to allow plety of room for reversig maoeuvres. The space allowed may eed to be icreased to improve safety. You may also eed to provide reversig areas. 673 Reversig areas should be plaed out ad clearly marked, ad should be very clear to drivers ad other people. Areas ca be marked out o the groud, ad with clear sigs to stop pedestrias. 674 The site layout should make sure that pedestrias keep well clear of reversig vehicles. Workplace trasport safety Page 82 of 144

Health ad Safety Figure 42 A example of a Pedestrias prohibited sig 675 Reversig should oly take place where there is eough light for drivers ad pedestrias to clearly see what is happeig. 676 Fittig fixed mirrors or other visibility aids i the workplace ca improve visibility aroud vehicles. 677 Effective sigs alertig drivers to the dagers of reversig, ad ay ecessary precautios, ca improve the attetio drivers pay to safety (especially visitig drivers). 678 See chapter A safe site for more iformatio o orgaisig traffic systems ad maoeuvrig areas for safety. 679 Where vehicles reverse up to structures or edges (for example, loadig, delivery or parkig areas), barriers, buffers, bollards ad wheel stops ca be used to war drivers that they eed to stop. Eve if a collisio does happe, these measures ca help prevet more serious ijury or structural damage. They should be highly visible, ad sesibly positioed. Flexible barriers may be a optio ad ca prevet damage to vehicles. 680 White lies or guide rails o the floor ca help the driver positio the vehicle accurately. Safe vehicles 681 Vehicles may have blid spots areas aroud the vehicle that the driver may ot be able to see, because they are blocked by parts of the vehicle. However, there are may solutios to improve the driver s field of visio. See Visibility from vehicles ad reversig aids (paragraphs 550-570) for more iformatio. Safe drivers 682 People should stay well clear of reversig areas. 683 You should oly cosider employig a baksma or sigaller where there is o other way to cotrol reversig risks. To do their job they have to stad close to where a vehicle is reversig, which ca put them at risk. 684 By law, sigallers i Great Britai must use certai had sigals, ad employers must make sure that the correct sigals are used. 685 The sigals i Figure 44 are stadard sigals used across Europe, ad should be used for guidig most vehicles aroud a workplace. All drivers ad baksme should kow them. 686 Had sigals should be faster to show that a operatio should happe quickly. Workplace trasport safety Page 83 of 144

Health ad Safety 687 Had sigals should be slower to show that a operatio should happe slowly. 688 These sigals may ot be eough to cover every situatio. The law also allows for specific alteratives to be used if they are more appropriate, icludig BS 6736:1986 Code of practice for had sigallig for use i agricultural operatios. 26 If these sigals are ot eough, further sigals ca be used based o existig sigallig practice. 689 Whatever sigals are goig to be used, baksme ad drivers should clearly agree before guided maoeuvrig begis. Figure 43 Reversig guides separatig loadig bays ad pedestria areas 690 It is importat that had sigals are used cosistetly throughout the workplace. All employees ivolved i guidig vehicles should be traied as appropriate, especially ew employees, who may have used a differet system before. 691 Baksme eed to be visible to drivers at all times. Precautios for visibility are especially relevat i low-light coditios, which should be avoided if possible. 692 The precautios should iclude (where appropriate) the followig: high-visibility equipmet (vests, arm or cuff bads, gloves, bats, batos or flags). Baksme are sometimes give a high-visibility vest of a differet colour to other site workers, to help distiguish them; vehicle- or site-fixed visibility aids (such as mirrors). 693 Baksme will eed to stad i a safe positio from which to guide the reversig vehicle without beig i its way. 694 If drivers lose sight of a baksma, they should kow to stop immediately. I some circumstaces, portable radios or similar commuicatio systems ca be helpful, although the baksma will still eed to be visible to the driver at all times. 695 Some employers (for example, quarries) do ot allow baksme to be used due to the size of vehicles ivolved ad the difficulty that drivers have i seeig them. 696 If drivers are ot able to see clearly behid the vehicle for ay reaso, they should apply the brakes ad stop the egie, leave the cab ad check behid the vehicle before reversig. I a busy place this precautio may ot be eough, because people ca move behid a vehicle after the driver has retured to the cab. Segregatig pedestrias ad vehicles, ad improvig the ability of the driver to see aroud the vehicle from the drivig positio, are more effective ways of improvig pedestria safety durig reversig. Workplace trasport safety Page 84 of 144

Health ad Safety move towards sigaller start stop move backwards right left dager horizotal distace vertical distace raise lower ed Figure 44 Europea stadard sigals for directig vehicles Workplace trasport safety Page 85 of 144

Health ad Safety 697 Where baksme are to be used, they must be available whe they are eeded. Figure 45 Example of madatory high visibility vest must be wor sig 698 Everyoe ivolved i reversig should be traied ad competet. You should idetify all the people who are ivolved, ad take accout of their abilities whe allocatig tasks ad decidig what traiig they should receive. Specific traiig may be eeded to deal with reversig or usig reversig aids fitted to vehicles. Workplace trasport safety Page 86 of 144

Health ad Safety Parkig Commo risks 699 Carelessly parked vehicles ca ijure ad kill people. A vehicle parked o a slope ca move if all of the brakes are ot used properly. It ca take very little slope to make a vehicle move, ad it ca sometimes happe eve if the vehicle has bee still for some time. 700 People ca be hit by movig vehicles, ru over or crushed agaist other objects. These risks are likely to be much worse whe the vehicle is out of cotrol. Drivers are ofte hurt tryig to get back ito movig vehicles to properly apply brakes. If people are workig o a vehicle that begis to move, they could fall. 701 Eve if o oe is hurt, a vehicle ca hit other vehicles, buildigs, scaffoldig ad so o, causig serious ad expesive damage. 702 Carelessly parked vehicles ca reduce visibility for drivers ad pedestrias, ad ca force pedestrias oto vehicle routes if they block a path. Safe site 703 Wherever possible, there should be desigated parkig areas i the workplace. Parkig areas should be: level; firm; well lit; clearly marked ad with safe walkig areas; easy to fid; ad as close as possible to where people eed to go whe they leave their vehicles. Case study 12 A bus driver was ru over ad killed by a double-decker bus while he walkig across the depot yard. It was dark ad raiig, ad the driver had just parked his bus. The compay had ot cotrolled the risks that resulted from vehicle movemet i the yard. They failed to segregate vehicles ad pedestrias, had ot provided suitable sigs ad road markigs, ad the lightig was poor. The bus compay were prosecuted ad fied 50 000 with 15 000 costs. 704 See Parkig areas (paragraphs 409-427) for advice about physical precautios to reduce parkig risks. Safe vehicles 705 Vehicles should be parked o firm ad level groud, preferably i a parkig area (see paragraphs 699-704). A piece of groud may look flat, but it oly eeds a slight gradiet for a vehicle to move if the parkig brakes are ot applied. Workplace trasport safety Page 87 of 144

Health ad Safety 706 A vehicle should ot be left uless the parkig brakes have bee firmly applied, the egie has stopped, the starter key has bee removed, ad ay mouted equipmet has bee lowered to the groud or secured. Remember the followig: brakes ON; egie OFF; key OUT; equipmet SAFE. 707 Where vehicles have to be parked o a slope: all brakes should be applied; the vehicle should be left i gear (if it is safe to do so); wheel chocks or stops should be used where appropriate; ad vehicles should usually be parked facig up or dow the slope, ot sideways o. There are some exceptios to this, for example, where operators are workig directly i frot of the vehicle poitig dowhill (such as a farm worker opeig a gate), it may be safer to park across the slope i case the brakes fail to prevet the vehicle from movig. 708 It is importat to lock away the keys of vehicles left parked i workplaces overight, at weekeds or whe they are beig left for log periods. Safe drivers 709 Drivers should always be competet. They should uderstad the risks of leavig a vehicle parked badly, ad how to avoid doig this. I particular, drivers should be istructed ad moitored i the way they use vehicle ad trailer brakes. 710 People i cotrol of workplaces where trailers are parked eed to make sure that drivers are aware that both tractive uit ad semi-trailer parkig brakes should be used whe parkig. Drivers behaviour should be supervised ad moitored. 711 Trailer parkig brakes are there because they eed to be, ad must be used every time a vehicle ad trailer are parked. You should cosider sigs, istructio ad ay other measures to make sure this happes. 712 See chapter Couplig ad ucouplig for more iformatio o trailer brakes. Workplace trasport safety Page 88 of 144

Health ad Safety Couplig ad ucouplig Commo risks 713 Couplig ad ucouplig trailers is a commo activity, ad oe with serious risks if it is ot carried out safely. 714 Most accidets durig couplig ivolve drivers or other people beig ru over, hit or crushed by movig vehicles or trailers ofte while tryig to get back ito a cab to apply the brakes. 715 There may be a sigificat risk of fallig durig couplig or ucouplig, especially i the dark. 716 If proper care is ot take to use a suitable place to couple or ucouple, poor groud may cause a vehicle or trailer to overtur, or the trailer ca move, especially o a slope. A piece of groud may look flat, but it eeds oly a slight slope for a vehicle or trailer to move if the parkig brakes are ot applied. Trailers ca begi to move eve if they have bee still for some time. 717 Durig ucouplig, the trailer will move from beig supported by the tractive uit to bearig its ow full weight. This ca cause the trailer to sik ito soft groud or topple over. The combiatio must be parked o groud that is firm eough to support the weight of the trailer (icludig pressure from the ladig legs). 718 Drivers ofte leave the egie ruig ad the parkig brake off whe couplig or ucouplig hoses. This is very usafe. As best practice, drivers should ot leave the cab without turig off the egie, applyig the brakes ad, where possible, removig the keys. 719 Fail-safe emergecy air-pressure brakes lock vehicle wheels whe a air hose is discoected from the trailer (for example, if i a crash the trailer breaks away from the cab, the lie would be broke ad the emergecy brakes would be applied, stoppig the trailer). Drivers sometimes use the emergecy brake as a parkig brake, by discoectig the airlie ( droppig the red lie ) rather tha by applyig the trailer parkig brake. This is very dagerous ad should ever happe. 720 Emergecy brakes ca t be relied o as parkig brakes. Air pressure drops over time as brakig systems leak air, reducig the ability of the emergecy brakes to hold the semi-trailer. Also, recoectig the hose ca free the brakes immediately, leavig the semi-trailer free to move with the driver away from the cab (especially if, for ay reaso, the tractive uit parkig brake has ot bee applied). Safe site 721 Hauliers ad site operators should make sure that areas where couplig ad ucouplig take place are well lit, firm ad level. 722 Lightig is especially importat where couplig or ucouplig happes away from sulight (icludig at ight). There is a sigificat risk of the driver fallig whe carryig out couplig or ucouplig operatios i darkess, as they may be less able to see slippery surfaces, hazards or where steps are. 723 Also, drivers are likely to eed plety of light to check that lockig pis ad safety clips are i place, ad ay cables ad hoses have bee properly attached. Workplace trasport safety Page 89 of 144

Health ad Safety Safe vehicles 724 Hauliers ad site operators should make sure that wheel-stops, hadholds ad vehicle lightig (for example, at the back of the cab) are provided wherever appropriate. 725 If couplig may happe away from outside lightig, vehicle owers should cosider fittig outside lightig to the vehicle itself (especially behid the cab) to provide a safer workig eviromet. 726 There should be safe access to the fifth wheel area (the area behid the cab, where the trailer coects to the tractive uit). This should iclude steps up to the area, ad a catwalk that provides good grip (bear i mid that there may be oil leaks). The area behid the cab should be kept clea ad clear to make slippig or trippig less likely. Drivers should kow how to move ay higed fairigs to make access to this area easier, ad should do so. 727 It is sometimes ot possible to coect hoses after couplig (for example, close-coupled combiatios such as reefer trailers, where the temperature cotrol uit fixed to the frot of the trailer meas o oe ca get access to the fifth wheel area). A risk assessmet should recogise the risks ivolved i coectig the hoses before couplig ( split couplig ), ad a safe system of work should be i place to reduce risks. Safe drivers 728 Employers should make sure that everyoe ivolved i couplig or ucouplig is aware of safety procedures, ad should check that they uderstad how to use the equipmet safely. 729 Employers should provide suitable gloves, footwear, ad other persoal protective equipmet such as high visibility clothig, where appropriate, to protect people workig o or aroud vehicles, icludig people ivolved i couplig. Workers should use this equipmet as part of a safe system of work. There is more iformatio about avoidig falls i Prevetig falls from workplace vehicles. Workplace trasport safety Page 90 of 144

Health ad Safety 730 Make sure the followig couplig procedures have bee followed wherever possible: (a) the trailer hadbrake should be applied (if fitted). The absece of hadbrakes is oly acceptable if the trailer air brakes are fail-safe or there are other measures to prevet movemet; (b) for automatic couplig: - the cab should be reversed slowly uder the trailer, with the kigpi lied up to the V of the lockig mechaism. Liste to hear the fifth wheel lock oto the kigpi; (c) for maual couplig: - reverse the vehicle ito place; - make sure that the parkig brakes are applied; - maually attach the lockig mechaism; (d) do a tug test. Try to drive forward slowly i a low gear to check that the fifth wheel is i place; (e) make sure that the parkig brakes are applied; (f) leave the cab ad ispect the lockig mechaism to make sure that it is secure; (g) fit ay safety clips ad coect all brake hoses ad the electrical supply to the trailer. Check that they are secure; (h) wid up ay ladig legs o the trailer ad secure the hadle; (i) (j) fit the umber plates ad check that the lights work; release the trailer hadbrake (if there is oe). Ucouplig 731 Whe ucouplig, you should ormally follow the procedure i paragraph 730 i reverse order, usig brakes ad stabilisers as appropriate. Always remember to set the tractive uit parkig brake before leavig the cab. 732 Before ucouplig, also check that: the groud is firm ad level eough to support both the ladig legs; the parkig brake is set o the trailer. 733 After ucouplig, check that the ladig legs are fully exteded, locked i place, are properly padded ad are ot sikig ito the surface. 734 See our free guidace Parkig large goods vehicles safely 27 for more iformatio o couplig safely. Workplace trasport safety Page 91 of 144

Health ad Safety Loadig ad uloadig, ad load safety Commo risks 735 Loadig ad uloadig ca be very dagerous. Machiery ca seriously hurt people. Heavy loads, movig or overturig vehicles ad workig at height ca all lead to fatal or serious ijuries. 736 Oe of the four most commo types of vehicle accidet at work is people beig hit by objects fallig from vehicles. 737 People ivolved i loadig or uloadig ofte work close to movig lift trucks, which pose a high risk of hittig them or otherwise ijurig them. 738 You should pay particular attetio to the dagers of high loads that might have to pass uder bridges, overhead power cables, parts of buildigs, pipework, trees, ad so o. These ca catch loads or high vehicles, causig serious accidets (ofte ivolvig fallig loads). 739 The heavier the load, the greater the chace of it shiftig whe beig trasported. The weight of a load aloe ca t be relied o to stop it shiftig. For example, dust, dirt or oil o the loadig surface ca reduce the amout of grip a load has, ad ca make it much more likely to slide aroud whe beig trasported. 740 It is much harder to stop a load oce it has started to shift. Keepig the load still o the vehicle (ad, where possible, secure) is the best way to make sure it does ot shift dagerously. 741 It is commo practice to use sheetig hooks to secure loads. These hooks are ot desiged to bear heavy loads, ad may be i the wrog places to secure a load safely. They should ever be used for this purpose. 742 Commuicatio is very importat for safe loadig ad uloadig. There may be several people ivolved, ofte workig for differet employers ad sometimes eve speakig differet laguages. 743 Loadig i a way that will allow for efficiet uloadig (for example, i reverse delivery order) will cut dow the amout of double hadlig. Case study 13 The driver of a lift truck was ijured whe he was struck by a pallet fallig from the back of the goods vehicle he was uloadig. The goods vehicle was loaded with pallets of flat-packed cardboard boxes, packed three pallets high. The forks did ot reach high eough to uload the top pallet, so the driver tried to uload the top two pallets i oe go. The top pallet toppled ad fell approximately 3 m, hittig the driver. The lift truck did ot have eough reach ad was therefore ot suitable for the task. A lift truck with protectio agaist fallig objects was also eeded for work where objects could fall o the driver. It is the employer s resposibility to provide equipmet that is suitable for its iteded use. Workplace trasport safety Page 92 of 144

Health ad Safety 744 You should provide a safe place where drivers ca wait if they are ot ivolved. See paragraphs 463-466 for more guidace about welfare provisios for visitig drivers. 745 Iformatio i this guide about sheetig ad usheetig will also be relevat, both for makig sure that loads are safely secured ad that employees are workig safely. 746 Avoid the eed for people to walk o top of vehicles or loads wherever possible. No oe should stad o a load oce it is attached to liftig equipmet (such as craes or a fork-lift truck). Safe site 747 Vehicles reversig before loadig or uloadig are a major risk. If possible, remove the eed for reversig with drive-through loadig areas as part of a overall oe-way system. 748 Loadig ad uloadig areas should be: clear of passig traffic, pedestrias ad other people who are ot ivolved i loadig or uloadig; clear of overhead pipework or electricity cables so that there is o chace of foulig them, or of electricity jumpig to earth through machiery, loads or people; ad level to maitai stability, vehicles ad their trailers should be o firm groud, free from potholes or debris, which could make vehicles ustable. 749 See chapter A safe site for more iformatio o orgaisig a safe place for loadig ad uloadig. 750 Safety equipmet may be eeded. For example, guards or skirtig plates may be eeded if there is a risk of aythig beig caught i machiery (such as dock levellers or vehicle tail lifts). 751 Appropriate sigs ad road markigs showig safety equipmet, showig the areas pedestrias are ot allowed i, ad alertig people to loadig ad uloadig operatios should be i place ad visible, wherever appropriate. 752 There should be safeguards agaist drivers accidetally drivig away too early. This does happe ad ca be extremely dagerous. See chapters A safe site ad Safe vehicles for advice about prevetig ways to make sure this does t happe. Safe vehicles 753 The vehicle should be able to take the full weight of everythig it is asked to carry. This will iclude ay loadig or uloadig machiery, such as a fork-lift truck used to help uloadig. 754 No vehicle should ever be loaded beyod its rated capacity (the maufacturer should provide this iformatio) or its legal limit of gross weight if it is to be used o public roads. Overloaded vehicles ca become ustable ad difficult to steer, or be less able to brake. 755 Some parts of a vehicle ca take more weight tha others. Thik about how the differet parts of a vehicle are arraged udereath the loadig surface. Where is there the most support for a load or for a piece of loadig machiery? Workplace trasport safety Page 93 of 144

Health ad Safety 756 Before loadig, check the load platform, bodywork ad achor poits to make sure that they are suitable for the load, are clea ad are i a good workig order. Debris, broke boardig, rusted achor poits, dust (particularly brick dust) or oil that may cause a slip could all pose a risk to safety. 757 Some loads (such as bricks or rubble) leave a dust behid that ca make loads slip while they are beig trasported. To improve load safety, drivers may eed to thoroughly sweep the vehicle bed before loadig. 758 Wherever possible, loads should be carried separately from passegers. If the cab is ot separate from the load area (for example, a closed va), a bulkhead should be fitted betwee the load compartmet ad the cab, which should be strog eough to withstad a load shiftig forwards i a emergecy. 759 The most suitable securig method should be used for differet types of load. 760 Operators should make sure they have the correct securig equipmet for the types of load carried. Where geeral cargoes are carried, various types should be available. 761 Clamps, special bolts, steel-wire ropes, chais, webbig haresses, sheets, ets, ropes ad shorig bars are all suitable to secure loads, but it is essetial to make sure that they are strog eough for the weight of the loads carried. 762 Sheetig rope hooks should ever be used to secure loads. They are ot desiged to bear heavy loads ad may be i the wrog positio to secure a load safely. 763 Sheets themselves are oly suitable for restraiig loads if they have bee desiged for this. See chapter Trimmig, sheetig ad ettig for more iformatio. 764 You should use sleeves ad corer protectors to prevet damage to both the load ad the lashig or sheet if it passes over a sharp corer. 765 Lashigs (such as ropes, webbig, chais, cables, clamps) should be i good coditio ad be able to withstad all ormal forces. Lashigs should be properly tighteed at all times, although ot overtighteed as this ca damage the lashigs. 766 Some goods are difficult to restrai while they are beig trasported. Loads should be suitably packaged. Where pallets are used, the driver will eed to check that: they are i good coditio; loads are properly secured to them; ad loads are safe o the vehicle. They may eed to be securely attached to make sure that they caot fall off. 767 It is best for the idividual parts of a load to be packed closely together. If this is ot possible, some type of packig (commoly kow as duage ) should be used to fill ay gaps. 768 A umber of materials are suitable for use as duage. The most commo are timber, folded cardboard, hardboard, high-desity foam ad air bags. Duage should take up as much of the empty space as possible. 769 You should take care ot to damage the load by usig usuitable duage. As a result, the type of load beig carried will ifluece the duage material you choose. Workplace trasport safety Page 94 of 144

Health ad Safety 770 For more detailed ad specific guidace about securig differet types of load (such as steel, timber, loose bricks), ad load safety i geeral, see the free Departmet for Trasport Code of Practice Safety of Loads o Vehicles. 18 771 Tailgates ad sideboards should be closed wherever possible. 772 All items of loose equipmet (such as sheets, ropes, duage, rope eds) should be securely restraied at all times, whether or ot they are beig used. 773 If you caot avoid a load overhagig the edge of the vehicle, the overhag should be kept to as little as possible ad should be suitably marked. 774 The driver should make checks before uloadig to make sure that loads have ot shifted while they are beig trasported ad are ot likely to move or fall whe restraits are removed. 775 Every driver should kow what to do to deal with ay load that has moved dagerously, icludig what equipmet is eeded. They should be able to advise workers dealig with a dagerously shifted load (icludig the emergecy services). A solutio may be as simple as pushig the load off the vehicle from the opposite side, with appropriate equipmet ad precautios. 776 Wherever possible, a safe area away from other work should be available for vehicles carryig usafe loads to be quaratied. A competet perso should decide upo a safe system of work before ayoe tries to deal with a usafe load. Vehicles carryig usafe loads should ot be set back oto public roads if they are usafe to travel. 777 As a geeral rule, goods carried i curtai-sided vehicles should be secured as if they were beig carried o a ope, flatbed vehicle: A curtai is a thi, flexible sheet, ad eve whe it is reiforced it ca usually oly resist a movig load by bulgig outwards. If this happes whe the vehicle is movig, it could make the vehicle ustable ad cause a accidet. If the curtais have bee desiged to secure loads, the weight of the maximum load should be clearly marked. If o mark ca be see, it should be assumed that the curtais caot bear loads ad, as far as securig loads is cocered, may as well ot be there. Before the curtais are closed, the load ad its lashigs should be thoroughly checked for safety. This fial check is importat, as it ca be very difficult to check durig the jourey with the curtai sides i place. If the curtai bulges, showig that the load has shifted, the curtai should ot be opeed. Access should be gaied to the load compartmet through aother route possibly through the back door or through a curtai o the other side of the vehicle. The safety, stability ad security of the load should the be assessed before uloadig takes place. There are several differet ways the strai a load is placig o a curtai could be safely worked out. You could cosider opeig half a curtai, gettig ito the vehicle from a differet place or eve udoig oly every other strap. 778 Not all bulgig curtais show that a load has shifted. It is possible that a load has bee well secured, ad the sheet stretched over it. The driver will eed to be aware of how the curtais should look, so that they ca judge safety durig the jourey ad whe they arrive. Workplace trasport safety Page 95 of 144

Health ad Safety 779 Curtai-sided trucks are ofte uloaded durig darkess for example, durig the early morig i witer. Drivers should be ready to feel alog curtais ad tap at bulges. Ideally, uloadig should always happe i places with eough lightig for this to be uecessary. Outside lightig or had-held torches or lamps ca help idetify the coditio of a load. Figure 47 Securig rollcages i a curtaislider 780 Loads should be secured or arraged so that they do ot slide aroud. Rackig may make loads more stable. 781 Curtai-sided vehicles are ofte uloaded usig fork-lift trucks, as they are very suitable vehicles for movig loads o pallets. 782 Wherever fork-lift trucks are used, you should make sure drivers are aware of the trucks, are kept out of harm s way ad do ot drive away while the fork-lift truck is still uloadig. 783 Whe usig fork-lift trucks, it is essetial to cosider: how much the truck ca lift; the size ad spread of the forks; ad the groud the truck is beig used o. 784 It is essetial that the vehicle ad ay attachmet used for a job are suitable. 785 Log items ca fall off forks if they are ot balaced properly ad, i particular, if the forks are too close together. Also, they may fall off the forks if the truck is drive too quickly aroud corers or over rough groud. 786 Attachmets such as side-shift forks ad load clamps ca help to make sure that log loads ca be hadled safely. As well as beig traied i usig the trucks ad their attachmets, drivers should also be competet to hadle routiely supplied log or awkwardly shaped items ad should be istructed i safe systems of work. Safe drivers 787 Drivers should be give clear istructios ad traiig o how to safely secure every type of load they carry. 788 Both site workers ad delivery drivers should be prepared to refuse to allow loadig or uloadig (or to stop loadig or uloadig) if they thik risks demad this. They should kow that they will have the support of their employer if they do this. Everyoe ivolved i a delivery or collectio should agree to this priciple whe arragemets are beig made. Workplace trasport safety Page 96 of 144

Health ad Safety 789 The delivery driver should ot use ay equipmet (icludig lift trucks) at a delivery or collectio site uless this has bee agreed beforehad ad steps have bee take to make sure that the equipmet is well maitaied ad the site is suitable. Lift trucks ad other specialist vehicles should oly be used by traied drivers. If the driver does use a lift truck, they must be traied to the stadards described i Driver traiig ad competece (paragraphs 642-665). Employers should be cofidet that drivers are able to work safely. 790 Loadig ad uloadig will ofte ivolve mechaical liftig. By law, you must make sure that all liftig operatios are properly plaed by a competet perso, appropriately supervised ad carried out safely. (See defiitio of competet perso i paragraph 614.) 791 Liftig equipmet eeds to be suitable for its use, marked with its safe workig load, properly maitaied, ispected appropriately ad thoroughly examied regularly. Figure 48 Fork-lift truck loadig a curtaislider 792 Plaig is the key to safe loadig, safe uloadig ad load safety. 793 See the sectios o delivery safety i the chapter Orgaisig for safety (paragraphs 182-227) for advice about plaig a delivery. Figure 49 Vehicle uloadig from firm ad level groud 794 If more tha oe compay is ivolved, they should agree beforehad how loadig ad uloadig will happe. For example, if visitig drivers uload their vehicles themselves, they should receive the ecessary istructios, equipmet ad co-operatio for safe uloadig. Arragemets will eed to be agreed beforehad betwee the haulier ad the perso receivig the delivery. 795 If employees of more tha oe compay are ivolved i loadig or uloadig a vehicle, that vehicle should be cosidered a shared workplace while the loadig or uloadig is takig place. Workplace trasport safety Page 97 of 144

Health ad Safety 796 See the sectios o deliveries i the chapter Orgaisig for safety (paragraphs 182-227) for further iformatio o co-operatig betwee suppliers, hauliers ad people receivig deliveries. See paragraphs 172-181 for more iformatio about shared workplaces. 797 No oe should be aroud durig loadig or uloadig if they are ot eeded. 798 It is ofte urealistic ad sometimes usafe to expect drivers to stay i their cab while their vehicle is beig loaded or uloaded. A desigated safe area for visitig drivers with easy, safe access to toilet ad refreshmet facilities reduces risks cosiderably. A safe area may be eeded for drivers to watch the loadig or uloadig. 799 Workers who do eed to be i the same area as loadig or uloadig (for example people who are ivolved i the work) should be segregated from vehicle movemet wherever this ca reasoably be achieved, ad specific systems of work should be applied to make sure the driver does ot move the vehicle uless everyoe ivolved is kow to be i a safe place. 800 The vehicle should be as level, stable ad statioary as possible. All of the vehicle ad trailer brakes should be applied ad ay stabilisers should always be used. 801 Wherever possible durig loadig, follow these priciples: loads should be spread as evely as possible durig loadig, movig ad uloadig. Ubalaced loads ca make the vehicle or trailer ustable, or overload idividual axles. See paragraphs 839-841 for advice about trimmig a load to make sure it is evely balaced; balacig the load is importat to make sure the trailer moves predictably ad safely; geerally, loads should rest as close as possible to the bulkhead; however, avoid loadig drawbar trailers too far forwards, because this ca lead to a sakig effect as the combiatio moves forwards; avoid loadig to the back of the trailer, because this ca cause the trailer to tip backwards (especially for sigle-axle trailers). This ca reduce the grip the vehicle has o the road surface, as the wheels are lifted away from the groud; loads should be arraged close to the middle of the trailer ad slightly forward of it to place eough dowward force o the tow bar to keep the trailer coupled, but ot eough to put too much pressure o the tow vehicle suspesio or hitch; loads should be balaced across the axle (or axles) of a drawbar trailer so that couplig or ucouplig ca be maaged easily ad safely, ad so that the trailer is stable whe beig trasported; wherever possible, drawbar trailers should be coupled (or ucoupled) uloaded, as this makes them easier to hadle ad geerally safer to work with. 802 Ubalaced sigle-axle trailers are also dagerous as they ca tilt dagerously durig couplig or ucouplig, shiftig loads or trappig aythig udereath. 803 Loads gathered right at the frot ad back of a trailer may be safely balaced, but ca be harder to cotrol whe beig trasported as the weight distributio causes the trailer to swig out further tha a trailer loaded towards the cetre of gravity. 804 Normally, the load should be arraged so that it does ot block the driver s field of visio, icludig the rear view through the mirrors. Workplace trasport safety Page 98 of 144

Health ad Safety 805 No oe should ever stad o a load to balace it o the forks of a fork-lift truck. 806 If workers are goig to eed to climb oto the vehicle or be supported by the load (or both), you may eed to reduce the risk of a fall. If the load has to be sheeted or usheeted, a o-vehicle sheetig device that ca be worked from groud level or a safe place higher up should be provided, or a sheetig platform or gatry should be available o site. 807 I some workplaces, it may be practical to fit a haress system to protect people workig at height, such as a iertia-reel fall-arrest system (where haresses are wor liked to overhead rails). 808 See chapters Trimmig, sheetig ad ettig ad Prevetig falls from workplace vehicles for more iformatio. 809 If you provide fall-arrest systems, you should cosider sigs showig that they must be used ad should moitor their use. Note: Vehicle show for illustratio oly Figure 50 Loads should be spread evely across the vehicle 810 Equipmet or parts of the vehicle ca also fall or be dislodged durig loadig or uloadig. Workers should kow how to prevet this from happeig. Figure 51 Safety haresses must be wor ad Idustrial vehicles operatig sigs Workplace trasport safety Page 99 of 144

Health ad Safety Trimmig, sheetig ad ettig Commo risks 811 Some loads will eed trimmig to make sure they are well balaced ad ready to be trasported, or before they ca be sheeted or etted. Trimmig is ofte eeded where bucket or hopper loadig has left a load uevely spread i the vehicle cotaier. 812 Trimmig a load ca ivolve climbig to a height that makes accessig the load possible, but as usual should ot eed ayoe to actually walk o a load if this ca be avoided. 813 There are a umber of reasos you may wat or eed to cover a load, ad sheetig or ettig is ofte a good way of doig this. 814 Some materials may eed to be kept hot while beig trasported, such as bitume or asphalt. Other loads eed to be kept dry, such as quicklime or some other powders. 815 There are also legal duties to cover some types of load to: protect the eviromet; prevet them from beig a uisace whe you go oto public roads (for example, material beig blow off); or keep them safe. 816 Loads eed to be properly secured, ad sheets or ets might be part of the way you do this. 817 Sheetig, ettig or removig sheets or ets ca be dagerous, especially whe it is carried out by had. 818 Rai or ice ca make vehicle surfaces or the top of a load slippery, riskig a fall. 819 Trimmig or coverig a load ca ivolve beig i a high place. Chapter Prevetig falls from workplace vehicles provides more iformatio o the dagers ivolved i workig i high places. 820 Loads ca be ueve or ustable, so o oe should walk o them if possible. Loads might appear solid, but there might be gaps (kow as voids ) uder the surface of aggregate loads, or gaps betwee stacked bags or pallets. Loads might also preset other dagers, such as dagerous cotets, high temperatures, sharp edges or dust ad fumes. 821 If sheetig or usheetig happes somewhere widy, gusts ca catch sheets or kock workers off balace. 822 Sheets ca be heavy or difficult to maage, causig strais or sprais, or doig damage to workers over time. Sheets ca get very heavy if they are wet or if a load sticks to them. 823 Drivers sometimes walk backwards i dagerous places durig sheetig or ettig, such as close to the back or sides of a vehicle. Workplace trasport safety Page 100 of 144

Health ad Safety 824 Workig at height ca ivolve beig ear dagerous objects, such as hot vertical exhausts or overhead power lies. 825 Tor sheets or ets, breakig ropes or straps, or other accidets ca all put workers off balace ad cause falls. 826 Sheets or ets ca flap aroud if they are ot properly secured. If large loads are beig covered, they may eed more tha oe sheet. The places where two sheets joi ca be opeed up by the wid, which ca disturb the load ad let wid ad rai uder the sheet. 827 Loads ca move whe beig trasported. This ca be especially dagerous whe a driver arrives ad begis to usheet the load. 828 Sheetig ofte ivolves workig i the same area as fork-lift trucks, which may be ivolved i other activities but still pose a risk to people ivolved i sheetig or usheetig. 829 If a driver of a tipper lorry discharges the load with the sheet still o, air might ot be able to replace the load. If this happes, a vacuum ca form behid the load, which ca break the sheetig system. 830 You should take effective measures to make sure sheetig ad ettig is as safe as possible, withi reaso. You eed to take accout of the types of load ad vehicle, how ofte sheetig or usheetig happes ad other specific characteristics of the workplace. 831 Durig loadig, uloadig ad sheetig, vehicles that are used by employees of more tha oe compay should be cosidered shared workplaces, ad so suitable arragemets for safety should be made by everyoe cocered. This will ivolve the differet compaies co-operatig with each other. See Deliveries commuicatio (paragraphs 203-227) for more iformatio o safety i shared workplaces. 832 Wherever you ca, remove the eed for coverig loads. Ask yourself if the load actually eeds sheetig or ettig. If it is safe to leave a load without a coverig, ad if road ad evirometal law allows it, you ca avoid sheetig or ettig altogether. 833 You may also eed to speak to customers ad suppliers about the eed for coverig loads. Some compaies expect loads to be sheeted eve if this is ot really eeded. You should be avoidig maually sheetig or ettig wherever possible, ad you may eed to explai to someoe receivig a delivery why the load will ot be covered with a sheet or a et. 834 Try to fid other ways of protectig a load, such as protectig each uit separately (for example, shrik wrappig) or choosig loads prepacked i protective sacks or cotaiers. 835 You ca also avoid sheetig by usig other vehicles such as curtai-siders, ad cotaiers that do ot eed sheetig. Eclosed demoutables (for example, skips with tight lids), shippig cotaiers ad itermediate bulk carriers (IBCs) are all alteratives to ope-load bodies. 836 If sheetig is oly doe to secure a load, you should fid aother way that does t ivolve someoe climbig o the vehicle or load. See chapter Loadig ad uloadig, ad load safety for more iformatio o securig loads. Workplace trasport safety Page 101 of 144

Health ad Safety 837 You should ot sheet vehicles by had uless it is ot reasoably practicable to use automated sheetig systems or sheet from the groud. Wherever possible, the eed for people to climb oto vehicles should be avoided. You should ot require workers to climb a vehicle to sheet by had uless it is ot reasoably practicable to use automated sheetig systems or sheet from the groud. 838 The followig poits should be cosidered, whatever method of sheetig is used: Do ot overload the vehicle ad try to load evely to avoid the eed for trimmig. You could use the loadig shovel to load evely alog the legth of the vehicle (ot i peaks), or use it to pat dow the load to flatte peaks. Trai ad istruct staff o safe systems of work (ad provide refresher traiig where ecessary) for usig the automated sheetig, maual sheetig, platforms ad persoal protective equipmet. Sheetig ad usheetig should be supervised ad moitored. You should provide gloves ad safety boots, ad make sure that people use eye ad head protectio. Regularly check that sheets are i good coditio, ad are replaced whe ecessary. Visually check straps ad ropes used for pullig ad securig the sheet. Sheetig mechaisms, platforms, gatries ad fall-arrest equipmet (like haresses ad layards) should all be regularly ispected, repaired ad maitaied. Safe site 839 You should provide suitable tools for trimmig loads. A rake is ofte used ad will eed to be log ad strog. 840 Platforms are very suitable for trimmig loads. They would ormally be fixed i drive-past or drive-through arragemets, where vehicles ca be parked alogside a stable structure ad the load ca be accessed safely. 841 Platforms ca also be used to improve safety durig sheetig or ettig, although these activities may eed more access to the vehicle tha trimmig. 842 Loads ca be sheeted from platforms, removig the eed to climb oto the vehicle or the load. For more iformatio about access platforms, see Site-based access to vehicles (paragraphs 498-522). 843 However it is doe, sheetig ad usheetig should be carried out i desigated places, away from passig traffic ad pedestrias ad, where possible, sheltered from strog wids ad bad weather. Extra care will eed to be take i wet or icy coditios. 844 Sheetig ad usheetig should happe as close to loadig or uloadig areas as possible, to help protect loads ad reduce the chaces of loads beig caught by the wid. 845 Ropes, straps ad sheets ca sap or rip. The driver should avoid leaig backwards whe pullig the sheet tight ad should ever do so close to the sides or ed of the vehicle. 846 Vehicles should be parked o level groud, with their parkig brakes o ad the igitio key removed. 847 Vehicles should be sheeted before leavig the site. Workplace trasport safety Page 102 of 144

Health ad Safety Safe vehicles 848 If you ca t avoid the eed to cover loads, you should use mechaical sheetig methods that avoid people walkig o vehicles or loads wherever this is reasoable. 849 Thik about mechaical sheetig systems whe you egotiate ew cotracts with hauliers or whe you cosider ew vehicles. They ca also ofte be fitted oto existig vehicles. 850 Mechaical sheetig systems ormally allow sheetig ad usheetig from groud level or from the cab. 851 Apart from reducig risks, mechaical sheetig systems ca avoid the eed for expesive gatries or platforms, ad will be available at the destiatio as they are usually fixed to the vehicle. 852 Sheetig systems ca also save moey by greatly reducig the turaroud time of vehicles o site, ad by creatig more streamlied loads (savig time ad fuel). 853 Mechaical sheetig systems ca be fully automatic or operated by had. Fully-automatic systems are better because the driver ca usually be somewhere safe ad does t have to strai. 854 May mechaical systems spread a traditioal sheet across the load, either from ed to ed or from side to side, or by spreadig it from the cetre to the sides. There are several commo types: may systems ivolve a sheet o a roller, mouted o a mast behid the cab. The sheet is the dragged out over the load, by mechaised arms o the trailer, or sometimes just by a rope beig pulled. Special care eeds to be take whe these systems are used i widy coditios; tighteed wires o pulleys, ruig alog the top of the vehicle sides. A sheet is attached to them like a washig lie, ad movig the wires ca either cover or ucover the load. This system is cheap ad effective, but ca be stopped by heaped loads, ad the gathered sheet ca take up a lot of space. Other problems iclude the sheet ot makig a complete seal over the load, ad the sheet flappig whe it is ot beig used (this strais the equipmet). 855 There are several differet types of fully automatic systems for coverig a loads that do t use traditioal sheets: spray sheetig ivolves coverig a load with a liquid that hardes ito a protective shell. This would usually take place at the weighbridge, where the operator ca decide the extet of sprayig. Spray sheetig will replace the eed for sheetig or usheetig, but ivolves a cost for every sprayig ad caot be used o all loads (for example, quicklime caot be spray covered); pael systems ca exted from the back of the cab, ufoldig over the top of a cotaier or the body of the vehicle. These ca completely remove the risks to drivers ivolved i sheetig or usheetig. There are other problems you should cosider, such as overloaded or protrudig loads prevetig the paels from closig completely or the paels dislodgig items that could fall. 856 There are may systems that partly automate sheetig, makig the job safer for the driver. They are ofte like the automatic systems for ormal sheets metioed above, but with some effort eeded from the driver to move the sheet: Workplace trasport safety Page 103 of 144

Health ad Safety some systems use ruers over the frot ad back eds of the trailer, allowig the operator to pull the sheet across the load from the side; crak hadles are aother popular solutio, allowig drivers to move the sheet from the groud. 857 Most of these systems eed the operator to secure the sheet at the sides if a proper seal is eeded. 858 No matter what type of sheetig equipmet is fitted or used, there should always be safe access oto ad dow from the vehicle if people have to climb. Usig well-desiged ad well-positioed fixed ladders ad hadholds ca improve access. 859 For more iformatio about safe access to vehicles, see Site-based access to vehicles (paragraphs 498-522) ad chapter Prevetig falls from workplace vehicles. 860 Sheets should be: large eough to cover the load with a large overlap (at least 6 iches) of the tailgate ad sides; i good coditio to avoid tearig, which ca throw a perso off balace (you should check the sheets regularly); ad as light as possible for the purpose, to make hadlig them safer. 861 Some lightweight sheets allow air to pass through, makig them less likely to catch i the wid. There may be a loss of waterproofig, but this should be cosidered if it is practical. 862 Tarpaulis oly protect agaist the weather ad so should ot be used to secure a load if they are used as load sheets. 863 Purpose-made load sheets (which iclude webbig straps) have a rated load capacity ad ca be used to secure a load up to that weight. 864 If i doubt, you should assume that a sheet is ot strog eough to secure a load. 865 See chapter Loadig, safe uloadig ad load safety for further iformatio o securig loads. 866 If you use ets: they should ever be used to secure a load beyod their maximum rated capacity; they should be properly tighteed, as istructed by the maufacturer; ad the mesh size should be less tha the smallest item the et is expected to hold (although this will ot always apply to ets used over loose bulk loads). 867 Ropes ad straps should be: i good coditio ad ispected regularly; log eough to be tied to the achor poits that are desiged for this (straps should ot be left hagig loose); ad heavy ad strog eough ot to be pulled loose by the wid uder the sheetig. Workplace trasport safety Page 104 of 144

Health ad Safety Safe drivers 868 If you caot avoid maual sheetig or ettig, is it possible to do it from the groud? Ope skips should always be covered at groud level, before they are lifted. 869 Usig a et istead of a sheet ca also help with flatbed vehicles, because the et will be lighter ad ca ofte be throw over the load from the groud. 870 If you caot avoid maual sheetig or do it from groud level, you should use platforms or gatries with haress systems to help make sheetig safer. As these measures stay o sites, they may ot be available whe the sheet or et is removed at the destiatio. 871 A platform ca help sheetig workers avoid walkig o a vehicle or load, but wo t ormally protect agaist falls from the platform itself. 872 You ca fid more iformatio o platforms ad gatries i Site-based access to vehicles (paragraphs 498-522). 873 Workers must be competet i the use of protective equipmet such as haress systems. They should have received appropriate practical ad theory traiig from a competet perso before they eed to use the equipmet. 874 You should also provide traiig ad iformatio to workers usig sheetig systems, sheets ad ets. 875 You should provide (ad make sure that people use) gloves, safety boots ad eye ad head protectio. 876 Regularly supervisig sheetig, usheetig ad ettig is vital to make sure safe ways of workig are beig followed. 877 If more tha oe sheet is eeded to cover a load, the rear sheet eeds to be put i place first, to make sure that overlaps do t face forwards allowig wid ad rai to get betwee the sheets. Try to make sure that the wid will close ay gaps or folds i the sheet rather tha ope them up. The same priciple should be applied to folds at the frot or o the sides of the vehicle. 878 If you caot avoid sheetig by had: avoid the eed for a perso to go o top of the load wherever possible (for example, with platforms or gatries); where platforms are provided, you should make sure there are eough of them, ad their use should be supervised ad moitored; mudguards ad wheels should ot be used as steps; ad you should provide suitable safety arragemets (as set out i this guide). 879 If maual sheetig o the vehicle is the oly optio, you must provide a suitable fall-arrest system for everyoe to use. These do ot prevet someoe from fallig but should reduce the risk of serious ijury if someoe does. 880 If there are o fall precautios i place at the site, the driver should refuse to sheet the vehicle maually by climbig, ad should tur back. Drivers should be aware that maagers will support this decisio. This also applies to deliverig loads where there are o precautios available for usheetig. Workplace trasport safety Page 105 of 144

Health ad Safety 881 Drivers should check what facilities will be available before they allow loadig to begi, to make sure uecessary loadig ad uloadig does ot take place. 882 It is sesible for hauliers to check the facilities at both eds of a jourey whe arragemets are first beig made. 883 Whe pullig sheetig, ets or ropes, the driver should always have oe foot behid the other to avoid overbalacig. 884 For more iformatio about layig your site ad traffic routes out for safe vehicle use, see chapter A safe site. 885 If haresses ad layards are to be used, drivers must be traied i what checks to carry out before usig them ad how to use the persoal protective equipmet. 886 Use the followig procedure for maual sheetig with a haress system (the sheet should already be suitably folded i a positio to the frot of the vehicle o a sheet rack or purpose-built shelf or o carrier hooks): The driver should walk forwards dow the cetre of the load towards the back of the vehicle, rollig out the folded top sheet. Whe halfway alog the load (but at least 2 m from the back of the vehicle), the driver should tur aroud ad pull the sheet tight. It is importat that the sheet is ot pulled at ay other time. The driver should tur agai ad, facig the rear of the vehicle, throw the rest of the sheet ad ties over the tailgate. Stadig at the cetre of the load, the driver should the ope out the sheet, throwig the sheet ad ties over the sides of the vehicle. The driver should the retur to the frot of the vehicle by walkig forwards alog the cetre of the load, ad retur to the groud usig ay access features o the vehicle. 887 Although systems of work ca be put i place to prevet people from eedig to leave groud level durig ormal sheetig, people carryig out ispectio or maiteace work o sheetig systems may have to leave groud level. Safety precautios eed to be i place to protect these people. Workplace trasport safety Page 106 of 144

Health ad Safety Tippig Commo risks 888 Tippig ca be dagerous, especially if it is ot doe carefully. 889 Each year, a sigificat umber of tippig vehicles (icludig rigid-body lorries, tippig trailers ad takers) overtur. Overturs usually have the potetial to kill people. Overturs ca be the result of a umber of differet problems: Poorly maitaied tippig vehicles ad uder-traied operators are commo causes of accidets durig tippig. Imbalaced loads ca make vehicles ustable. There are a lot of reasos why a load ca be imbalaced, icludig bad loadig or trimmig, shiftig, or parts of the load freezig durig tippig (becomig stuck i the upper part of the tippig body, above the cetre of gravity). Loads ca shift aroud ad settle while beig trasported especially bulk powder, flakes, grais, rubble etc. This ca make differet parts of the vehicle heavier, ad ca also lead to differet parts of the load freezig durig tippig, which ca put the vehicle off balace. There may be a higher risk of this if a load has differet desities, such as builders rubble. Ueve tippig surfaces ca put a vehicle off balace, or usuitable groud ca give way, especially uder very heavy vehicles. Tippig ofte ivolves reversig, sometimes towards steep slopes. Vehicles ca reverse too far. There are also the usual risks caused by poor visibility durig reversig, such as hittig people or other objects. Tippig lorries ca hit overhead obstructios. These ca iclude power lies, with the risk of electrifyig the vehicle ad ay people who touch it. 890 Loads ca be very dagerous as they are uloaded. 891 If the vehicle has ot bee properly prepared, dischargig loads ca damage parts such as hatches or tailgates, or a quickly slidig load ca cause a vacuum behid it, which ca suck i sheetig ad damage the vehicle. 892 If a load is too high for a bar across the discharge area, it ca stick or break the bar. 893 If the load does strike the tailgate with more force tha the vehicle is desiged to maage, it could break the tailgate, or force the tippig body to break away from the tippig ram ad be throw backwards. 894 Some tipper lorries have partitioed bodies, to keep sectios of load separate. Partitioed loads eed to be hadled with cautio, ad care eeds to be take to keep loads well distributed ad to make sure that axles are ot overloaded. 895 Partitios should ever be released while the body is tipped, as differet parts of the vehicle may ot be able to deal with the effect of the movig load ad the vehicle balace ca be seriously affected. 896 There is a risk that partitio doors (especially at the back of the vehicle) ca sprig ope if too much weight is put agaist them. 897 People should be kept well clear, to avoid beig hit by loads. Workplace trasport safety Page 107 of 144

Health ad Safety 898 A load beig released though a sleeve, pipe, chute or ozzle ca create static electricity, which ca preset very sigificat risks of startig a fire or a explosio where there are combustible loads, or ca shock people. 899 Some tippig operatios use specific equipmet to help the delivery, such as earthig straps, grills ad guards o itake pits, overfill alarms o silos, ad peumatic coveyace systems. There may be specific risks that result from usig this equipmet, especially if it is ot used correctly. 900 Delivery drivers sometimes rest part of the delivery equipmet o the groud to provide a improvised earthig route for electricity, istead of usig ay proper earthig arragemets (for example, a earthig strap). This is very dagerous ad should ever happe. 901 There is a risk of slippig or trippig o loads spilled durig tippig. 902 A load that might form a cloud (such as flour or other fie powders) if tippig happes without a good seal ca preset a wider risk of explosio, ad ca also cause breathig problems for workers. 903 Refied oil could also explode because of a spark, ad other types of load are dagerous i themselves. Safe site 904 Tippig operatios should be carried out o groud that is level ad stable, ad clear of overhead hazards such as power lies, pipework ad so o. A geeral rule is to make sure there is at least 9 m clearace overhead, although ideally there will be othig at all overhead. 905 Tippig areas should be well lit so that drivers ad other people ivolved ca clearly see ay problems. 906 It will ot usually be possible to completely avoid reversig where tippig has to happe. However, you should thik about reducig the amout of reversig to as little as possible. See chapter Reversig for more iformatio. 907 At sites where level ad stable tippig places ca t always be guarateed (such as waste disposal sites), you will eed to make sure that tippig faces are suitable ad safe (for example, by makig sure that the faces are well compacted, ad that there are o sigificat side slopes). 908 The vehicle should stay level if it is moved forward durig tippig. Note: Vehicle show for illustratio oly Figure 52 Vehicles should be parked o level groud Workplace trasport safety Page 108 of 144

Health ad Safety 909 Articulated vehicles should always be tipped with the tractive uit ad trailer i lie. There will always eed to be eough space for a vehicle to maoeuvre the trailer ad cab so that they are lied up. 910 Wherever possible, ad particularly where reversig eeds to happe, wheel stops that are large eough to let the driver kow to stop should be used, to help positio vehicles correctly. Note: Vehicle show for illustratio oly Figure 53 Articulated vehicles should be parked straight 911 For tippig over usupported embakmets or faces, the wheel stop will eed to be far eough from the edge to make sure the weight of the vehicle does ot make the groud collapse. 912 If the load is released through a chute, pipe or ozzle, there is a risk that static electricity ca build up. It may be ecessary to cosider a earthig strap betwee the delivery chute (or pipe or ozzle) ad the receivig vessel to earth this charge. This should always be used, ad drivers should ever rely o improvised earthig arragemets. 913 Risks are especially high where potetially explosive loads (such as powders or refied oil products) are beig delivered, as a electric spark could igite these. Effective earthig ca reduce these risks. 914 If the load is beig released ito a silo or a bi, some type of alarm (usually a soud alarm) may be eeded to tell staff that the cotaier is full. Soud alarms should be loud eough to be heard from wherever the operator stays durig tippig. 915 If the load is beig released ito a hatch or a pit that someoe could fall ito, there should be a mesh or a guard over the hole to prevet this from happeig. Safe vehicles 916 You should cosider usig vehicles that avoid the eed for tippig. Vehicles with load bodies that eject a load without eedig to tip may be suitable for example, walkig floor load bodies. 917 Every vehicle should have iformatio about safe operatig limits (such as load capacity, height ad width, groud clearace, tippig load) i the cab. 918 Loads put sigificat stress o the door ad door lock of cotaiers, which ca result i the door sprigig ope or the load beig ejected. 919 Some older desigs mea that the driver has to stad behid the door while opeig it. This is a dagerous positio if the door flies ope or if the load spills out. You should make sure that drivers ca operate the door locks i safety from the side of cotaiers ad that doors will ot sprig ope whe released. Workplace trasport safety Page 109 of 144

Health ad Safety 920 If a load takes up more tha oe compartmet of a vehicle with partitioig doors, it should still be partitioed. To make sure that doors are oly beig used to cotrol the weight they have bee desiged for, all doors must be used ad locked. 921 If partitio doors are ot used, the rear doors ca sprig ope uder the pressure of the load. 922 Rear doors of the bar door type should be secured i the ope positio before tippig. 923 The tailgate should be released before tippig ad removed if ecessary. 924 For grai or other similar deliveries, where a grai hatch allows the driver to release a certai amout of the load before releasig the tailgate, the hatch should be opeed ad the flow allowed to stop completely before cotiuig to ope the tailgate. 925 Where tailgates are ot removed ad the load is released through a opeig or a hatch, the tailgate latch or securig mechaism should be strog eough to withstad the full effect of a released load (otherwise it may get damaged whe a load hits it, ad ot be safe for further use). 926 If you are usig a peumatic coveyace system: traied operators should always be available to operate equipmet; ope vets to bis ad silos should be ope to the atmosphere; fill alarms should always be i place ad used; ad if a cloud of powder gathers, it ca be explosive or cause breathig difficulties. This should always be avoided. 927 The power take off (ofte kow as the PTO), which shifts power from the road wheels to the tippig pump, should ever be used if the vehicle is i gear. 928 Whe the egie power is routed to the tippig pump, the driver should take care ot to over speed the pump (by over-revvig the egie), which ca cause the pump to seize if it rus out of oil. 929 We do ot recommed usig dokey egies to drive the tippig mechaism, as the driver has to stay outside the cab ad i a potetially dagerous area while the load discharges. 930 Various restraiig devices are used to secure doors ope, icludig rigid hook ad eye, chai fasteig, or o-captive lockig devices. Sigle rear doors weigh about 500 kg ad tippig with the bi iclied at 50 to 60 puts a sigificat load o these restraiig devices. 931 Maitai the locks, door hadles, restraiig devices ad higes, ad make sure they are adequate for the purpose. Never use balig wire or strig to secure bi doors. 932 Where possible, cosider sigle-door cotaiers with side-release lockig mechaisms to reduce the umber of movig parts. Safe drivers 933 You ca remove the risks to people who do ot eed to be i the tippig area by makig sure that they are kept completely clear. Workplace trasport safety Page 110 of 144

Health ad Safety 934 Drivers should be traied i safe tippig, ad should uderstad the limits of what their vehicle ca do safely. 935 Drivers should be give full details of the load ad delivery coditios, icludig how they ca get there safely (avoidig low or weak bridges), ad who they should report to. 936 Drivers should be able to refuse to begi tippig (or ay other operatio) if they are ot satisfied that it is safe to do so. They should be cofidet that they would have the full backig of their employer if they eed to refuse to do aythig for safety reasos. 937 Employers should also allow whoever is i charge of tippig to stop it for safety reasos, ad they should be cofidet that their employer would support their authority. This authority ca be icluded i cotracts. 938 Whe tippig is beig arraged, both the haulier ad the perso receivig the load should exchage writte iformatio about the load, safe tippig, the characteristics of the site, a safe route to the site, ad safe ways of workig. The driver ad workers at the receivig site should be made aware of this iformatio as well, ad before the delivery begis. See Deliveries - commuicatio (paragraphs 203-227) for more guidace about exchagig iformatio. 939 Drivers visitig a site should have to report to the site operator for ay relevat istructios. 940 Weather ca be a sigificat factor i tippig. If the surface is very slippery, there may be a risk of a perso or vehicle losig their grip, ad widy places ca also cause problems. Everyoe should be prepared to wait for wid to die dow to safe levels if it poses a risk to safe tippig. 941 The receivig site operator should appoit someoe to be resposible for tippig. That perso should be fully iformed about tippig safety (ad other safety matters relatig to vehicle movemets ad visitig drivers), ad should be prepared to stop ay operatio if they are ot satisfied about safety. That perso will eed to be cofidet that their employer would support a decisio to stop tippig for safety reasos. 942 If the load is to be released ito bis or silos, the driver will eed to make sure they are fillig the correct cotaiers ad that there is eough room for the load before they begi to tip. 943 The site operator ad the visitig driver eed to co-operate to keep uecessary people or vehicles away from the tippig area. 944 You should cosider ormal reversig safety see chapter Reversig for more iformatio. 945 Drivers should ever begi tippig util they have received a specific istructio to do so, or have followed other agreed safety procedures to make sure it is safe to release the load. Workplace trasport safety Page 111 of 144

Health ad Safety 946 Before tippig starts, the driver may eed to check that the load is evely distributed across the vehicle. This is particularly importat where: the load might have slipped sideways or too far forwards, riskig overloadig the tippig gear; the load shiftig sideways or backwards could make the vehicle topple over; or there is a risk of the load freezig dow oe side as a result of movemet or settlig. If this happes, that side could cause a imbalace ad cause the vehicle to topple. Care eeds to be take that the load is released evely. 947 Sheets should be looseed eough to make sure that a vacuum will ot form behid the dischargig load. 948 The driver may also eed to check that the load will release smoothly ad safely ad that it caot jam uder the tailgate if the load is higher tha the top of the tailgate. 949 Whe raisig or lowerig the body, the driver should ever leave the vehicle ad should make sure that the cab doors are closed. 950 The driver should ever stad or walk immediately behid the vehicle (or allow ayoe to do so) whe the body is raised durig tippig. There is also a risk that a load beig released uevely could cause the vehicle to tip sideways, ad drivers should be aware that this ca happe. 951 Vehicles should ever approach overhead cables if this ca be avoided, ad should ever touch them. It is ot always possible to tell what type of cable has bee fouled i this way some older power cables look like telephoe wires. See our leaflet Workig safely ear overhead power lies 28 for further guidace about safety i this area. 952 If a overhead cable is touched, ad the situatio caot be made safe immediately: the driver should leave the vehicle by jumpig as far clear as possible; the driver should ever make cotact with the groud ad the vehicle (or aythig touchig the vehicle) at the same time as this could complete a electrical circuit ad may cause serious ijury or death; the driver should immediately make sure that o oe else comes ito cotact with the vehicle or aythig touchig it, while it is still touchig the cable; ad the surroudig area should be secured immediately ad the local electricity supplier cotacted to arrage for the power supply to be cut off. If you do ot kow the electricity supplier s umber, call 999. 953 The driver should be able to tell whe the body is fully tipped, ad should stop the tippig pump as soo as possible ad release the tippig gear. 954 The driver should ever go beeath a tipped trailer that is oly supported by liftig gear. If a driver caot avoid reachig udereath a raised body, it should be securely propped first. 955 Drivers should receive traiig ad istructio i how to aticipate loads stickig or freezig i the body. 956 Some loads are particularly likely to freeze. Mechaical aids (such as vibratory discharge systems) may be eeded i some cases. Workplace trasport safety Page 112 of 144

Health ad Safety 957 If a load does freeze, the body eeds to be lowered ad the rest of the load looseed before the body is raised agai. 958 The operator should ever try to dislodge a froze load without lowerig the body first. Case study 14 A self-employed lorry driver suffered a broke leg whe scrap steel fell from the trailer of his vehicle. Some scrap steel had stuck i the vehicle trailer after tippig. The driver re-tipped the trailer ad the, without lowerig the trailer, walked roud behid it to check that the scrap was discharged. Some scrap dislodged ad fell o to him. Whe he realised that some scrap had stuck i the trailer, the driver should have lowered the trailer body ad freed the remaiig load before re-tippig. 959 The driver should always give the vehicle a wide berth aroud the sides ad at the back, i case a stuck load suddely moves. 960 The vehicle should ever be drive to shake free a stuck load. No oe should eter the body of a tipper lorry to free a stuck load while the body is raised, as there is a risk of the load fallig ad harmig someoe. 961 Drivers should also ot have to hold oto a pipe or a ozzle, as this places them i a dagerous positio, close to both the dischargig load ad to ay static build-up. 962 Drivers should pay attetio to fillig gauges ad alarms wherever appropriate. 963 Drivers should ot be expected to work i areas where there is a lot of dust, without a appropriate mask. 964 Spilled loads of ay kid should be avoided ad should be cleaed up as soo as it is safe to do so. 965 After releasig the load the driver should always make sure that the body is completely empty. 966 The driver should ot drive more tha a few metres forward to make sure the load is clear, ad should oly do this after checkig that the load is at the bottom of the tipped body. If the driver has to leave the cab to do this, they should fully apply the brakes, tur off the egie ad (if possible) remove the keys. Agai, the vehicle will always eed to be give a wide berth. 967 The egie power should ever be shifted back to the road wheels while the tippig pump is still i gear. 968 If the vehicle begis to topple over, the driver should brace themselves agaist the back of the driver s seat ad hold firmly o to the steerig wheel. The driver should ever try to jump out of a lorry that is fallig over. Workplace trasport safety Page 113 of 144

Health ad Safety 969 You should give drivers a safe place ad plety of time to make sure that their vehicle is safe to use after tippig. This could iclude sweepig ay remaiig load out of the back, which might eed a suitable place away from pedestria routes. Workplace trasport safety Page 114 of 144

Health ad Safety Prevetig vehicles from overturig Commo risks 970 Vehicle overturs cause early a fifth of all deaths related to workplace trasport. 971 Fork-lift trucks, tractors, compact dumpers, tipper lorries, forestry ad allterrai vehicles ad craes are all especially likely to overtur. 972 People resposible for a workplace eed to examie which vehicles are beig used, where ad how. Case study 15 A worker died whe his vehicle toppled over a uprotected edge. A weighbridge was set ear the etrace of a waste-hadlig site. It was raised about 30 cm above the level of the surroudig groud, ad had o edge protectio. A employee drivig a 2.5 toe couterbalace lift truck followed regular practice ad drove across the elevated weighbridge whe a trailer blocked the ormal site access road. The rear left wheel wet over a 22 cm vertical edge ad the truck toppled oto its side. The truck was ot fitted with a seat belt, ad the driver died whe his head was struck by part of the lift truck frame. Risk assessmets had idetified the potetial for overturig ad the lack of a seatbelt but o remedial actio had bee take. The firm was prosecuted ad fied. 973 There are a lot of reasos vehicles might overtur. They iclude: travellig o slopes that are too steep; goig over slippery surfaces (such as oil or grease patches); goig over soft groud, potholes or ueve terrai; goig over kerbs, steps or other edges; beig overloaded or, for lift trucks such as fork-lift trucks, uder-loaded (they may be desiged to be more stable whe loaded); beig uevely loaded; goig too quickly, especially aroud corers; ot beig suitable for the task; ad carryig loads at a dagerous height (for example, with a lift truck load fully raised). 974 You should thik about ways of makig overturs less likely, ad ways to make the cosequeces of a overtur less serious. Workplace trasport safety Page 115 of 144

Health ad Safety Safe site 975 You should pla out suitable routes, avoidig too steep slopes, ueve or slippery surfaces, kerbs, sharp turs ad aythig else that would make the vehicle ustable. 976 Barriers, walls, baks ad sigs ca all help drivers avoid usuitable terrai or hazards such as pits or treches. 977 Road humps ca be used to cotrol speed, but there should be a warig sig or mark before them. Lift trucks should avoid havig to pass over road humps (uless they are of a type that ca go over them safely). This may mea plaig lift truck routes that do ot pass over speed bumps. 978 You should cosider speed restrictios ad eforce them where appropriate. Safe vehicles 979 By law, may types of vehicle must have a roll-over protectio system (ROPS) ad restraits fitted if there is a risk of them overturig. ROPS ca mea roll cages, roll bars or other types of protective structure. A ROPS will ot prevet a overtur, but it should make a serious ijury less likely especially whe operator restraits are also used. 980 If there is a risk of ayoe beig hurt if a vehicle rolls over, you must do oe of these thigs: make sure the vehicle is stable; make sure that, if possible, the vehicle remais upright, or ca do o more tha roll oto its side; put i place a structure to protect ayoe o the vehicle if it does roll further tha oto its side (ie roll all the way over) such as a ROPS. 981 The oly exceptios are: vehicles that are ot sigificatly likely to overtur; vehicles where these measures would icrease risks to safety, make the vehicle useless or would ot be practicable; ad couterbalaced lift trucks that ca carry o more tha 10 toes ad which are cotrolled by a cetrally-seated operator (the mast will ormally prevet these machies from rollig further tha their sides). 982 If there is a risk of a vehicle crushig ayoe it is carryig if it rolls over (whether or ot a ROPS is fitted), the employer must make sure that there is a restraiig system to prevet ayoe o the vehicle from beig throw uder it. 983 If your risk assessmet fids that ay vehicle i your workplace is at risk of overturig, the followig free iformatio sheets ca give you more detailed guidace about what you eed to do: Hirig ad leasig out of plat: Applicatio of PUWER 98, regulatios 26 ad 27; 29 Retrofittig of roll-over protective structures, restraiig systems ad their attachmet poits to mobile work equipmet; 30 Fittig ad use of restraiig systems o lift trucks. 31 Workplace trasport safety Page 116 of 144

Health ad Safety 984 All-terrai vehicles (ATVs) ofte work i a differet way to other vehicles. Overtur risks ca be differet for ATVs. See our free publicatio Safe use of allterrai vehicles (ATVs) i agriculture ad forestry 32 for further iformatio. 985 Our publicatio Safe use of work equipmet 33 also provides more detailed iformatio about what the law says o reducig the risks to safety caused by overturig vehicles. 986 There are other vehicle issues that ca be importat i prevetig overturs: brakes eed to be coected ad workig properly; if brakes are idepedet of oe aother (for example, o some tractors), they eed to be properly balaced; tyres should always be iflated to the correct pressure, have good tread ad geerally be i good coditio; lubricat ad hydraulic fluid levels, ad peumatic pressure levels, should be regularly moitored. 987 Uder o circumstaces should ay vehicle be loaded beyod its capacity. Overloaded vehicles ca become ustable ad difficult to steer, or be less able to brake. 988 Loads should be evely distributed across the vehicle ad be adequately secured. Shiftig loads ca make a vehicle very ustable. See chapter Trimmig, sheetig ad ettig for iformatio o safety durig load trimmig. 989 Loads should oly be carried by vehicles that are suited to the specific task. 990 See chapter Loadig ad uloadig, ad load safety for further iformatio o suitable vehicles ad geeral load safety. 991 A uloaded lift truck will ormally be less stable tha whe it is loaded. Operators should be properly traied, iformed ad supervised to hadle the vehicle safely. 992 Loads should be carried i a lowered positio wherever possible. 993 For spreadig vehicles (for example, tractors towig sprayig equipmet), remember that a load that gets lighter will mea less grip agaist drivig surfaces. Liquid loads are especially dagerous o slopig groud if they surge aroud i their cotaier. Safe drivers 994 Vehicles should oly be drive over surfaces they are desiged to cope with. 995 Vehicles should ot be used i a way that risks a overtur, whether or ot a ROPS ad seat restraits are fitted. 996 Vehicles should be drive at a suitable speed for the task, load, terrai ad type of vehicle. 997 Where drivig across a slope caot be avoided, drivers should always try to drive forwards up the slope, ad should pay special attetio to loose groud, humps ad so o. If the vehicle is off-balace already, a much smaller object ca overtur it. Workplace trasport safety Page 117 of 144

Health ad Safety 998 If drivig dow a slope caot be avoided, drivers should try to drive carefully dow the shallowest part of the slope. It may be better to drive forward dow the slope rather tha diagoally, to keep the sideways stability of the vehicle. 999 I particular, do ot tur dow a slope while you are o it. 1000 Remember that vehicles are ofte more stable goig uphill tha dowhill. Beig safe to drive up a slope does ot mea it will be safe to drive dow it. 1001 Keep away from baks, ditches, pits ad kerbs, especially whe turig. 1002 Site operators ad employers should check that workers are wearig seat restraits, ad are ot takig risks that might cause vehicles to overtur. Where seat restraits are fitted, they should usually be wor at all times. A exceptio might be warehouse lift truck operators pickig orders i a warehouse (or similar work), where the surface is good, the vehicles move slowly, ad workers eed to get i ad out of the vehicle frequetly. A risk assessmet should idetify whether risks are low eough for seat restraits ot to be wor. 1003 Oly drivers traied to recogise ad avoid a risk of overturig should be allowed to use vehicles. 1004 Site operators ad employers should make sure that proper iformatio is available o where ad how seat restraits ad other safety equipmet should be used. This could iclude sigs o safety areas ad vehicles, clear floor markigs ad adequate traiig. 1005 I may situatios, the driver restrait is simply to prevet the driver from tryig to jump off a overturig vehicle ad beig crushed by the ROPS or FOPS (fallig object protectio system). If a vehicle begis to topple over, the driver should brace themselves agaist the back of the driver s seat ad hold firmly oto a secure part iside the cab. The driver should ever try to jump out of a vehicle that is fallig over. 1006 A ROPS o some kids of vehicle ca reduce the risk of ijury if it overturs, but is ot fully effective uless the driver is also wearig a appropriate restrait (for example, a seat belt). Drivers have bee killed whe a vehicle with a roll cage overtured, because they were ot wearig the restrait provided. 1007 Drivers should be traied to follow safety procedures, wear proper restraits for their safety, ad spot dagers ad avoid them. 1008 If a employer has take reasoable steps to moitor ad eforce the wearig of restraits where they are appropriate, drivers who do ot wear the restrait (or who carry passegers who do ot do so) could be prosecuted. Workplace trasport safety Page 118 of 144

Health ad Safety Prevetig falls from workplace vehicles Commo risks 1009 Falls from vehicles are amog the most commo accidets ivolvig workplace trasport. 1010 Falls ca be caused by may thigs, such as: slippig ad fallig from loads ad access steps ad ladders; broke ropes or tor sheets causig overbalacig; iappropriate footwear; bad weather; or a lack of awareess ad traiig. 1011 Eve fallig a short distace ca be very serious, or eve kill someoe, so you have a legal duty to try to prevet falls. 1012 By law, employers must take suitable ad effective measures to: prevet ayoe from fallig a distace that is likely to hurt them; ad prevet ayoe from beig hit by a fallig object that is likely to hurt them. 1013 Where people workig for differet employers work i the same place, those employers may have a legal duty to work together to make sure they are meetig their legal resposibilities. See paragraphs 172-181 for more iformatio about shared workplaces. 1014 Your risk assessmet should iclude thigs that might ivolve a perso climbig oto a vehicle or a structure for a trasport-related activity. You should remember to iclude irregular or less frequet activities ivolvig someoe gettig to less easily reached parts of the vehicle (such as the egie, exhaust stacks or refrigeratio uits) for maiteace or other reasos. You should still cosider measures to deal with sigificat risks resultig from this work. See chapter Maagig the risks for more iformatio about this. 1015 By law employers must cosider a hierarchy of differet ways of cotrollig the risks from workig at height so they choose the safest optio for the work. 1016 Work i high places should be avoided wherever possible. You ca do this by usig gauges ad cotrols that are accessible from the groud. For example, where a road taker delivers fuel to a petrol statio, the employer of the delivery driver ad the statio operator should cosider whether dippig (which meas the driver must go oto the top of the vehicle) is ecessary. 1017 Automatic sheetig systems (ofte kow as easysheets ) are aother example of a effective way of avoidig the eed for workers to climb o vehicles. See paragraphs 848-858 for more iformatio about automatic sheetig systems. 1018 You should give permissio to gai access oto vehicles oly to people who caot avoid doig so. Workplace trasport safety Page 119 of 144

Health ad Safety 1019 If the work at height caot be avoided, it is best for people to be protected by equipmet ad site or vehicle features that prevet falls. If equipmet to prevet falls is beig used, the best solutios are those that protect everyoe, ot just idividuals. 1020 If oly oe perso is at risk, haress systems, for example, might be most appropriate. 1021 You should istruct ad trai workers to use the work equipmet competetly, ad provide iformatio for workers. You should be doig this ayway safe ways of workig should always be part of maagig risks. 1022 You should assess how much light is available for people climbig ito or oto vehicles, or walkig o vehicles. Poor visibility ca lead to accidets. Hadheld lights or torches would ot ormally be a effective way of lightig places where people eed to use their hads. 1023 People climbig oto vehicles or other structures should always use the three-poit hold rule. This meas they should try to keep at least three poits of cotact with the vehicle they are climbig (with their hads ad feet), movig oe limb at a time ad testig the ew hold before movig o. Loopig a elbow aroud a support is ot a secure eough hold people should use their hads to grasp supports. The three-poit hold rule is less importat for people usig stairs, although hadholds are still importat. 1024 Tasks that are carried out from ladders or steps should allow the worker to keep the cetre of their body betwee the sides of the ladder or steps, ad both feet o the same rug or step. Oly tasks that are of a short duratio ad are low risk should be carried out from ladders. 1025 Employers should cosider other sectios of this guidace for operatios that might ivolve a risk of fallig. Iformatio about safety durig loadig ad uloadig, sheetig operatios, couplig ad ucouplig, ad other areas are all likely to be relevat. Safe sites 1026 Platforms or gatries at places where vehicles ofte eed to be accessed (for example, for loadig, uloadig or sheetig) ca also avoid the eed to climb o top of vehicles or loads. See Site-based access to vehicles (paragraphs 498-522) for more iformatio about this. 1027 You should also cosider the followig: vehicles should be parked o firm ad level groud wherever possible, to make sure that other safety precautios are effective; too much mud ca make rugs, steps ad walkways slippery ad usafe for people gettig oto (or off) a vehicle; other permaet features ca be used to prevet people from climbig o vehicles. Examples iclude stairs foldig out from a fixed platform, or a stepped wall to allow drivers to walk up to their cab; gusts of wid ca kock workers off balace, or affect opeed doors or hatches o vehicles. You should recogise the effects of strog wid ad deal with them if ecessary. 1028 If work has to be carried out higher tha groud level, ad permaet, safe access caot be achieved usig platforms, gatries or other site measures, you should arrage other types of safe access. Workplace trasport safety Page 120 of 144

Health ad Safety 1029 Moveable steps (ot attached to the vehicle) are safer to climb tha vehiclemouted ladders. You ca fid more iformatio about vehicle-based access i paragraphs 1031-1041. 1030 You should also cosider sigs showig trip, slip, fall or other geeral hazards wherever there is a sigificat risk of a accidet. However, the sigs must ot be used i so may places that they become part of the backgroud ad are igored. Safe vehicles 1031 Access should be by a well-costructed ladder or steps. 1032 Ladders or steps should be well built, properly maitaied ad securely fixed. 1033 You should avoid usig suspeded steps wherever possible. If you caot avoid usig them, you should use rubber or cable suspesio ladders, ot ladders made of chais. 1034 Ladders ad steps should slope iwards towards the top if this is reasoably practicable. They should ot lea outwards towards the top. 1035 Rugs or steps o vehicles should have the same features as those o sitebased ladders or stairs. This meas that they should: be level ad comfortable to use; have a slip-resistat surface; ad should ot allow, for example, mud, grease or oil to build up dagerously (for example, gratig could be used to allow thigs to pass through a step). 1036 For more iformatio o safe ladders, steps ad platforms, see Site-based access to vehicles (paragraphs 498-522). 1037 The first rug or step should be close eough to the groud to be easily reached ideally about 40 cm, ad ever more tha 70 cm. 1038 If fixed to a vehicle, ladders or steps should be placed o the frot or back of the part of the vehicle that eeds to be accessed, as close to the relevat part of the vehicle as possible. Figure 55 This piece of plat has a good access system, with steps ad hadholds. The first step is flexible to stop it beig damaged i rough coditios 1039 Opeig (ad holdig ope) a cab door o a vehicle should ot force a driver to break the three-poit hold rule or to move to a usafe positio. 1040 Access does t always have to be through the side of the semi-trailer or the cab. The fifth wheel area behid the cab of a tractive uit ca be used as log there is a properly desiged cover ad the area is free of thigs that might lead to a perso slippig or trippig, such as tools or ropes. Workplace trasport safety Page 121 of 144

Health ad Safety 1041 Wherever possible, walkways should be used. Walkways should be made of slip-resistat gratig (with eough space for mud or oil to pass through the grate ad away from the walkig surface) or aother slip-resistat material. Figure 56 This LGV is fitted with a set of foldaway steps to make accessig the load easier 1042 Walkways, steps, ladders, hadrails ad so o should be positioed away from wheels if possible, to prevet throw mud from makig them slippery. Mudguards ca also help to keep them clea. 1043 Top ad middle guard rails may be eeded, to protect people whe they are stadig or crouchig. You ca cosider collapsible rails that ca be locked oto the access ladder. 1044 Vehicle owers eed to cosider fittig further safety features (such as those we have described i paragraphs 1031-1041) if they are ot already preset. Figure 57 This dropside vehicle has bee fitted with two footholds (oe of which folds flat) ad a hadhold (ot show) to help workers access the load bed 1045 If features are retrofitted to existig vehicles, the alteratios must ot affect the structural itegrity of the equipmet ad the actual fittig must be safe (for example, weldig oto petrol takers might be very usafe). 1046 Lift trucks are sometimes used to lift people. Although some vehicles are desiged with this i mid (for example, ma up/ma dow -type pickig vehicles), may lift trucks are ot. 1047 If a lift truck has ot bee desiged specifically for this, it must be used to lift people oly with purpose-desiged workig platforms, securely fixed to the vehicle ad ispected by a competet perso. Pallets should ever be used as substitute workig platforms. Workplace trasport safety Page 122 of 144

Health ad Safety Case study 16 A worker fell over 2 m from a pallet balaced o the forks of a lift truck. Pallets of sacks were stored three high but had settled uevely. This sometimes made retrievig of the top sack difficult. Usig pallets raised o the forks of a lift truck as a work platform is dagerous, ad is a commo cause of accidets i warehouses. Pallet rackig ad a safer way of accessig the sacks should have bee provided. Access should have bee gaied usig a mobile elevated work platform, a purpose-built ad properly secured lift-truck workig platform, or a stepladder. Safe drivers 1048 Employers should make sure that people workig with vehicles are aware of dagers ad safety precautios, ad moitor how vehicles are used wherever practicable. 1049 No oe should ever try to climb oto a movig vehicle. 1050 Passegers should oly be allowed o a vehicle if it is desiged to accommodate them safely, with suitable seatig ad restraits. 1051 People climbig o vehicles should always use the three-poit hold rule. See paragraph 1023 for more iformatio. 1052 People walkig o vehicles should always do so carefully, facig i the directio they are walkig ad keepig their feet well apart ad free to move. They should pay attetio to the stability ad grip of the surfaces they are walkig o. 1053 To keep their balace at all times, people workig with vehicles should ot lea backwards, especially ear the back of a vehicle (for example, durig sheetig). Case study 17 A experieced LGV driver suffered head ijuries whe he fell approximately 4 m from the top of a stack of pallets loaded o to a flatbed trailer. He had climbed o top of the load to release a sagged rope used for securig the pallets. A safe meas of access to the top of the pallets should have bee used, for example a mobile elevated work platform. Climbig o top of loads should be avoided wheever reasoably practicable, ad should ot be attempted without appropriate precautios. The employer is resposible for istructig employees o the use of safe workig practices. Workplace trasport safety Page 123 of 144

Health ad Safety 1054 No oe should rely o ropes, sheets or loads to support their weight, as they ca rip, tear or move. People should oly rest their weight o equipmet if that is what it is iteded for ad it is kow to be safe. If a sheet, rope or strap eeds to be pulled tight, the operator should try to keep oe foot behid the other, ad keep cotrol of their weight. 1055 A obstructio i the cab or elsewhere is a very commo cause of falls, ad spilt loads ca also be very dagerous. Vehicles should be kept as clea ad tidy as possible, ad especially free from grease or oil o walkig or other support surfaces, such as ay platform area behid the cab. 1056 People should ever use parts of the vehicle ot desiged as had or footholds (such as mudguards, bumpers, tracks, hooks) to gai access to ay part of a vehicle. Parts of the vehicle ot desiged to support weight may give way, ad their surfaces are likely to be usuitable. 1057 Whe gettig dow from the vehicle, people should use the steps or ladder provided. Workers should ot jump dow, as this ca cause slips ad falls, or ca lead to ijuries like spraied or broke akles, or log-term kee complaits. The exceptio to this is workers jumpig clear of vehicles where there is a risk of electric shock should they climb dow. 1058 People ivolved i workig with or aroud vehicles should always wear appropriate footwear, which is i good coditio ad has good tread ad akle support. Where a risk assessmet shows that people eed to wear a certai type of footwear, that footwear is cosidered persoal protective equipmet ad so eeds to be provided ad maitaied free of charge to the worker. 1059 I some workplaces it may be practical to fit a haress system to protect people workig at height, such as a work-restrait or a iertia-reel fall-arrest system, where haresses are wor liked to overhead rails. 1060 If you provide fall-arrest systems, you should cosider usig sigs to show that they must be used. You must also supervise ad moitor their use. You must cosider maiteace ad provide traiig to users. 1061 If there is a possibility of a fall, the law requires you to pla for the rescue of ayoe who has falle. Workplace trasport safety Page 124 of 144

Health ad Safety Appedices Appedix 1: Safety checklist 1 The followig checklist shows which areas you should look at whe you are idetifyig trasport hazards i the workplace, ad whe you are assessig whether existig precautios are eough or if more precautios are eeded. 2 It also gives some ideas for reducig the risk. The checklist will ot ecessarily be comprehesive or relevat for all work situatios. The workplace 1 Check that the layout of routes is appropriate. For example: Are vehicles ad pedestrias kept safely apart? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 258-263, 371-392 Are there suitable pedestria crossig poits o vehicle routes? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 378-385 Are there suitable parkig areas for all parkig eeds? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 409-427 Do the vehicle routes avoid sharp or blid beds? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 294-296 Is a oe-way system used o vehicle routes withi the workplace, where this ca be achieved? Yes/No 2 Check that vehicle traffic routes are suitable for the type ad quatity of vehicles that use them. For example: If No, see paragraphs 250-252, 258, 292, 670 Are they wide eough? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 258, 261-273, 282-286 Do they have firm ad eve surfaces? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 319-344, 478-487 Are they free from obstructios ad other hazards? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 523-529 Are they well maitaied? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 320, 335-337 3 Check that suitable safety features are provided where appropriate. For example: Are roadways marked where ecessary for example, to show the right of way at road juctios? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 311-312, 388, 393-408 Are roadsigs as set out i the Highway Code used where ecessary? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 229, 311-313, 393-402 Where they are eeded, have you put i place features such as fixed mirrors to provide greater visio at blid beds, road humps to reduce vehicle speeds, or barriers to keep vehicles ad pedestrias apart Do visitig drivers ad pedestrias report at the etrace for istructios before eterig the site? Yes/No Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 296-297, 676 (sitefixed mirrors), 351-370 (cotrollig speed) 371-392 (pedestria safety) If No, see paragraphs 391, 619, 939 Key (paragraph refereces): Italic: Specific legal duty Bold: Mai referece Workplace trasport safety Page 125 of 144

Health ad Safety The vehicles 4 Check that vehicles are safe ad are suitable for the work they are beig used for. For example: Have suitable vehicles ad attachmets bee chose for the tasks that are actually carried out? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs Do they have suitable ad effective service ad parkig brakes? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 577-591, 608 Do they have suitable exteral mirrors ad additioal aids (eg CCTV) where ecessary to provide the greatest visibility whe maoeuvrig? Are they provided with hors, lights, reflectors, reversig lights ad other safety features as ecessary? Do they have seats, ad restraits where ecessary, that are safe ad comfortable for the people usig them? Are there guards o dagerous parts of the vehicles, such as power take-offs, chai drives, exposed exhaust pipes etc? Are drivers protected agaist bad weather coditios, or agaist a upleasat workig eviromet? Cosider extremes of temperature, dirt, dust, fumes, ad excessive oise ad vibratio. Is there a safe way of gettig ito ad out of the drivig positio, ad to or from ay other parts that eed to be reached? Does the driver eed to be protected agaist ijury i case the vehicle overturs? If there is a eed, is this protectio i place ad strog eough? Does the driver eed to be protected agaist beig hit by fallig objects? If there is a eed, is this protectio i place ad strog eough? 5 Check that the vehicles are maitaied properly. For example: Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 550-567, 608 If No, see paragraphs 539, 568-570, 608 If No, see paragraphs 541, 1002-1008 If No, see paragraphs 542, 750 If No, see paragraphs 646-647 If No, see paragraphs 53-54, 498-522 If No, see paragraphs 549, 970-1008 If No, see paragraphs 549, 1012 Do the drivers carry out basic safety checks before usig vehicles? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 452, 604-606 Is there a regular prevetive maiteace programme for each vehicle, carried out at set times or mileages? Where vehicles lift people or materials, there is a eed for thorough examiatio. Is this takig place? Drivers ad other people Yes/No Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 346, 604, 607-608 If No, see paragraphs 611-617 6 Check that your selectio ad traiig procedures make sure that your drivers ad other employees are able to work safely ad resposibly. For example: Do you check the previous experiece of your drivers ad test them to make sure they are competet? Do you provide traiig o how to do the job, ad iformatio about particular hazards, speed limits, the appropriate parkig ad loadig areas etc? Do you have a plaed programme of refresher traiig for drivers ad other employees? Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No 7 Check what your drivers ad other employees actually do whe carryig out their work activities. For example: Do your drivers drive with care? For example, do they use the correct routes, drive withi the speed limit ad follow ay other site rules? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 143-145, 642-648 If No, see paragraphs 144-145, 623-625 642-665 If No, see paragraphs 649-652 If No, see paragraphs 58, 128-153, 620 Do they park safely ad i safe places? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 58, 409-427 Are your employees workig safely? Cosider how they go about loadig ad uloadig, securig loads, carryig out maiteace etc. Are you sure that your drivers ad other employees do ot have to rush to complete their work o time? Are you sure that there is o risk of accidets caused by tiredess as a result of workig log hours? Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 58, 128-153 If No, see paragraph 68 If No, see paragraphs 68, 463 Workplace trasport safety Page 126 of 144

Health ad Safety Drivers ad other people (cotiued) Do maagers ad supervisors routiely challege ad ivestigate usafe behaviour? Do maagers ad supervisors set a good example for example, by followig istructios to separate vehicles ad pedestrias, ad by wearig high-visibility clothig where eeded? Yes/No Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 135-144 If No, see paragraphs 135-136 8 Check, i cosultatio with your employees, that your level of maagemet cotrol ad supervisio is suitable. For example: Are your supervisors, drivers ad other employees (icludig cotractors ad visitig drivers) aware of the site rules o usig vehicles ad traffic movemet? Are they aware of their resposibilities to maitai a safe workplace ad work safely? Is everyoe at the workplace supervised ad held accoutable for their resposibilities, ad is a clear system of pealties eforced whe employees, cotractors etc fail to maitai stadards? Do you take adequate steps to assess the behaviour of pedestrias ad drivers of site ad visitig vehicles, to ivestigate ay uderlyig reasos for usafe behaviour, ad to correct this? Have you made certai people resposible for detectig, ivestigatig ad correctig usafe behaviour? Vehicle activities Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 126-134, 170 If No, see paragraphs 135-144, 154-171 If No, see paragraphs 135-144, 621-665 If No, see paragraphs 132-136 9 Check that the eed for reversig is kept to a miimum ad, where reversig is ecessary, that it is doe safely ad i safe areas. For example: Is there a oe-way system o routes to reduce the eed for reversig maoeuvres? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 250-252, 258, 292, 670 Are o-essetial staff kept clear from areas where reversig is commo? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 258-263, 371-392, 674 Have you idetified ad marked reversig areas to be clear to both drivers ad pedestrias? Are you sure that, where there is a uavoidable eed to use a baksma (a sigaller) to direct reversig vehicles, they are adequately traied ad visible, ad otherwise able to work safely? Are side-mouted ad rear-view mirrors attached to the outside of the vehicles to provide the best all-roud visibility? Have addiitioal visibility aids, eg CCTV, bee fitted to vehicles to elimiate or reduce blid spots durig reversig? Yes/No If No, see paragraph 673 Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 683-697 If No, see paragraphs 550-557 If No, see paragraphs 558-564 Do vehicles have reversig alarms? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 565-570 10 Check that drivers take care whe parkig their vehicles, icludig their ow private cars, ad that they park i safe places. For example: Do your drivers use the parkig areas? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 135-139, 413-416 Do your drivers always put the brakes o for their vehicles ad trailers ad secure them before leavig them parked? 11 Check that loadig ad uloadig is carried out safely. For example: Is loadig ad uloadig carried out i a area away from passig traffic, pedestrias ad others ot ivolved i the work? Are you sure that people are ot eedlessly steadyig the load? Is there eough co-operatio betwee the site occupier ad duty holders who deliver or pick up goods? For example, are all the loads, the delivery vehicles, the vehicles that hadle materials ad the equipmet compatible? Is loadig ad uloadig carried out usig safe systems of work o groud that is flat, firm ad free from potholes? Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 584-591, 709-712, 719-720 If No, see paragraphs 185-187, 748-751, 799 If No, see paragraphs 182-227, 794-796 Yes/No If No, see paragraph 748 Workplace trasport safety Page 127 of 144

Health ad Safety Vehicle activities (cotiued) Are the vehicles braked ad stabilised as appropriate, to prevet usafe movemet durig loadig ad uloadig? Is loadig ad uloadig carried out so that, as far as possible, the load is spread evely to prevet the vehicle or trailer from becomig ustable? Yes/No If No, see paragraph 800 Yes/No If No, see paragraph 801 Are checks made to make sure that loads are secured ad arraged so that they caot move about? Are checks made to make sure that vehicles are ot loaded with more material tha they ca carry? Has the eed for people to go o the load area of the vehicle bee removed where possible? 12 Check that tippig is carried out safely. For example: Do visitig drivers report to the site maager for ay relevat istructios before tippig? Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 759-780 If No, see paragraphs 753-756 If No, see paragraphs 806-809, 1009-1061 If No, see paragraphs 935, 939 Are o-essetial staff kept well clear of tippig areas? Yes/No If No, see paragraph 933 Does tippig happe o groud that is level ad stable, ad at a place that is clear of overhead obstructios such as power lies, pipework etc. Where sites are ot level ad stable, are the tippig faces safe for vehicles ivolved i tippig? For example, are they compacted ad with o sigificat side slopes? Are suitably sized wheel stops provided where vehicles eed to reverse before tippig? Are tailgates secured ope before tippig, ad removed completely whe ecessary? Do drivers check that their loads are evely distributed across the vehicle before tippig? Yes/No If No, see paragraph 904 Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 907-911 If No, see paragraphs 679, 910-911 If No, see paragraphs 918-925, 930-932 Yes/No If No, see paragraph 946 Are the drivers experieced eough to aticipate loads stickig? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 955-960 Do drivers always make sure that the body is completely empty, ad drive o more tha a few metres forward to make sure the load is clear? 13 Check that sheetig ad usheetig is carried out safely. For example: Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 965-966 Is sheetig ad usheetig carried out i a safe place, away from passig traffic ad pedestrias ad sheltered from strog wids ad bad weather? Are the vehicles parked o level groud, with their parkig brakes o ad the igitio key removed? Are gloves, safety boots ad, where ecessary, eye ad head protectio provided ad used? Is there room for usig mechaical sheetig systems to avoid the eed for maual sheetig? Where maual sheetig is uavoidable, is there a system i place that avoids the eed for a perso to climb o the vehicle or load, for example by sheetig from the groud or by providig a platform from which loads ca be sheeted? 14 Check that couplig ad ucouplig is carried out safely. For example: Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 823, 828, 843 Yes/No If No, see paragraph 846 Yes/No If No, see paragraph 878 Yes/No Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 832-837, 849-859 If No, see paragraphs 498-522, 841-842, 868-887 Is the semi-trailer parkig brake always applied before the hoses are discoected, istead of usig the emergecy brakes to secure the trailer? Do drivers check that the groud is able to support the semi-trailer ad ladig legs before ucouplig? Are ladig legs always fully exteded, properly padded ad locked i place as ecessary? Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 584-591, 709-712, 719-720, 730-734 If No, see paragraphs 478-487, 717, 732-734 If No, see paragraphs 484-489, 581, 730-731 Workplace trasport safety Page 128 of 144

Health ad Safety Vehicle activities (cotiued) Is the platform area behid the tractive uit kept clear, as clea as possible, ad well lit, to help prevet falls? Do drivers kow how to move ay adjustable fairigs to get behid their tractive uit easily, ad are they doig so? Are the drivers experieced eough to kow whether the fifth wheel is workig properly? Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 725-726, 1057 If No, see paragraphs 726, 1010-1012 If No, see paragraphs 631-632, 642-647, 730 Are gloves ad safety boots provided ad used where ecessary? Yes/No If No, see paragraph 729 Are drivers wearig high-visibility clothig whe they work aroud other movig vehicles? Yes/No If No, see paragraphs 235, 647, 729 Workplace trasport safety Page 129 of 144

Health ad Safety Appedix 2: Templates You may reproduce these forms Example of a workplace risk-assessmet form Risk assessmet for: Compay ame: Locatio assessed: Assessmet carried out by: Name: Sigature: Positio: Date: Whe the ext review is due: Step 1: What are the hazards? Photographs refereced here ca support these etries. Step 2: Who is at risk, ad how could they get hurt? Step 3: How serious is the risk? Major, mior or acceptable? What eeds to be doe to reduce the risk? Iclude aythig already beig doe. Is it eough? There may be more tha oe thig for each risk. Record positive risk cotrol, as well as actio to be take. Decide o a deadlie for aythig that eeds to be doe. Make it as soo as possible. Major risks eed to be dealt with quickly, but mior risks could be reduced very easily, ad so the deadlie might be sooer. Workplace trasport safety Page 130 of 144

Health ad Safety Example of a workplace risk-assessmet form (cotiued) Step 1: What are the hazards? Photographs refereced here ca support Step 2: Who is at risk, ad how could they get hurt? Step 3: How serious is the risk? Major, mior or acceptable? What eeds to be doe to reduce the risk? Decide o a deadlie. Workplace trasport safety Page 131 of 144

Health ad Safety Example of a driver traiig log Employee s ame: Date started: Date to review this summary sheet: Road licece (attach a copy): Drivig licece? Clea licece? Specialist licece? Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Type: Traiig or qualificatios (attach copies) Course Date achieved Reewal date? Checked? Specific vehicles the employee is allowed to cotrol: 1 6 2 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 All Workplace trasport safety Page 132 of 144

Health ad Safety Example of a driver ad vehicle chart Drivers Vehicle 1 Vehicle 2 Vehicle 3 Vehicle 4 Vehicle 5 Registratio: Registratio: Registratio: Registratio: Registratio: Workplace trasport safety Page 133 of 144

Health ad Safety Glossary ACOP Approved Code of Practice. A ACOP published by the Health ad Safety Commissio has a special legal status. It demostrates behaviour that should be followed to meet regulatory provisios. articulated used to idetify a vehicle with a joited body. May types of vehicle ca be articulated, such as lift trucks or costructio site dumpers. The term is ofte used, however, to refer to articulated goods vehicle combiatios. See also artic. ATV all-terrai vehicle. ATVs are ofte quad bike type, although a variety of desigs are used i workplaces i Great Britai. baffle a itermediate partial bulkhead that reduces the surge effect i a partially loaded tak. See also bulkhead. baler a machie used to compress ad bid materials (ofte agricultural or waste materials) for storage ad shipmet. baksma a worker who guides a vehicle driver usig sigals. bar doors a twi set of doors higed o the outside. bulk solid solid, particulate materials trasported i bulk form, such as some grais, or mieral aggregate. bulkhead a vertical partitio i a load area. The bulkhead ofte describes the forward limit of the load area, ad is ofte close to the rear of the cab. cable lift a method for raisig demoutable cotaiers oto trasport vehicles, by meas of a wich ad cable. camber the curvature of a road surface. The camber is measured as the height differece betwee oe edge of the road ad the cetre. CCTV closed circuit televisio. close-coupled some types of vehicle are coupled with relatively little space betwee the tractive uit cab ad the frot of the trailer. Reefer temperature cotrolled uits are a good example, where the refrigeratio equipmet is ofte located i the usually empty area betwee the cab ad trailer. See split couplig. curtaisider a haulage vehicle with fabric sides o the load body, which are moved aside to allow access to the load dow the sides of the vehicle. competet perso a competet perso is somebody who has eough kowledge, experiece ad persoal ability, ad who has received eough traiig ad iformatio, to do a task safely ad well. It may also mea a perso chose by the employer to carry out thorough examiatios based o their level of kowledge of the equipmet, problems ad their causes, methods of testig ad diagosig faults. demoutable a load cotaier that ca be detached ad removed from the carryig vehicle, such as a skip or a shippig cotaier. Workplace trasport safety Page 134 of 144

Health ad Safety derate to lower the rated capacity. See also rated capacity. desire lies the routes that pedestria traffic choose to follow without guidace. dippig lowerig a device or measure ito a taker body, usually to measure quatity. dock house a structure that exteds out to meet the rear of a deliverig goods vehicle ad creates a seal betwee the vehicle load body ad the warehouse bay. dock leveller a adjustable ramp that covers the height differece betwee the vehicle ad bay platforms. dock shelter See dock house. double dropside a vehicle o which both of the side walls of the load-carryig body are higed ad ca be released for easier access oto the load bed. double hadlig movig a load more tha oce. drawbar a combiatio of a powered vehicle ad a trailer. The trailer is attached to the vehicle by a hitch at the rear of the powered vehicle. Car trailers, rigid-truck trailers, caravas, ad horseboxes are all examples of drawbar arragemets. Driver ad Vehicle Licesig Agecy (DVLA) a Agecy of the Departmet for Trasport. dropside a higed side wall of a vehicle load-carryig body, which ca be released for easier access oto the load bed. Also used to refer to a vehicle with a dropside feature. duage loosely packed bulky material such as boards, plaks, blocks, or metal bracig, used i trasportatio ad storage to support ad secure loads to protect them from damage. duty holder a duty holder is somebody who has a duty give to them by law. Every employer ad worker is a duty holder i oe way or aother, because they have a duty to take reasoable care of themselves ad other people. fall arrest a haress system to reduce risks associated with work at height, which does ot prevet a fall, but will make a fall less serious by stoppig the worker from fallig a log way. fifth wheel the lockig mechaism where the trailer coects to the tractive uit i a articulated goods-vehicle combiatio. FOPS fallig object protectio system. fork-lift truck a type of lift truck with forks extedig forwards that are used to carry the load, which is usually o a pallet for this sort of vehicle. fridge vehicle see temperature-cotrolled uit. gatry ormally a small platform with a overhead beam reachig over the area beig accessed. A haress system is attached to the beam. Workplace trasport safety Page 135 of 144

Health ad Safety goalpost a three-sided structure put over a vehicle route to limit the width ad height of vehicles that ca cotiue. grab refers to a wide variety of load-carryig equipmet with movig parts that coverge o or aroud the load. Ofte used to refer to the movig part of other machiery that coverges o a load to secure it. Also frequetly used as a alterative word for lorry loader, because this type of equipmet ofte icorporates a grab. See lorry loader. Grabs are distict from clamps, see clamp. gross combiatio weight (GCW) the total weight of a fully equipped vehicle ad ay trailers, icludig cargo, equipmet, driver ad passegers ad fuel. groud loader a vehicle with a load body that ca be etirely lowered to groud level to facilitate loadig, avoidig the eed for tail lifts, dock levellers ad so o. hammerhead a T arragemet of two stubs opposite oe aother. See stub. hardstadig places where vehicles ad their trailers park up for ay reaso should be hardstadig. They should be strog eough to safely support the weight of the vehicle, trailer ad load as it rests o the surface (through the wheels ad ay outriggers or other stabilisers). hazard a hazard meas aythig that ca cause harm (for example, chemicals, electricity, workig at height, machiery). Hiab a brad of lorry loader. See lorry loader. hooklift a type of demoutable cotaier, which is rolled oto ad off the back of a carryig vehicle by a mechaical arm ad hook arragemet fixed to the vehicle. IBC itermediate bulk carrier. iertia reel part of a fall-arrest system. A iertia reel acts much like a seatbelt, allowig free getle movemet but stoppig aythig sudde (like a fall). just-i-time the orderig ad delivery of products or materials so that they arrive just-i-time for use, reducig the costs associated with storage. joggig the practice of reversig the brakig hard to free blocked material from a skip or tipped load body. kigpi that part of the couplig mechaism i a articulated goods vehicle combiatio that is attached to the trailer, ad locks ito the throat of the fifth wheel mechaism fixed to the tractive uit. ladig legs a supportig leg (ofte retractable) used to brace the frot of a semitrailer whe it is ucoupled from the tractive uit of a vehicle combiatio. See also outrigger ad paddig. load-spreadig plates see paddig ad outrigger. Workplace trasport safety Page 136 of 144

Health ad Safety lorry loader a lorry-mouted crae, used to lift cosigmets oto or off the load bed. mid-lift axle a retractable axle fitted to some larger vehicles, which ca be lowered to provide extra support for heavy loads. multi drop a delivery jourey icludig uloadig at several locatios. outrigger a extedable leg used to improve stability whe a vehicle is statioary. See also load-spreadig plates ad paddig. paddig material placed uder the foot of a outrigger, ladig leg or other support structure to spread the weight across a wider area ad so reduce the pressure exerted o the groud. See also load-spreadig plates ad outrigger. persoal protective equipmet (PPE) safety devices or safeguards wor or used by workers to protect themselves agaist oe or more health ad safety risks. Examples iclude high-visibility clothig, safety boots, gloves ad safety haresses. pich poit i workplace trasport safety route desig, a arrowed part of a route put i place to ecourage drivig at low speeds. power take off (PTO) a driveshaft, powered by the vehicle egie, which ca be used to drive to a attachmet or separate mechaism (such as the raisig gear o a tippig vehicle). PPE see persoal protective equipmet. rear steer a vehicle with the pivotig wheel(s) positioed to the rear of the chassis, resultig i differet turig characteristics tha forward steer vehicles. reasoably practicable the level of risk reductio that is usually expected of the duty holder. It implies that a risk has bee thought about, ad actio to reduce it is reasoable compared to the chace of a accidet happeig ad the cosequeces if it does. reefer slag for temperature-cotrolled uit. See temperature-cotrolled uit. rider-operated lift truck a lift truck that is capable of carryig a operator, icludig trucks operated from both seated ad stadig positios. risk the chace that somebody will be harmed by a hazard (high or low) ad how seriously they might be harmed (seriously or ot). risk assessmet a careful examiatio of what, i your work, could harm people, so that you ca weigh up whether you have take eough precautios or should do more to prevet harm. You are legally required to assess the risks i your workplace. roll-over protectio system also called roll-over protective structure. A structure iteded to protect a vehicle operator ad passegers if they would be likely to be crushed i the evet of a vehicle overtur. A example might be a roll cage, or roll bars. Workplace trasport safety Page 137 of 144

Health ad Safety ROPS see roll-over protectio system. seat restrait a restrait iteded to keep a vehicle operator or passeger i their seat. segregatio separatio of two thigs, i particular pedestrias ad vehicles. semi-trailer the freight-carryig rear sectio of a articulated goods vehicle combiatio. split couplig the practice of coectig the suzie hoses before couplig the tractive uit to the semi-trailer of a articulated goods vehicle combiatio, usually because the combiatio is close-coupled. See also close coupled ad suzie. stub a area ext to a road, iteded to give drivers more room to maoeuvre. suzie the air hoses ad attachmets that coect the semi-trailer systems to the tractive uit o a articulated lorry (UK stadard). Other stadards iclude the Europea palm couplig ad the North America glad-had stadard. swarf bi tippig-bi fork-lift truck attachmet for bulk loads. system of work a way of doig a task. A safe system of work has to be idetified for every aspect of work that a orgaisatio does, to make sure that people are able to work safely. It should be the result of a thorough risk assessmet, which idetifies what could harm people ad how, so that these risks ca be maaged. The safe system should usually be writte dow so that workers ca be istructed ad their performace ca be moitored. tailgate the rear door of a load-carryig vehicle. TCU see temperature-cotrolled uit. temperature-cotrolled uit (TCU) a isulated cotaier, ofte a semi-trailer, with a temperature-cotrol mechaism for the beefit of loads that must be maitaied at a certai temperature durig trasit. three-poit hold rule a perso should keep at least three poits of cotact with the vehicle they are climbig (with their hads ad feet), movig oe limb at a time ad testig the ew hold before movig o. tippig slag for uloadig, as well as referrig to vehicles with tippig load bodies, ad the use of these vehicles. traffic the movemet of people ad/or vehicles (ofte called pedestria traffic or vehicular traffic). tractive uit the powered uit of a vehicle ad trailer combiatio. tractor uit a widely used term for the powered uit of a articulated goods vehicle combiatio. See also tractive uit. twist lock device for securig a shippig cotaier for liftig or trasit. Workplace trasport safety Page 138 of 144

Health ad Safety vehicle i this guidace, vehicle refers to all of the differet vehicles foud at the workplace, icludig mobile equipmet. Vehicle ad Operator Services Agecy (VOSA) VOSA is the merger of the Vehicle Ispectorate ad the Traffic Area Network divisio of the Departmet for Trasport. The aim of the agecy is to cotribute to the improvemet of the road safety ad evirometal stadards, ad to the reductio of vehicle crime. vibratory discharge system a system for dischargig bulk powders from cotaiers such as silos or takers, which vibrates the powder, causig it to flow more freely. wader lead a cotrol device for a tail lift, allowig the operator to move away from the vehicle durig the liftig operatio. workplace ay locatio where a perso is workig. Public roads are public places ad are covered by specific laws, so decidig whe they are (or are ot) workplaces ca be complicated. work-restrait system a fall-prevetio system, which relies upo persoal protective equipmet (cosistig of a haress ad a layard), which is adjusted or set to a fixed legth that physically prevets the perso from gettig to the place where they could fall. This system requires close supervisio. Workplace trasport safety Page 139 of 144

Health ad Safety Refereces 1 Reduce risks cut costs: The real costs of accidets ad ill health at work Leaflet INDG355 HSE Books 2002 (sigle copy free or priced packs of 15 ISBN 0 7176 2337 8) 2 Drivig at work: Maagig work-related road safety Leaflet INDG382 HSE Books 2003 (sigle copy free or priced packs of 4 ISBN 0 7176 2740 3) 3 Redgrave A, Ford M Redgrave s health ad safety Butterworths 2002 ISBN 0 406 95813 0 4 HSE Workplace trasport website: www.hse.gov.uk/workplacetrasport 5 Successful health ad safety maagemet HSG65 (Secod editio) HSE Books 1997 ISBN 0 7176 1276 7 6 Five steps to risk assessmet Leaflet INDG163(rev1) HSE Books 1998 (sigle copy free or priced packs of 10 ISBN 0 7176 1565 0) 7 A guide to risk assessmet requiremets: Commo provisios i health ad safety law Leaflet INDG218 HSE Books 1996 (sigle copy free or priced packs of 5 ISBN 0 7176 1211 2) 8 Desigig for Deliveries Freight Trasport Associatio 1983 ISBN 0 9029 9166 3 Available from The FTA, Hermes House, St Joh s Road, Tubridge Wells, Ket TN4 9UZ. Tel +44 (0) 1892 526 171. 9 BS 7669-3:1994 Vehicle restrait systems. Guide to the istallatio, ispectio ad repair of safety feces British Stadards Istitutio ISBN 0 580 22178 4 10 BS 6180:1999 Barriers i ad about buildigs. Code of practice British Stadards Istitutio ISBN 0 580 33051 6 11 Safe work i cofied spaces. Cofied Spaces Regulatios 1997. Approved Code of Practice, Regulatios ad guidace L101 HSE Books 1997 ISBN 0 7176 1405 0 12 Drivig Stadards Agecy The Highway Code The Statioery Office 2004 ISBN 0 11 552449 5 13 The safe use of vehicles o costructio sites HSG144 HSE Books 1998 ISBN 0 7176 1610 X 14 BS 873-1:1983 Road traffic sigs ad iterally illumiated bollards. Methods of test British Stadards Istitutio ISBN 0 580 130495 15 Departmet for Trasport Residetial Roads ad Footpaths: Layout Cosideratios (Desig Bulleti 32) The Statioery Office 1992 ISBN 0 11 752641 X 16 Chartered Istitute of Buildig Services Egieers Code for Lightig Butterworth Heiema 2002 ISBN 0 750 656379 17 Lightig at work HSG38 (Secod editio) HSE Books 1997 ISBN 0 7176 1232 5 Workplace trasport safety Page 140 of 144

Health ad Safety 18 Departmet for Trasport The Safety of Loads o Vehicles: Code of Practice The Statioery Office 2002 ISBN 0 11 552547 5 19 BS 4278: 1984 Specificatio for eyebolts for liftig purposes British Stadards Istitutio ISBN 0 580 13801 1 20 BS 3551: 1962 Specificatio for alloy steel shackles British Stadards Istitutio ISBN 0 580 35090 8 21 Health ad safety i motor vehicle repair HSG67 HSE Books 1991 ISBN 0 7176 0483 7 22 Hot work o vehicle wheels Egieerig Iformatio Sheet EIS1 HSE Books 1992 23 Driver ad Vehicle Licesig Agecy At A Glace Available olie at www.dvla.gov.uk 24 Safety i workig with lift trucks HSG6 (Third editio) HSE Books 2000 ISBN 0 7176 1781 5 25 Rider-operated lift trucks. Operator traiig. Approved Code of Practice ad guidace L117 HSE Books 1999 ISBN 0 7176 2455 2 26 BS 6736: 1986 Code of practice for had sigallig for use i agricultural operatios British Stadards Istitutio ISBN 0 580 15396 7 27 Parkig large goods vehicles safely: Guidace for drivers o couplig ad ucouplig large goods vehicles (LGVs) Leaflet INDG312 HSE Books 2000 (sigle copy free) 28 Workig safely ear overhead power lies Agriculture Iformatio Sheet AIS8(rev2) HSE Books 2000 29 Hirig ad leasig out of plat: Applicatio of PUWER 98, regulatios 26 ad 27 Iformatio Sheet MISC156 HSE Books 1998 30 Retrofittig of roll-over protective structures, restraiig systems ad their attachmet poits to mobile work equipmet Iformatio Sheet MISC175 HSE Books 1999 31 Fittig ad use of restraiig systems o lift trucks Iformatio Sheet MISC241 HSE Books 2000 32 Safe use of all-terrai vehicles (ATVs) i agriculture ad forestry Agriculture Iformatio Sheet AIS33 HSE Books 1999 33 Safe use of work equipmet. Provisio ad Use of Work Equipmet Regulatios 1998. Approved Code of Practice ad guidace L22 (Secod editio) HSE Books 1998 ISBN 0 7176 1626 6 Workplace trasport safety Page 141 of 144

Health ad Safety Relevat legislatio Health ad Safety at Work etc Act 1974 Ch37 The Statioery Office 1974 ISBN 0 10 543774 3 Workplace (Health, Safety ad Welfare) Regulatios 1992 SI 1992/3004 The Statioery Office 1992 ISBN 0 11 025804 5 Reportig of Ijuries, Diseases, ad Dagerous Occurreces Regulatios 1995 SI 1995/3163 The Statioery Office 1995 ISBN 0 11 053751 3 Health ad Safety (Safety Sigs ad Sigals) Regulatios 1996 SI 1996/341 The Statioery Office 1996 ISBN 0 11 054093 X Provisio ad Use of Work Equipmet Regulatios 1998 SI 1998/2306 The Statioery Office 1998 ISBN 0 1107 9599 7 Liftig Operatios ad Liftig Equipmet Regulatios 1998 SI 1998/2307 The Statioery Office 1998 ISBN 0 1107 9598 9 Maagemet of Health ad Safety at Work Regulatios 1999 The Statioery Office 1999 ISBN 0 11 085625 2 Road Vehicles (Costructio ad Use) Regulatios 1986 The Statioery Office 1986 ISBN 0 11 029069 0 While every effort has bee made to esure the accuracy of the refereces listed i this publicatio, their future availability caot be guarateed. Workplace trasport safety Page 142 of 144

Health ad Safety Useful orgaisatios British Idustrial Truck Associatio www.bita.org.uk British Safety Coucil www.britsafe.org Cosolidated Fork Truck Services www.thoroughexamiatio.org Fork Lift Truck Associatio www.fork-truck.org.uk Freight Trasport Associatio www.fta.org.uk Health ad Safety Laboratory www.hsl.gov.uk Iterpave (the Precast Cocrete Pavig ad Kerb Associatio) www.pavig.org.uk Chartered Istitute of Logistics ad Trasport www.ciltuk.org.uk BRAKE (the road safety charity) www.brake.org.uk Road Haulage Associatio www.rha.et Safety News www.safetyews.co.uk Ackowledgmets Betley Motors Bombardier Trasportatio UK British Sugar Covers Timber Importers ad Builders Merchats Dr David J Edwards, Loughborough Uiversity Dr Gary D Holt Dr Will Murray, Iteractive Drivig Systems Freight Trasport Associatio Istitut Natioale de Recherche et de Sécurité, Frace Jewsos Lodo Borough of Barkig ad Dageham Marks & Specer NWF Group Off-highway Plat ad Equipmet Research Cetre (OPERC) Paul Tolma Plai Eglish Campaig Port of Felixstowe Road Haulage Associatio Road Haulage Liaiso Committee Trasport ad Geeral Workers Uio Wicato Logistics for Somerfield Ad the other idividuals ad orgaisatios that have cotributed to or commeted o this guidace. Workplace trasport safety Page 143 of 144

Health ad Safety Further iformatio For iformatio about health ad safety rig HSE s Ifolie Tel: 0845 345 0055 Fax: 0845 408 9566 Textphoe: 0845 408 9577 e-mail: hse.ifolie@atbrit.com or write to HSE Iformatio Services, Caerphilly Busiess Park, Caerphilly CF83 3GG. HSE priced ad free publicatios ca be viewed olie or ordered from www.hse.gov.uk or cotact HSE Books, PO Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 2WA Tel: 01787 881165 Fax: 01787 313995. HSE priced publicatios are also available from bookshops. British Stadards ca be obtaied i PDF or hard copy formats from the BSI olie shop: www.bsigroup.com/shop or by cotactig BSI Customer Services for hard copies oly Tel: 020 8996 9001 e-mail: cservices@bsigroup.com. The Statioery Office publicatios are available from The Statioery Office, PO Box 29, Norwich NR3 1GN Tel: 0870 600 5522 Fax: 0870 600 5533 e-mail: customer.services@tso.co.uk Website: www.tso.co.uk (They are also available from bookshops.) Statutory Istrumets ca be viewed free of charge at www.opsi.gov.uk. Published by HSE 02/10 Page 144 of 144