DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT Environment and Sustainable Development Building Urban Resilience Principles, Tools, and Practice Abhas K. Jha,Todd W. Miner, and Zuzana Stanton-Geddes, Editors Australian THE WORLD BANK Washington, D.C. AID^4^
Contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Editors and Contributors Abbreviations %i xiii xv xvii xxi Executive Summary 1 Focus on Cities 1 Risk and Uncertainty 2 Building Urban Resilience: Principles, Tools, and Practice 3 Looking Forward 5 References 6 Chapter 1 Principles of Urban Resilience 9 Key Points 9 Key Resources 10 Urban Disaster Resilience 10 Risk, Uncertainty, and Complexity 11 Disaster Risk Management and Opportunities for Resilience 14 Social Resilience 22 Land Use Planning 26 Urban Ecosystems 29 Urban Upgrading 33 Incorporating Resilience into the Project Cycle 35 Further Reading 39 Notes 43 References 43 Chapter 2 Tools for Building Urban Resilience 47 Key Points 47 Key Resources 48 Risk Assessment 48 Risk-Based Land Use Planning 57 Urban Ecosystem Management 70 Building Urban Resilience http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8865-5 v
vi Contents Urban Upgrading '" Community and Stakeholder Participation 91 Disaster Management Systems 104 Data Gathering, Analysis, and Application 111 Risk Financing and Transfer Approaches 118 Further Reading 133 Notes 134 References 134 Chapter 3 The Practice of Urban Resilience 141 Key Points 141 Key Resources 142 Water Supply and Wastewater Systems 142 Energy and Communications 150 Transportation Systems 155 Further Reading 164 Note 165 References 165 Appendix A Disaster Definitions and Classifications 167 Appendix B Checklist for Infrastructure Owners and Operators 173 Identify Risks 173 Understand Hazards 173 Assess Risk and Understand Vulnerability 174 Build Resilience 174 Evaluate Resilience 175 Appendix C Comparison of Spatial Plans for Urban Infrastructure 177 Appendix D Data Collection Guidelines 179 Terms of Spatial Data Delivery and Sharing 179 Capacity Requirements for Hosting GeoNode 180 Boxes 1.1 Enhancing Resilience in an Urban Region: Examples 13 1.2 Increasing Accountability in the Philippines 15 1.3 The Great California Shake-Out 16 1.4 The Queensland Reconstruction Authority 17 1.5 Combining Resources to Reduce Flood Impacts 24 1.6 Urbanization and Flood Risk 28 1.7 Using Vegetation to Limit Landslide Hazards in Seattle 31 1.8 Country Assistance Strategy in the Philippines 38 2.1 City-Wide Mapping in Uganda 51 Building Urban Resilience http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8865-5
Contents vii 2.2 CAPRA: A Probabilistic Risk Assessment Initiative 54 2.3 Flood Risk Assessment for Mitigation Planning in Dhaka, Bangladesh 56 2.4 Checklist for Feasibility Assessment and Definition of Scope 60 2.5 Istanbul Earthquake Risk Reduction Plan 61 2.6 Checklist for a Successful Relocation 63 2.7 Hazard Zoning Initiatives 64 2.8 Spatial Development Framework for Risk Reduction in Kaduna, Nigeria 66 2.9 Master Plan for Risk Reduction in Constitution, Chile 67 2.10 Checklist for Land Use Risk Management Strategy 67 2.11 Institutional Capacity for Risk Reduction 67 2.12 Rehabilitation of the Maasin Watershed Reserve in the Philippines 71 2.13 Green and Blue Infrastructure 74 2.14 Gray and Green Infrastructure Costs Compared 75 2.15 Lake Matthews: Watershed for Urban Development 77 2.16 London's Green Grid 78 2.17 Slum Mapping in Pune and Sangli-Miraj-Kupwad, India 83 2.18 Incentive-Based Regulations for Low-Income Housing in Jakarta, Indonesia 87 2.19 Strategic Upgrading of Precarious Settlements in São Paulo, Brazil 89 2.20 Scaling Up and Integrating CBDRM into Local Planning Processes 94 2.21 Stakeholder Collaboration in Indonesia 98 2.22 Stakeholder Participation in Climate Resilience Awareness-Raising and Planning 100 2.23 Building Earthquake Risk Awareness and Safety in Nepal 102 2.24 Monitoring the National Program for Community Empowerment in Indonesia 103 2.25 Case Study: Lincolnshire Mapping of Critical Assets 106 2.26 Risk Management and Business Continuity Standards 108 2.27 Uses of Social Media in Disasters 109 2.28 Sharing Data to Rebuild a Region 110 2.29 Hazus 113 2.30 The Pacific Risk Information System 116 2.31 Key Terms Related to Risk Financing 119 2.32 Financial Instruments for Cities and Provinces 120 2.33 Mexican Natural Disaster Fund (FONDEN) 121 2.34 Development Policy Loan with a Catastrophe Deferred Drawdown Option 127 2.35 The Southeast Europe and Caucasus Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility 128 2.36 Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool 129 2.37 Flood Insurance in the United Kingdom 130 Building Urban Resilience http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-82l3-8865-5
viii Contents 2.38 Insuring the Poor against Disasters 3.1 Impact of Cyclone Sidr on Bangladesh Water Supply and Sanitation Facilities 3.2 San Francisco Water Supply Improvement Program 3.3 Resilience through Mutual Aid: The U.K. Water Industry 3.4 Making Human Settlements More Flood-Resistant 3.5 Auckland Blackouts, 1998 and 2006 3.6 The Relevance of Social Networks to Disasters 3.7 Resilience Standards for Communications and Energy Infrastructure in the United Kingdom 3.8 Green Infrastructure and Urban Transportation Systems 3.9 Incentives for Emergency Repairs 3.10 Air Service Lessons from Hurricane Katrina, 2005 132 146 147 148 149 154 155 156 160 161 164 Figures 1.1 The Six Phases of the Disaster Cycle 1.2 Open Data for Resilience Cycle 1.3 Elements of Risk Calculation 1.4 Elements of Risk Reduction 1.5 Tsunami Early Warning System 1.6 The Human Ecosystem 1.7 Competing Interests in Land Use 1.8 World Bank Project Cycle 2.1 Dynamic Decision-Making Process 2.2 Risk Assessment Model B2.14.1 Green vs. Gray Infrastructure Costs B2.14.2 Green vs. Gray Infrastructure Costs for Securing Clean Drinking Water (Portland, Maine) 2.3 Illustration of OpenStreetMap Use: Critical Infrastructure in Kelurahan Tomang in Jakarta, Indonesia 2.4 Illustration of InaSAFE Output: Historical Flood in Kelurahan Tomang in Jakarta, Indonesia B2.30.1 Field-Surveyed Bridge in Fiji with Photo Validation B2.30.2 Cyclone Wind Hazard Map for the Solomon Islands B2.33.1 The Role of FONDEN's Instruments in Mexico's System of Civil Protection 2.5 World Bank Approach to Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance 2.6 Sources of Post-Disaster Funding 2.7 Types of Risk and Possible Sources of Funding 3.1 Wastewater Treatment Process 3.2 Mitigation Infrastructure: Communal Toilets Elevated Against Flooding, Cambodia 3.3 Hurricane Evacuation Routes in Texas, United States 3.4 A New Zealand Railbed after an Earthquake 15 18 18 19 21 30 33 36 49 52 76 76 115 116 117 117 122 123 124 125 145 147 159 162 Building Urban Resilience http://dx.doi.org/1o.1596/978-0-8213-8865-5
Contents A.l Natural and Technological Disaster Classification 168 A.2 Natural Disaster Subgroup Types 169 Tables 1.1 Challenges in Integrating Social Resilience 23 1.2 Urban Poverty, Everyday Hazards, and Disaster Risks 34 1.3 World Bank Project Cycle: Opportunities for Enhancing Resilience 37 1.4 Disaster Resilience Indicators 39 1.5 Resilience Components in World Bank Projects: Examples 40 2.1 Types of Disaster Impact 53 2.2 Summary of Socioeconomic Cost-Benefit Analysis 54 2.3 Risk-Based Land Use Planning in Urban Infrastructure Projects 59 2.4 The Risk-Based Planning Process: Actors and Roles 68 2.5 Incorporating Ecosystem Management into Land Use Planning 73 2.6 Common Ecosystem Management Interventions 74 2.7 Risk Management in Urban Upgrading Projects 81 B2.19.1 Characterization of Precarious Settlements for Strategic Intervention 89 2.8 ' Examples of Asset-Based Actions to Build Resilience to Extreme Weather 93 2.9 Opportunities for Community and Stakeholder Participation in Urban Investment Projects 97 2.10 World Bank Contingent and Emergency Crisis Response Instruments 126 3.1 Pre- and Post-Disaster Transportation Policies Summarized 165 C.1 Comparison of Spatial Plans for Urban Infrastructure 177 Building Urban Resilience http://dx.d0i.0rg/l 0.1596/978-0-8213-8865-5