LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #1 Reviewing the Norwegian Basics

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #1 Reviewing the Norwegian Basics CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 6 Cultural Insight # 1 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Kjersti: Hei, jeg heter Kjersti. 2. Ole: Hei, jeg heter Ole, hyggelig. 3. Kjersti: Hyggelig å møte deg. 4. Ole: Hva gjør du her? 5. Kjersti: Jeg er på ferie. 6. Ole: Jeg er på businessreise. ENGLISH 1. Kjersti: Hi, my name is Kjersti. 2. Ole: Hi, I am Ole; nice to meet you. 3. Kjersti: Nice to meet you. 4. Ole: What are you doing here? 5. Kjersti: I am on vacation. 6. Ole: I am on a business trip. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #1 - REVIEWING THE NORWEGIAN BASICS 2

jeg I pronoun å hete to be called verb hyggelig pleasant (Nice to meet you) adjective gjøre do verb hva what adverb her here preposition du you pronoun ferie vacation noun businessreise business trip noun å være to be verb SAMPLE SENTENCES Jeg er ikke hjemme nå. "I am not at home now." Jeg liker ikke servitøren. "I don't like the waiter." Jeg kjenner ikke henne. "I don't know her." Jeg heter Arne. "My name is Arne." Heter du Olav? "Are you Olav?" Hyggelig å møte deg. "Nice to meet you." Kvinnen gjør husarbeid. "The woman does housework." Hva vil du gjøre? "What do you want to do?" Ta denne asjetten her. "Take this platter here." Her er greia jeg pratet om. "Here's the thing I was talking about." NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #1 - REVIEWING THE NORWEGIAN BASICS 3

Jeg er her. "I'm here." Hei, Hvordan har du det? "Hi, how are you?" Jeg trenger en ferie. "I need a vacation." Jeg skal på businessreise. "I am going on a business trip." Hva er klokken? "What time is it?" Er du tørst? "Are you thirsty?" VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE Since this is the first lesson, let's go over some of the words with more ambiguous meanings. hyggelig Hyggelig is an adjective, and it means "pleasant" or "nice." When we use it during a person-toperson introduction, it takes on the meaning of Hyggelig å møte deg ("Nice to meet you"), and it's a shorter, more casual way of greeting someone. Casual in Norwegian does not necessarily mean informal, although you can often think of the two as the same. That said, Norwegians tend to use casual parts of speech or phrases even in formal situations. It depends on how you want to appear to the person you are speaking to. And hyggelig gives off a slight note of indifference. å hete Å hete is a slightly tricky one since the equivalent doesn't really exist in English. The closest you get is "to be called," but there's a difference between the two. To say jeg heter only implies "my name is." On the other hand, "I am called" could also be followed by a nickname or a title. So be careful, only use jeg heter when telling someone your name. å være Å være ("to be") is an irregular verb, so is å gjøre ("to do") too. However, å være can be a bit tricky. It conjugates into er when in the present tense and var in the past tense. NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #1 - REVIEWING THE NORWEGIAN BASICS 4

1. kan du være her? "Can you stay (be) here?" 2. Jeg er her. "I am here." 3. Jeg var her. "I was here." GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is Basic Introductions. Hei, jeg heter Kjersti. Jeg er på ferie. "Hi, my name is Kjersti. I am on vacation." First off, if you followed our Absolute Beginner Series, then you might already be familiar with or remember how to introduce yourself in Norwegian. It can be as easy as simply saying your name while shaking the other person's hand, or you can elaborate on the introduction by adding words or phrases like Jeg er... ("I am..."), Jeg heter... ("I am called..."), or Mitt navn er... ("My name is..."). The common way we Norwegians introduce ourselves is simply by saying our name or using Jeg heter. Of course, adding a hei ("hi") first is always good practice. After our name, we usually add either hyggelig å møte deg ("nice to meet you"), or the shorter form, hyggelig ("pleasant"), to add a bit more courtesy. Norwegians don't always include this extra phrase; we do it when we feel comfortable and like being pleasant. 1. Hei, Kjersti. Hyggelig. "Hi, Kjersti. Pleased to meet you." 2. Hei, jeg er Ole. "Hi, I am Ole." 3. Hei, jeg heter Kjersti. Hyggelig å møte deg. "Hi, my name is Kjersti. Nice to meet you." NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #1 - REVIEWING THE NORWEGIAN BASICS 5

4. Hei, mitt navn er Ole. Hyggelig. "Hi, my name is Ole. Pleased to meet you." It's fairly easy to understand how this works, and it's best to think of them as phrases, as some of these aren't full sentences, and some words have very specific meanings applied to this context. That means you shouldn't try to break up these sentences and use some of the words or word orders in other sentences as it might end up not making any sense in another context. For example, a common greeting Hei, Kjersti, heter jeg changes the whole sentence structure from what you are used to. It's like listening to Yoda saying "Hi, Kjersti, named am I." It is perfectly OK to use this greeting, but in any other context, this would just confuse people. 1. Hei, Ole, heter jeg. "Hi, Ole, named am I." ("Hi, I am called Ole.") 2. Bussjåfør er jeg. "Bus driver am I." The first greeting is perfectly safe when introducing yourself. The latter only makes sense in one very specific context, which we would have to explain at a later stage. Otherwise, the latter sentence would only sound weird to the listener. CULTURAL INSIGHT Watch Your Tone When Speaking Norwegian It is funny how we look at formal language and informal language in Norwegian. Most foreigners tend to be very formal when speaking Norwegian in order to sound polite. However, most Norwegians speak with their feelings. That isn't to say that when we're happy we become formal, but when we're angry, we get very informal. It's partly true that Norwegian depends heavily on body language and tone when speaking. If your tone is light, your language can still be informal but sound pleasing to the listener. And if your tone is really condescending, not even the most formal language will please the listener. That's why when you speak Norwegian, don't think so much of how formal your vocabulary is; instead, think of your body language and the tone you speak in. NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #1 - REVIEWING THE NORWEGIAN BASICS 6

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #2 Talking About Yourself in Norwegian, Part 1 CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight # 2 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Kjersti: Hva driver du med? 2. Ole: Jeg er en bankinvestor. 3. Kjersti: Oi, jeg jobber som advokat, jeg. 4. Ole: Jasså, så interessant. Hva skal du på ferie? 5. Kjersti: Jeg liker å klatre, så jeg skal til Galdhøpiggen. ENGLISH 1. Kjersti: What do you do for a living? 2. Ole: I am an investor in banks. 3. Kjersti: Wow, I work as a lawyer. 4. Ole: Is that so? Interesting. What are you doing on vacation? 5. Kjersti: I like climbing, so I am going to Galdhøpiggen. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class å klatre to climb verb som that, which, as conjunction å drive to do verb NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #2 - TALKING ABOUT YOURSELF IN NORWEGIAN, PART 1 2

investor investor noun interessant interesting adjective å jobbe to work verb bank bank noun med with conjunction advokat lawyer noun å skulle to go to, will verb SAMPLE SENTENCES Jeg klatret til toppen "I climbed to the top" Jeg liker å klatre. "I like to climb." Hvem er det som skriker? "Who is screaming?" Hvem er det som tramper på min bru? "Who stomps on my bridge?" Han er blek som et spøkelse. "He is white as a ghost." Hva driver du med? "What do you do for a living?" Han er blitt investor. "He s become an investor." Boken virket interessant. "The book seemed interesting." Det er interessant. "That's interesting." Jeg må jobbe. "I have to work." Banken var stengt. "The bank was closed." Hvilken bank er rundt hjørnet? "Which bank is that around the corner?" NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #2 - TALKING ABOUT YOURSELF IN NORWEGIAN, PART 1 3

Brødskive med hva? "A slice of bread with what?" Jeg blir med! "I'm coming with you!" Blir du med? "Are you joining?" Den med hunden på, vær så snill. "The one with the dog (on it), please." Advokaten står på bussholderplassen. "The lawyers stands at the bus stop." Hvor skal du? "Where are you going?" Skulle ikke du komme i går? "Weren t you supposed to come by yesterday?" Jeg skal besøke deg i morgen. "I ll pay you a visit tomorrow." Skal ikke du komme snart? "Aren't you coming soon?" Jeg skal avgårde i morgen. "I'm going to leave tomorrow." VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE In this lesson's vocabulary section, we are going to take a look at some of the words that didn't make the vocabulary list: namely, oi, jasså, and så. These are what we call conversation fillers. They have little value as words, but we use them to fill in gaps in a conversation. We can also use the two former ones, oi and jasså, as reactions to statements. Let's take a look at them individually. oi We commonly translate oi as "whoops" in English. However, it has a few more uses than that. We commonly use it when we are surprised by something that happened or by something that someone said. For example, we use oi when doing or seeing something done by accident, like dropping a cup on the floor. We also use oi when we are surprised by NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #2 - TALKING ABOUT YOURSELF IN NORWEGIAN, PART 1 4

something we heard, more in the sense of "wow." jasså Jasså also has a connotation of surprise. This time, however, it's more in wonder. It would be like a long "ooh." We could directly translate it as "Well then." It is common to hear people use this often as when facts come on the table during a discussion that are slightly surprising. For instance, in our dialogue, Ole says jasså because he was slightly surprised by her being a lawyer, maybe because Kjersti was wearing hiking gear. så Så is quite an ambiguous word, but it resembles perfectly the English "so" and also "then." Like in English, we mainly use så as a filler in between sentences or statements. It can also help confirm something, such as Så du liker blåbær? ("So you like blueberries?") You'll often hear these three words when talking with Norwegians. They sit right behind our tongues and pop out at every possible occasion. 1. Oi, jeg visste ikke at du var allergisk. "Oops (wow/oh), I didn't know you were allergic." 2. Jasså, det går bra med deg og? "Well, you're doing fine yourself?" 3. Så, jeg dro ikke ut likevel. "So, I didn't go out after all." GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is Using "I am" and "I + [verb]." Jeg er investor i banker. Jeg jobber som advokat, jeg. NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #2 - TALKING ABOUT YOURSELF IN NORWEGIAN, PART 1 5

"I am an investor in banks. I work as a lawyer." This lesson will also serve as a more in-depth view at the use of jeg er ("I am") and Jeg + [verb] ("I + [verb]"), which we learned in our Absolute Beginner series. To start off, we'll look at Jeg er. It might be one of the phrases you will use the most while speaking Norwegian. As in English, we use it when talking about ourselves, whether it be our situation, feelings, mood, activity, wants, or thinking. In English, we use "I am" a wee bit more often than in Norwegian. In English, you would say "I am fishing," while in Norwegian we would say jeg fisker, which could directly translate as "I fishing." When most verbs follow a pronoun in Norwegian, we don't use "to be." Instead, in Norwegian, jeg er is almost always followed by a noun, an adverb, or an adjective. The reason I say almost is that it can be followed by a verb, but how we do that is something we'll save for a later level. Let's look at some examples of how you can use jeg er. 1. Jeg er diplomat. "I am a diplomat." 2. Jeg er sliten. "I am tired." 3. Jeg er litt usikker. "I am a bit in doubt." 4. Jeg er ledig. "I am available." Now let's turn to the Jeg + [verb] construction. Here, the structure follows the same rules as jeg er. Here, we simply substitute er with the verb. 1. Jeg kjører bil. "I am driving a car." 2. Jeg skal kjøpe mat. "I am going to buy food." NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #2 - TALKING ABOUT YOURSELF IN NORWEGIAN, PART 1 6

3. Jeg har drikke. "I have something to drink." At the end of one of the sentences in our dialogue, I am sure you saw something that confused you a bit: Jeg jobber som advokat, jeg. That little jeg at the end of the sentence might throw you off a bit, but don't let it. Basically, she could say this sentence without the jeg at the end, making it Jeg jobber som advokat. And, in both cases, we would translate it as "I work as a lawyer." The reason we added the jeg at the end was to put stress on it being her, just as you would say "I" with a small pause before continuing the sentence in English. In this case, Ole didn't ask her what she did, so she wanted to stress that she was talking about herself. Don't worry too much about using it as you can do perfectly well without it. But have it in the back of your head when you encounter Norwegians, as we use it a lot. CULTURAL INSIGHT Be at One With Nature in Norway Norwegians have a very romantic relationship with nature. During the spring, most of us travel into the mountains and spend our time there in small cabins enjoying skiing or, if the snow has melted, long walks in the forests. For example, in this lesson, Kjersti said she was going to climb Galdhøpiggen, which is the highest mountain in Norway. Few Norwegians have actually climbed it, but many have either been close by or seen it from a distance. For those who climb Galdhøpiggen, the climb is cold and sometimes quite hard. It is recommended that you become well prepared before the climb and that you shouldn't climb alone due to hazardous terrain. At the top of Galdhøpiggen, you can find a cabin where you can rest and enjoy the view. NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #2 - TALKING ABOUT YOURSELF IN NORWEGIAN, PART 1 7

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #3 Talking About Yourself in Norwegian, Part 2 CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight # 3 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Ole: Hvor kommer du fra? 2. Kjersti: Jeg er fra Oslo. Og du? 3. Ole: Jeg er fra Fredrikstad, men jeg vokste opp i Oslo. 4. Kjersti: Åja, utdannet du deg ved UiO? 5. Ole: Nei, jeg gikk på BI. ENGLISH 1. Ole: Where are you from? 2. Kjersti: I am from Oslo. And you? 3. Ole: I am from Fredrikstad, but I grew up in Oslo. 4. Kjersti: Oh, is that so? Did you graduate from UiO (University of Oslo)? 5. Ole: No, I went to BI (private business university). VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class Hvor where adverb å komme to come verb fra from preposition NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #3 - TALKING ABOUT YOURSELF IN NORWEGIAN, PART 2 2

og and conjunction men but conjunction å vokse to grow verb opp up preposition å utdanne to educate (oneself) verb å gå to go, to attend verb ved at preposition i in, to preposition SAMPLE SENTENCES Hvor skal du hen? "Where are you going?" Hvor er sjefen? "Where is the boss?" Legen kom etter en time. "The doctor came after an hour." Jeg kommer hjem nå. "I'm coming home now." Kom over. "Come over." Fire stykker kom ikke. "Four people did not come." Jeg fikk et postkort fra USA. "I got a postcard from the U.S." Jeg vil ha fisk og poteter. "I want fish and potatoes." Jeg vil og bli med. "I also want to join." Jeg tar en brandy og to øl. "One brandy and two beers please." Jeg vil, men kan ikke. "I want to, but I can't." Men kan ikke du komme hit? But can t you come here? NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #3 - TALKING ABOUT YOURSELF IN NORWEGIAN, PART 2 3

Jeg liker deg men... "I like you but..." Jeg har vokst mye. "I have grown a lot." Klatre opp da! "Climb up then!" Jeg utdanner meg i sosiologi. "I am studying sociology." Jeg gikk ut i stad. "I went out earlier." Jeg bor ved butikken. "I live by the (grocery) store." Han er i bilen. "He is in the car." VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE This lesson doesn't really contain any words or phrases that are hard to translate to English. However, the conversation filler åja and the verb å utdanne deserve some attention here. åja We use åja to express recognition of something that's confirmed or to give a pondering nod to a statement. We can also use it when we hear a statement and get curious or are in slight disbelief. In that case, we swing the tone up at the last letter. It might be a bit hard to get it right at first, as we can use åja in so many situations, but as you'll see in our examples, it translates mostly as "oh, I see," "Oh!," "Okay?," or "Really?" å utdanne Å utdanne might be a bit easier to explain in this lesson's context. It directly translates as "to educate," but we can also use it in many contexts as "to study," even though in Norwegian we also have å studere. The way you switch between å utdanne and å studere is different from English "to educate" and "to study." NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #3 - TALKING ABOUT YOURSELF IN NORWEGIAN, PART 2 4

In Norwegian, we say å utdanne when we are talking about education in general, and we use å studere when we are talking about the activity of "studying." We can also use å studere to refer to the activity of "researching," and finally, when we declare a major, we also use å studere. Let's look at some examples of the two words we talked about and also throw in one with å studere. 1. Åja, så du studerer politikk? "Oh okay, so you are studying politics? 2. Jeg utdanner meg som sykepleier. "I am studying to become a nurse." 3. Hun har studert til doktorgrad. "She has studied to get a Ph.D." GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is Using Jeg Er Fra and Simple Questions. Hvor kommer du fra? Jeg er fra Oslo. "Where are you from? I am from Oslo." When meeting new people, especially if they look foreign, from a foreign country, we usually ask them where they are from. There are two common ways to ask this question and two common phrases with which to answer. Hvor er du fra? and Hvor kommer du fra? In English, these translate as "Where are you from?" and "Where do you come from?" respectively. We translated Hvor kommer du fra? in the dialogue as "Where are you from?" purely because we use them interchangeably like in English. The answer is equally as easy. Just say jeg kommer fra ("I come from") and the country or place you are from. Alternatively, you may say jeg er fra ("I am from") and the country or place NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #3 - TALKING ABOUT YOURSELF IN NORWEGIAN, PART 2 5

you come from. Like English, these two phrases get switched about frequently and both are equally as common to hear. If you want to be more precise in your answer and for example specify a city in a country, your answer would just change a bit. Just say jeg kommer fra [city] i [country]. ("I come from [city] in [country]"). Of course, we can switch kommer with er here as well. 1. Hvor kommer han fra? "Where does he come from?" 2. Han er fra Moskva i Russland. "He is from Moscow in Russia." 3. Jeg kommer fra USA. "I come from the United States." Now over to the two other questions we saw in the dialogue. First, I want to mention that in Norwegian, if you change a pronoun like jeg, du, han, hun, de, or vi, in most cases you don't need to make any other changes to the sentence. So don't be afraid of changing the pronoun in any given sentence to suit your situation. The first question we'll look at is...og du? We simply translate it as "...and you," and it is an easy way to ask the other person without repeating the question. Second, we have a yes/no question. The structure is a bit different from an English yes/no question. The question in our dialogue was Åja utdannet du deg ved UiO? ("Oh, did you graduate from UiO?") If we break down this question, it might be easier to comprehend the structure of it. First, we have the interjection åja; we don't need to bother too much with it. Following it comes the verb utdannet ("educated," or in this case, "graduated"). Then we have the pronoun du ("you"). This is followed by the indirect pronoun deg ("yourself"). And finally, we have ved UiO ("at UiO"); the preposition is best remembered with the noun in this case. All together, word for word it translates as "Oh, graduated you yourself at UiO?" In English, this doesn't make much sense. However, let's look at the base structure for this sentence. It looks like this: [verb] [pronoun/noun] ([noun/preposition + noun/adjective]). It might seem a bit hard written out like that, but it's actually quite easy. Let's look at some examples. NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #3 - TALKING ABOUT YOURSELF IN NORWEGIAN, PART 2 6

1. Kjører pappa? [verb + noun] "Is daddy driving?" 2. Skal dere på kino? [verb + pronoun + preposition + noun] "Are you (guys) going to the movies (cinema)?" 3. Liker du rosa? [verb + pronoun + adjective] "Do you like pink?" 4. Har vi melk? [verb + pronoun + noun] "Do we have milk? As you can see, the structure is quite simple and doesn't change whether it's a noun or pronoun, adjective, or preposition + noun. Also notice that the verbs we used in these examples were all in the present tense. I suggest you take a pen and a paper and try to invent as many yes/no questions as you can. Don't make them more advanced than these, however. You can really build on these questions and make them very specific by just adding words to the mixture. CULTURAL INSIGHT Is It Free to Attend a Norwegian School? When it comes to studying in Norway, there are a lot of options for majors but few universities to choose from. The major universities are publicly owned, and costs are subsidized to near nothing. Thus, studying at a university in Norway is considered free. There are a few major privately owned universities like BI, Bedriftsøkonomisk Institutt ("Norwegian Business School"). These private universities are financed by student tuition and have semester fees. The Norwegian government also provides students yearly with scholarships and loans to finance living costs and other study fees. The aim is to make university education available for all Norwegians who wish to study. NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #3 - TALKING ABOUT YOURSELF IN NORWEGIAN, PART 2 7

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #4 Helping a Norwegian Friend CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 6 Cultural Insight # 4 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Kjersti: Trenger du hjelp, Lise? 2. Lise: Jeg må flytte sofaen. Kan du hjelpe meg å bære? 3. Kjersti: Ja, jeg skal hjelpe deg. Er det noe mer du trenger hjelp med? 4. Lise: Nei, bare sofaen. ENGLISH 1. Kjersti: Do you need any help, Lise? 2. Lise: I have to move the sofa. Can you help me carry it? 3. Kjersti: Yes, I'll help you. Is there anything else you need help with? 4. Lise: No, only the sofa. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class bare only, just adverb Å trenge to need verb å hjelpe to help verb du you pronoun å flytte to move verb sofa sofa noun NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #4 - HELPING A NORWEGIAN FRIEND 2

å bære to carry verb noe something adverb mer more, else adverb å måtte have to, must verb SAMPLE SENTENCES Jeg er bare litt syk. "I am just a bit sick." Jeg har bare hundre kroner! "I only have one hundred Kroner!" Bare gå rett fremover. "Just go straight ahead." Det er bare meg. "It's only me." Vi trenger alle sollys for å overleve. "We all need sunlight to survive." Jeg trenger papir. "I need paper." Jeg trenger hjelp her. "I need some help here." Hei, Hvordan har du det? "Hi, how are you?" Han flyttet bordet. "He moved the table." Vi kjøpte en sofa. "We bought a sofa." Bærer du posen? "Can you carry the bag?" Jeg vet noe ikke du vet. "I know something you don't." Er det noe annet? "Is there something else?" Jeg vil ha mer. "I want more." NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #4 - HELPING A NORWEGIAN FRIEND 3

Jeg må på do. "I have to go to the toilet." VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE There are three words that could use some slight clarification in this lesson. The first one is mer. This word has some different meanings in English depending on the context. In our dialogue, Kjersti asks Er det noe mer? In the dialogue, we translated this as "Is there anything else?" although mer would actually translate as "more." So Kjersti is actually asking "Is there something more?" noe Noe can mean "something" or "anything" in English, depending on the context. It would translate directly as "something" as in jeg vil ha noe ("I want something"), but in our dialogue, since mer takes on the form of "else," noe would more naturally translate as "anything." å måtte This word translates as "to have to." However, when coupled with a negative like in our sample sentence, it would more correctly translate as "should not" or "have better not to." Let's look at some more examples with these. 1. Jeg vil ikke ha mer. "I don't want more." 2. Jeg vil ha noe annet. "I want something else." NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #4 - HELPING A NORWEGIAN FRIEND 4

3. Han måtte dra hjem. "He had to go home." GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is Asking "Can I Help You With Something?" and Using "Can You..." Trenger du hjelp, Lise. Kan du hjelpe meg å bære? "Do you need any help, Lise? Can you help me carry it?" Norwegians like to think of themselves as courteous and helpful, although that might not always be the case. Should you want to help improve that attitude, try to be helpful yourself. To ask whether a person needs any help, you simply ask Trenger du hjelp? ("Do you need help?") This phrase sounds a bit urgent and is better suited if someone looks like he or she really needs help. If you want to ask in a more casual tone, simply add noe after du. The sentence should now look like Trenger du noe hjelp? ("Do you need any help?") If you want to be more specific, you can add some words between hjelp and the question mark, beginning with med ("with"), and then followed by a noun or verb and noun. Let's look at some examples with this. 1. Trenger du noe hjelp med bilen? "Do you need any help with the car?" 2. Trenger du hjelp med husvaskingen? "Do you need help cleaning the house?" 3. Trenger du noe hjelp med kaninene? "Do you need any help with the rabbits?" It's not much harder than that. Now if your friend says OK and lets you help him or her, after helping it is good courtesy to ask whether he or she needs any more help. This is done as in the dialogue by asking Er det noe mer du trenger hjelp med? ("Is there anything else you need help with?") We realize this NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #4 - HELPING A NORWEGIAN FRIEND 5

is a long and heavy question, and we can shorten it dramatically for your convenience. Simply asking Er det noe mer? is enough to get the point through courteously, as we saw in the vocabulary explanation. Finally, let's look at how your friends might ask you whether you could help them. You can also use this phrase to ask someone yourself. It's quite handy. Kan du hjelpe meg? ("Can you help me?") is all you need to say if you need help. Just like asking the other way around, we can also modify this phrase to be more specific. Just add the same med ("with") and follow it up with a pronoun, noun, or verb and noun. The phrase would then look like this: Kan du hjelpe meg med...? ("Can you help me with...?") Let's look at some examples of what you can put at the end here too. 1. Kan du hjelpe meg med å vaske bilen? "Could you help me clean the car?" 2. Kan du hjelpe meg med noe? "Could you help me with something?" 3. Kan du hjelpe meg med maten? "Could you help me with the food?" CULTURAL INSIGHT How to Be Helpful in Norway While it is common courtesy to ask someone who looks like he or she is in need of help whether you can help them, in Norway. Norwegians aren't always that good at being observant and asking. However, it is very common to ask neighbors and friends even though it doesn't seem like they actually need help. This might not be so true of people living in the bigger cities, but get a short distance out on the countryside, and people become more friendly. Old ladies are especially happy when a nice person asks them whether he or she should help with carrying their shopping bags. Beware, however, that some old ladies might be suspicious of strangers and aren't that willing to part with their shopping bags. And asking every stranger you see on the street whether they need help might alienate you more than it creates warmness. That said, a nice helpful attitude always gets you a long way no matter NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #4 - HELPING A NORWEGIAN FRIEND 6

where you are. Being able to ask whether you can help someone in that person's native language is always practical. NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #4 - HELPING A NORWEGIAN FRIEND 7

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #5 Meeting an Old Friend in Norway CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 6 Cultural Insight # 5 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Lars: Hei Kjersti, lenge siden sist! 2. Kjersti: Hei, Lars! Wow, ja vi har ikke sett hverandre på år. 3. Lars: Hvordan har du det? 4. Kjersti: Takk, det går bra, og med deg? Hva driver du med? 5. Lars: Det går bra med meg. Jeg har giftet meg og har to barn. ENGLISH 1. Lars: Hi Kjersti, Long time no see. 2. Kjersti: Hi Lars, Wow, yeah we haven't seen each other in years. 3. Lars: How are you? 4. Kjersti: I am doing well, thanks. And you? What are you doing? 5. Lars: I am doing fine. I am married and have two kids. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class lenge long adjective siden since preposition sist last adverb NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #5 - MEETING AN OLD FRIEND IN NORWAY 2

å ha to have verb ikke not, don't conjunction å se to watch, to see, to look verb hverandre each other pronoun år years noun bra good adjective å gifte to marry verb barn children noun SAMPLE SENTENCES Det varte lenge. "It lasted long." Jeg har vært her siden. "I ve been here since." Siden du er så god, kan ikke du vise meg hvordan? "Since you are so good, can't you show me how?" Hvor så du henne sist? "Where did you see her last?" Har du en katt? "Do you have a cat?" Hun ville ha en dalmantiner. "She wanted to have a dalmatian." Har du noe vin? "Do you have any wine?" Jeg Skulle Gjerne hatt en hamburger med pommefrites. "I'd like a hamburger with fries." Jeg liker ikke fotball "I don't like soccer." Jeg husker ikke hva du heter. "I can't remember your name." NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #5 - MEETING AN OLD FRIEND IN NORWAY 3

Fire stykker kom ikke. "Four people did not come." Jeg kan ikke se sjampoen. "I can't see the shampoo." Kan du se meg? "Can you see me?" Vi har jo hverandre. "At least we have each other." Jeg har ikke sett deg på år! "I haven't seen you in years!" Bra du kunne komme. "Good of you to come." Jeg har det bra. "I'm good." Har du giftet deg? "Did you get married?" Barna skrur av strømmen. "The children turn off the power." VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE Some of the words here could do with some short explanations. Siden This can have two meanings in Norwegian; one is "since" as in siden vi sist møttes - "Since the last time we met." It can also mean "side" in definitive form, as in den ene siden eller den andre - "This side or the other." Wow This is a word that was not in the vocabulary but still deserves a bit of attention. Wow is not a Norwegian word, but is commonly integrated into the language. So don't be afraid of using it. We have not done too much grammar in this series, especially when it comes to introducing single and plural nouns. As a short introduction to noun plurality, let's take a look at two nouns that don't need to change even though they are in plural. År and barn won't change in the indefinite plural, which means if you say barn av verden it could mean "Children of the world" NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #5 - MEETING AN OLD FRIEND IN NORWAY 4

or simply "Child of the world." The same applies if you say flere år eller ett år which means "Several years or one year." Let's look at some more examples with the words we talked about here: 1. Se på den andre siden av gjerdet "Look at the other side of the fence" 2. Wow, er det virkelig deg? "Wow, is it really you?" 3. Jeg har to barn på to år. "I have two children of two years of age." GRAMMAR The Focus of this Lesson is Greetings That Are Common When Meeting Old Friends, and Questions and Answers Hei Kjersti, lenge siden sist! "Hi Kjersti, long time no see!" Hvordan har du det? "How are you?" This lesson's grammar point will be somewhat easy to follow. We'll first look at the most common greeting when meeting an old acquaintance. Lenge siden sist is the most common way to continue after having said Hei [name]. Lenge siden sist translates as "long time no see," although this isn't a literal translation. A literal translation would sound more like "long since last." After one says lenge siden sist, it's common to repeat the phrase as a confirmation, and then follow up with a Hvordan har du det? "How are you doing?" This phrase, too, isn't a literal translation. A literal translation would be "How have you it?" Finally the factory answer to this would be det går bra ("I am doing well"). This phrase, like the others, cannot be literally translated, a literal translation would be "it goes well," and frankly that sounds weird. Altogether, the conversation would look like this: NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #5 - MEETING AN OLD FRIEND IN NORWAY 5

A: Hei B! Lenge siden sist! B: Hei A! Jo, lenge siden sist! Hvordan har du det? A: Det går bra! og du? B: Det går bra med meg og! At the end here A is asking og du? ("And you?") and B is answering Det går bra med meg og! Notice the last part here after bra. Med meg og! means "with me as well" or "with me too." So together it forms the sentence: "I am fine as well." You might have noticed that Kjersti says takk before answering det går bra. She also uses og med deg instead of og du. This is merely a twist on the same question and directly translates as "and with you." There are a slew of other ways such a reunion could go down, so let's look at a few alternative phrases. For example: 1. Hei, lenge siden! Hvordan går det? "Hi, it's been a long time, how are you?" Lit. ("Hi, long since! How goes it?") 2. Det går bra, takk. Hvordan går det med deg? "I am fine thank you. How are you doing?" Lit. ("It goes well, thanks. How goes it with you?") 3. Hei, vi har ikke sett hverandre på lenge! "Hi, we haven't seen each other in a long time!" CULTURAL INSIGHT Greeting Friends Old and New in Norwegian Norway is a small country, with an even smaller population, of about five million people. The chance of you meeting people you know randomly on the street is very high, especially in larger cities. In smaller places it is more common to meet each other more or less once or twice a week if you live in the same place. In Oslo and Bergen however it is not always so, if you are not in regular contact. It is common to greet friends with hei, hvordan går det? even after a week without contact. When it's been half a year or a year or more is when we tend to use lenge siden sist! And who knows, you might even meet someone you know who from your home country who randomly happens to be in Norway at that time! In that case, why not NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #5 - MEETING AN OLD FRIEND IN NORWAY 6

try to greet each other in Norwegian! NORWEGIANCLASS101.COM LOWER BEGINNER S1 #5 - MEETING AN OLD FRIEND IN NORWAY 7

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #6 Make Sure your Norwegian Compliments are Sincere! CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 6 Cultural Insight # 6 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Lars: Du ser bra ut Kjersti! Er du ofte aktiv? 2. Kjersti: Takk, jo jeg er ofte ute og jogger. Du ser godt kledt ut! 3. Lars: Jo, takk for komplementet. Jeg er på vei til en dåp. 4. Kjersti: Åja, er det ditt barn? 5. Lars: Ja. 6. Kjersti: Nei, så nydelig. ENGLISH 1. Lars: You look good, Kjersti! Do you keep yourself active? 2. Kjersti: Thanks, yeah, I'm often out running. You look well dressed! 3. Lars: Well, thanks for the compliment. I'm on my way to a baptism. 4. Kjersti: Oh, is it for your child? 5. Lars: Yes. 6. Kjersti: Oh, how nice! VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #6 - MAKE S URE YOUR NORWEGI AN COMPLI MENTS ARE S I NCERE! 2

ofte often adverb ditt your pronoun dåp baptism noun å se ut to look verb komplement compliment noun å kle to dress verb godt nicely, well adverb å jogge to run, to jog verb aktiv active adjective nydelig serene, nice adjective SAMPLE SENTENCES Kommer du hit ofte? "Do you come here often?" Hvor er huset ditt? "Where's your house?" Dåpen var i går. "The baptism was yesterday." Det ser dårlig ut. "It looks bad." Gi henne et komplement. "Give her a compliment." Vent, jeg skal kle på meg. "Wait, I'm just gonna get dressed." Kaken smakte godt. "The cake was delicious." Skal vi jogge? "Do you wanna come running?" Jeg liker å være aktiv. "I like to be active." Kjolen var nydelig. "The dress was beautiful." VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #6 - MAKE S URE YOUR NORWEGI AN COMPLI MENTS ARE S I NCERE! 3

As you can see, we have the Åja recurring again; this time it shouldn't be that hard to guess how it works in that line. She is simply a positively surprised by his answer and wonders whether it's his child. We also have two other interjections in this dialogue. The first one, jo, is simply a "yes" and doesn't need much further explanation. It's slightly more useful when confirming than ja ("yes"), which might sound a bit weird to us Norwegians. It might be hard to figure out exactly when to use jo and when to use ja at this point. But don't despair: you'll learn that quickly as you surround yourself with Norwegians. The second interjection is a bit harder to understand at first. When Lars answers "yes" (it is his child whose baptism it is), Kjersti immediately responds with a nei, which as you should know means "no." This is an exclamation of surprise and sometimes slight disbelief. It's very similar to the English "No, really?" or "Wow!" She immediately follows it up with så nydelig, which means "how sweet/precious/beautiful" or any such term of endearment. Finally, the adverb/adjective godt is a bit tricky. When one says du kler det godt, it means "it fits/suits you well," but when you say something smaker godt, it "tastes delicious." Godt as a word in itself has a wide range of uses when something is positively "nice or good." It is derived from the word "good," which in Norwegian is god. 1. Jeg likte filmen godt. "I liked the movie a lot." 2. Åja, er det deg igjen? "Oh, is it you again?" 3. Nei, så fin den var. Jo, den er fin. "Oh wow, how beautiful it is." "Yeah, it's beautiful." GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is Compliments and Positive Adjectives. Du ser bra ut Kjersti! NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #6 - MAKE S URE YOUR NORWEGI AN COMPLI MENTS ARE S I NCERE! 4

"You look good Kjersti!" Jo, takk for komplementet. "Eh, well, thanks for the compliment." When you want to give someone a compliment, the most common phrase to start off with is "you look." In Norwegian, that is du ser. This is followed by an adjective, which is then followed by the word ut ("out"). So, the sentence would look like du ser...ut. Now for the structure itself, all you need is [pronoun] ser [adjective] ut, and you can make any sentence that would look like "[pronoun] looks [adjective]." To take this even further, we know that ser ("seeing/looking") is the present tense of å se ("to see"/"to look"), which in turn, we can conjugate into the past tense as så ("saw"/"looked"). Knowing this, we can now make compliments in present and past tense. Let's look at some. 1. Han så flott ut. "He looked elegant." 2. Hun ser hyggelig ut. "She looks nice." You can also use other pronouns like den ("that" masculine), det ("that" neuter), disse ("these"), and so on, or of course use a noun instead. 1. Den så kul ut. "It looked cool." 2. Agatha ser pen ut. "Agatha looks beautiful." Now if you receive a compliment, how do you answer? Simple. Just say Takk for komplimentet or just Tusen takk or takk. The longest phrase is the most polite term, and takk is more daily and common. Using takk wouldn't necessarily inspire another compliment from the same NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #6 - MAKE S URE YOUR NORWEGI AN COMPLI MENTS ARE S I NCERE! 5

person. If you accompany the "thank you" with a smile, you let the other person know that you appreciated it. As a bonus, let's go over some of the VSO questions we saw in the dialogue. You don't know what VSO means? VSO is an abbreviation of verb-subject-object; it is talking about the order in which words build a sentence. A VSO question starts with a verb, which is followed by a subject (usually a noun or pronoun), which is followed by an object (which is also usually a noun or pronoun). One of the VSO questions in the dialogue was er det ditt barn? ("Is it your child?") As you can see, VSO questions are also common in English, as they translate word for word. Another VSO we saw in the dialogue was er du ofte aktiv? (Literally, "Are you often active?").this one also makes sense in English. The VSO questions we want to look at today are the ones of the last type that consist of a verb, a pronoun, an adverb, and an adjective. Let's look at some examples. 1. Er hun ofte dårlig? "Is she often sick (literally "bad")?" 2. Er du veldig sulten? "Are you very hungry?" 3. Er han sjeldent glad? "Is he rarely (seldom) happy?" CULTURAL INSIGHT Is That a Real Compliment? You might find that Norwegians are not good at giving compliments that they really mean. It is quite common to find compliments handed out between people as a form of nicety. While most Norwegians like receiving compliments, they are also good at discerning which compliments were given as a pure nicety and which were sincere. When giving someone a compliment in Norway, it is usually better to refrain from complimenting if you are just trying to NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #6 - MAKE S URE YOUR NORWEGI AN COMPLI MENTS ARE S I NCERE! 6

be nice. Instead, try to find something you actually like about the person and compliment it at an appropriate time. The way Kjersti and Lars acted in this dialogue is sadly how compliments usually go down, which is rather uninspiring. Try to be sincere, and if you can't give a real compliment, just don't do it at all. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #6 - MAKE S URE YOUR NORWEGI AN COMPLI MENTS ARE S I NCERE! 7

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #7 Talking About Colors in Norwegian CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight # 7 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Kjersti: Hvilken synes du er fin? 2. Espen: Jeg liker den grønne gardinen. 3. Kjersti: Grønn er fin, men jeg synes gul er penere. 4. Espen: Hva med de røde? 5. Kjersti: Jo, jeg liker de også. 6. Espen: Ja, da tar vi dem! ENGLISH 1. Kjersti: Which ones do you think are nice? 2. Espen: I like the green curtains. 3. Kjersti: Green is nice, but I think yellow is prettier. 4. Espen: What about the red ones? 5. Kjersti: Well, I like them too. 6. Espen: Yes, then let's take those. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #7 - TALKI NG ABOUT COLORS I N NORWEGI AN 2

hvilken which pronoun å synes to think, to believe verb fin nice adjective å like to like verb grønn green adjective gardin curtain noun gul yellow adjective med with conjunction rød red adjective også too adverb SAMPLE SENTENCES Hvilken genser liker du? "Which sweater do you like?" Hva synes du? "What do you think?" Disse er fine. "These are nice." Jenta liker valpene kjempegodt. "The girl really likes the puppies." Den lille jenta liker valpene kjempegodt. "The young girl really likes the puppies." Jeg liker tysk øl. "I like German beer." Den grønne frosken er i vannet. "The green frog is in the water." Sauen spiser det grønne gresset. "The sheep is eating the green grass." Gardinen er møkkete. "The curtain is dirty." Gul er favoritten min. "Yellow is my favorite." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #7 - TALKI NG ABOUT COLORS I N NORWEGI AN 3

Bien pollinerer den gule blomsten. "The bee is pollinating the yellow flower." Brødskive med hva? "A slice of bread with what?" Jeg blir med! "I'm coming with you!" Blir du med? "Are you joining?" Den med hunden på, vær så snill. "The one with the dog (on it), please." Huset vårt er rødt. "Our house is red." Ta med deg denne også. "Bring this one too." Jeg vil også dra. "I also want to go." VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE Few words need much explanation this time, but let's look at some that could cause trouble. hvilken Hvilken means "which" or "which one" depending on the sentence it's in. In our dialogue, Kjersti says hvilken synes du er fin? ("Which one do you think is nice?"). Here hvilken means "which one." In a sentence like this, Hvilken bil er din? ("Which car is yours?") Hvilken now translates as "which." å synes Å synes means "to think" or "to believe," but it's slightly more complex than that. Å synes means that you have the impression of something. However, in this dialogue we use it as "to think." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #7 - TALKI NG ABOUT COLORS I N NORWEGI AN 4

1. Jeg synes gul er penere. "I think yellow is prettier." In other words, you express your opinion of something with å synes. da tar vi de Da tar vi de might be a confusing phrase. It literally means "then take we those/them." We usually use a variety of da + verb + pronoun + pronoun or noun to express a decision on something. 1. Da gjør vi det. "We'll do that then." 2. Hvilken film likte du? "Which movie did you like?" 3. Jeg synes det er vansklig å tro på... "I think it is hard to believe..." 4. Da kjøper vi rullgardinene. "We'll buy the roller blinds then." GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is Talking About Colors and Preferences. Grønn er fin, men jeg synes gul er penere. "Green is nice, but I think yellow is prettier." Jeg liker den grønne gardinen. "I like the green curtain." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #7 - TALKI NG ABOUT COLORS I N NORWEGI AN 5

Norwegians like colors just as much as anyone else, although it might not be reflected that well in our choice of fashion. An elementary part of any language is to know the colors, although it is more common to learn them early on for children as they are easy to relate to. You are first learning colors now because it fits with this lesson's "I like." So first let's look at "I like." To say "I like..." in Norwegian you simply say jeg liker. After this, you can add pretty much anything. The most common words are nouns and colors. We can also use verbs by including the article in the infinitive. For illustration purposes, let's just look at some examples. 1. Jeg liker kjoler. "I like dresses." 2. Jeg liker å arbeide. "I like to work." As a bonus, we'll show you how to say "I don't like." (This is for those rebels out there who don't like things.) It's actually fairly easy. You simply add the negative ikke ("not") after the verb liker ("like"). So it looks like this: Jeg liker ikke... ("I don't like..."). 1. Jeg liker ikke grønn. "I don't like green." As you may well know by now, you can also substitute the pronoun jeg with any noun or pronoun without needing to change the rest of the sentence. So you can easily make Hun liker kjoler or Ole liker å arbeide. Colors Now let's look at colors. As mentioned, most colors have different names from English so the only way to remember these is through practice. Norwegian "English" rød "red" NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #7 - TALKI NG ABOUT COLORS I N NORWEGI AN 6

grønn "green" blå "blue" gul "yellow" svart "black" hvit "white" oransj "orange" Brun "brown" rosa "pink" lilla "purple" If you want to use some adjectives to describe these colors like Kjersti does in our dialogue, you just say [color] er [adjective]. This is the most basic structure. Add jeg synes in front of this phrase, and you make it your own opinion. 1. Rosa er stygt. "Pink is ugly." 2. Jeg synes rosa er stygt. "I think pink is ugly." CULTURAL INSIGHT What Color Do Norwegians Prefer? Norwegians aren't especially particular when it comes to colors. However, a survey says most Norwegians prefer white. This is easily noticed when out driving in the countryside or through hamlets and small residential areas. A lot of the houses are colored white. It's no wonder the NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #7 - TALKI NG ABOUT COLORS I N NORWEGI AN 7

color is also on the Norwegian flag, although it might not be the most prominent color. For those that know, the Norwegian flag has three colors: rødt, hvitt og blått or "red, white, and blue" as we say in English. The white and blue form a cross and are surrounded by red. Each color also has a meaning like the French flag: red is for freedom, white for peace, and blue for brotherhood. But red is the most prominent color of the three. Norwegians tend to like red too; in fact, we like all strong colors or high contrasts; blander colors don't appeal that much to Norwegians. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #7 - TALKI NG ABOUT COLORS I N NORWEGI AN 8

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #8 Taking a Shopping Trip in Norway CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 8 Cultural Insight # 8 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Clerk: Hei, kan jeg hjelpe dere? 2. Kjersti: Vi tar denne stolen og disse gardinene i rød. 3. Clerk: Ok, la meg ta dem bort til kassen. 4... 5. Clerk: Skal vi se, det blir 4,799 for stolen, pluss 2,499 for gardinene. Alt i alt 7,298. 6. Kjersti: Vi tar det på kort ENGLISH 1. Clerk: Hi, can I help you? 2. Kjersti: We'd like this chair and these curtains in red. 3. Clerk: OK, let me bring the items to the register. 4... 5. Clerk: Let's see, that'll be 4,799 for the chair, plus 2,499 for the curtains. Totaling 7,298. 6. Kjersti: We'll use a card (to pay). VOCABULARY NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #8 - TAKI NG A S HOPPI NG TRI P I N NORWAY 2

Norwegian English Class å ta to take, to pick up verb dere you (plural) pronoun stol chair noun gardin curtain noun borte away, over, gone adverb kasse register noun pluss plus adverb alt everything, all pronoun kort card noun å bli to become verb SAMPLE SENTENCES Bussen tok en time. "The bus took an hour." Kan jeg ta med en venn? "Can I bring a friend?" Har dere et bord for seks? "Do you have a table for six?" For en kul stol. "What a cool chair." Gardinen er møkkete. "The curtain is dirty." Jeg skal reise bort. "I am going away." Det er et offentlig toalett der borte. "There is a public toilet over there." Kunden betaler ved kassa. "The customer pays at the register." To pluss to er fire. "Two plus two is four." I dag kan alt resirkuleres. "Today almost everything is recyclable." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #8 - TAKI NG A S HOPPI NG TRI P I N NORWAY 3

Alt er på tilbud. "Everything is on sale." Kan jeg betale med kort? "Can I pay by card?" Jeg vil bli astronaut. "I want to be an astronaut." Larven blir en sommerfugl. "The caterpillar becomes a butterfly." VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE In this lesson, we'll go over a few words and expressions that you might find familiar as well as two words from the vocabulary, starting with the words. Bort is a slightly tricky word. It means "away," like in the phrase å ta noe bort ("to take something away"). However, it also covers another English "over" when we use it in sentences like those in our dialogue. 1. Jeg tar de med bort til kassen. "I'll bring them over to the register." Notice that you can use "away" in this sentence too. Actually, it is English, which is slightly weird here. Alt is also a bit of a special word. It can mean "everything" or "all" depending on the context of the sentence. In our dialogue, you can see that we have translated alt i alt as "all in all," and while that isn't wrong, it's certainly not common to hear people pronounce "total" or "subtotal" like this. "All in all" is a direct translation. Alt i alt means "summing up." Two other phrases need explanation. Skal vi se does have an approximate English translation: "shall we see." More commonly, however, we translate it as "let's see." Norwegians often use the phrase skal vi se. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #8 - TAKI NG A S HOPPI NG TRI P I N NORWAY 4

You might have noticed that kan jeg hjelpe dere? sounded almost exactly like something you have learned in earlier lessons. That's true. We learned that Trenger du noe hjelp? Kan jeg hjelpe dere ("Can I help you (guys)?") is just a variation on this phrase. 1. Jeg reiser bort til USA i morgen. "I am going away to the U.S. tomorrow." 2. Var det alt? "Was that everything?" 3. Skal vi se, her er den! "Let's see, here it is!" 4. Kan jeg hjelpe deg med noe? "Can I help you with anything?" GRAMMAR This Focus of This Lesson Is Numbers, But We're Also Going to Learn to Use a Common Phrase. Skal vi se, da blir 4,799 for stolen, pluss 2,499 for gardinene. Alt i alt 7,298. "Let's see, that'll be 4,799 for the chair, plus 2,499 for the curtains. Totaling 7,298." Vi tar det på kort. "We'll use a card (to pay)." First off, let's go through all the numbers from 1 to 20 and from 10 to 1,000. Elementary: en to tre fire fem NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #8 - TAKI NG A S HOPPI NG TRI P I N NORWAY 5

seks syv åtte ni ti elleve tolv tretten fjorten femten seksten søtten atten Tens: ti tjue tretti førti femti seksti søtti åtti nitti hundre hundreds: ett hundre to hundre tre hundre fire hundre fem hundre seks hundre syv hundre åtte hundre ni hundre ett tusen NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #8 - TAKI NG A S HOPPI NG TRI P I N NORWAY 6

If you can't count all these, make sure to go back to our numbers lesson in our Absolute Beginner Series. Now, to make a more advanced number like the ones we had in our lesson, you must combine these numbers. This is done easily just like English. The structure looks like this: tusen, hundre, og titall, entall ("thousands, hundreds, and tens, ones"). Now remember the og ("and") is very important in this structure. If you don't include it, the number will sound slightly weird to Norwegians. Let's try some numbers. 1. firetusen syvhundre og nittini "4,799" 2. totusenfemhundre og førti "2,540" 3. syvtusen og femti "7,050" Notice the last one where there is no hundred; thus, after og, it jumps straight to the ten. If you go to a shop where you have to talk to staff to order, like a restaurant or a cafe, you can say jeg tar or Jeg har lyst på. These mean "I'll take" and "I want," respectively. It is always nice to end with a takk at the end of an order. Now, we realize there aren't many places where you'll be able to talk to the staff like that if it comes to supermarkets, shops, etc. If you want something in, say, a clothing shop, using the phrase jeg tar sounds very unnatural. Instead, you can use Jeg har lyst på because you are looking for something, not ordering anything or buying anything exactly at that point. If you happen to find the thing you were looking for, you can show a clerk the thing you wanted and tell him or her Jeg tar denne, and the clerk will take you to the closest open counter. And when you have decided what you want, then you can simply bring it to the register and the clerk will ring it through for you and tell you how much it costs. Now jeg tar can be useful in many other cases, such as saying jeg tar det på kort, which literally translates as "I'll take it on card," or we can more comfortably translate it as "I'll pay by card." Let's look at some more examples of jeg tar. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #8 - TAKI NG A S HOPPI NG TRI P I N NORWAY 7

1. Jeg tar en øl! "I'll take a beer!" 2. Vi tar en hvil, vi. "We'll take a rest." 3. Jeg tar det du ikke har hørt Norsk før? "I'll take it that you haven't heard Norwegian before?" CULTURAL INSIGHT How to Get Service in Norway In Norway, it isn't common for staff of a shop to approach you, so if you need any help, you'll usually have to go ask for it yourself. A common way to initiate such a conversation is by saying Unnskyld ("Excuse me"). If you are too shy, then you can always hope for the staff to come tell you Hvis du trenger noe hjelp så si ifra ("If you need any help, just let me know") or leter du etter noe? ("Are you looking for something?") This is especially common to hear in apparel shops. In other shops, you'd usually have to ask around or you'd have to stand there with a confused look until someone takes the initiative. The same goes for restaurants in Norway: the service level isn't always at the top, and so if you enter a restaurant and stand there waiting to be seated, it might take a while. If the waiters seem to ignore you, just hold up your hand say Unnskyld, et bord for plus the number of guests you are. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #8 - TAKI NG A S HOPPI NG TRI P I N NORWAY 8

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #9 Finding Your Way Around a Norwegian Airport CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight # 9 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Kjersti: Unnskyld, jeg skal til Tromsø med Nørwegian. 2. Information: Da er det innsjekking på J. 3. Kjersti: Hvor ligger det? 4. Information: (points behind Kjersti) Det er rett der nede på høyre side. 5. Kjersti: Ok, takk. 6. Information: Bare hyggelig. ENGLISH 1. Kjersti: Excuse me, I am going to Tromsø with Nørwegian (airline). 2. Information: The check-in is at J. 3. Kjersti: Where is that? 4. Information: (points behind Kjersti) It's right down there on the right-hand side. 5. Kjersti: OK, thank you. 6. Information: My pleasure. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #9 - FI NDI NG YOUR WAY AROUND A NORWEGI AN AI RPORT 2

unnskyld Excuse me. / I'm sorry. interjection å skulle to go to, will verb med with conjunction innsjekking check-in noun å ligge to exist, to be located at verb rett straight, right adverb ned down adverb høyre right adverb side side noun bare only, just adverb SAMPLE SENTENCES Unnskyld, hvor går du? "Excuse me, where are you going?" Unnskyld, Hva er klokken? "Excuse me, what time is it now?" Unnskyld jeg har glemt det. "Sorry, I forgot it." Hvor skal du? "Where are you going?" Skulle ikke du komme i går? "Weren t you supposed to come by yesterday?" Jeg skal besøke deg i morgen. "I ll pay you a visit tomorrow." Skal ikke du komme snart? "Aren't you coming soon?" Jeg skal avgårde i morgen. "I'm going to leave tomorrow." Brødskive med hva? "A slice of bread with what?" Jeg blir med! "I'm coming with you!" NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #9 - FI NDI NG YOUR WAY AROUND A NORWEGI AN AI RPORT 3

Blir du med? "Are you joining?" Den med hunden på, vær så snill. "The one with the dog (on it), please." Hvor er innsjekkingen? "Where's the check-in?" Butikken ligger rundt hjørnet. "The shop lies around the corner." Jeg går helt rett. "I am walking straight." Jeg skal ned til butikken "I'm going down to the grocery store." Ikke se ned. "Don't look down." Butikken ligger til høyre her. "The shop lies to the right here." I Norge kjører vi på høyre side. "In Norway, we drive on the right side." Hvilken side er du på? "Which side are you on?" Huset ligger på andre siden. "The house lies on the other side." Jeg er bare litt syk. "I am just a bit sick." Jeg har bare hundre kroner! "I only have one hundred Kroner!" Bare gå rett fremover. "Just go straight ahead." Det er bare meg. "It's only me." VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE There are a few potentially weird words here. One is åligge. It means "to lie down," but we can also use it as "to exist at some location." In other words, we can use it just like the English "to lie," as in "The house lies just over there." You could translate this directly into Norwegian as Huset ligger rett der borte. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #9 - FI NDI NG YOUR WAY AROUND A NORWEGI AN AI RPORT 4

Another word is the preposition ned. Depending on the context, this can mean a lot of different things. One use appeared in our sample sentence kjøkkenet er nede, which translates as "The kitchen is downstairs." If you are climbing and have left something on the ground, you could say of it that Den ligger need ("It lies down on the ground."). The same is true of å gå ned, which could either mean "to go"/"to climb"/"to walk down" or "to go downstairs." We could also use ned in the context of something that should work but doesn't, such as an Internet connection that is down: we would say Internettet er nede ("the Internet is down"). Finally, there's a phrase in the dialogue that could use some explanation. Da er det... translates as "then it is." In this context, it means "in that case," as in da er det ikke mulig å dra ("In that case, it's impossible to go"). Let's look at some example sentences made with these. 1. Sykkelen ligger her need. "The bike is down here." 2. Jeg sitter nede. "I am sitting downstairs/under." 3. Om zombier kommer da er det beste valget å løpe. "If zombies are coming, then the best choice is to run." GRAMMAR This Focus of This Lesson Is Following Directions and Asking for Directions. Hvor ligger det? "Where is that?" Det er rett der nede på høyre side. "It's right down there on the right-hand side." When you are in trouble and don't know where you are supposed to go, the best thing to do is to ask someone for directions. In Norwegian, there are a few ways you can do this. To begin NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #9 - FI NDI NG YOUR WAY AROUND A NORWEGI AN AI RPORT 5

with, let's look at asking where something is. Hvor er ("where is") or Hvor ligger ("where lies") followed by the thing or place you are looking for is the best way to start asking. Of course, an Unnskyld ("Excuse me") to catch the person's attention first is always good manners. Say you are at the airport and you are looking for a toilet. You would say Unnskyld, hvor er toalettet? or Hvor ligger toalettet? Either is fine, and we can use them interchangeably. They both mean "Where is the toilet?" This is the case if you are looking for an unspecified thing, for example, a thing there can be many of. Toilets can also be found in the plural. But let's say we are looking for an ATM. In that case, you would have to add one word to these phrases. So they would become Hvor ligger det or hvor er det...? Add "ATM" and the sentence becomes Hvor ligger/er det en minibank? Some of the nouns require that there is an article in front of them. In the case of ATM, the article en is required since it is a masculine noun. Let's look at some more examples so you can grasp this better. 1. Hvor ligger det tax-free? "Where is the duty free?" 2. Hvor er toget? "Where's the train?" 3. Hvor er det en bank? "Where is there a bank?" So how would someone answer all of these questions? Well, there are a slew of different directions. One thing they have in common is that they would either start with det er or den er ("it is") or det ligger or den ligger ("it lies"). The difference between det and den being whether its a neuter gender noun, det, or a masculine/ feminine gender noun, den. Let's look at some of the possible answers. 1. Den er rett frem og til venstre. "It is straight forward and to the left." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #9 - FI NDI NG YOUR WAY AROUND A NORWEGI AN AI RPORT 6

2. Det er rett til høyre og nedover gangen. "It is to the right and down the corridor." 3. Den ligger på venstre side av inngangen. "It lies on the left-hand side by the entrance." 4. Bort mot skranken og opp trappen. "Over toward the counter and up the stairs." 5. Ned rulletrappen på høyre side. "Down the escalator, on the right side." 6. Fortsett nedover til du ser banken på høyre side. "Continue down until you can see the bank on the right-hand side." CULTURAL INSIGHT Do You Think You Can You Find Your Way Around Norway? The airports in Norway are relatively small and not that hard to navigate. Most signage is in both English and Norwegian, so you shouldn't have any problem finding what you're looking for. Still, if you don't have time to look, being able to ask can prove very useful. That said, all staff working at the airport are required to comprehend and be able to respond to questions in English. Nowadays, most signboards are riddled with "easy to understand" icons instead of text so that people who can't even speak English can navigate to a certain extent. If you ever find yourself really lost at the airport, then you most have gone very wrong somewhere. Learning to ask directions will prove more useful in large cities like Oslo or when inside large and complex buildings like museums or office buildings. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #9 - FI NDI NG YOUR WAY AROUND A NORWEGI AN AI RPORT 7

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #10 Going for a Drive in the Norwegian Countryside CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 6 Cultural Insight # 10 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Kjersti: Tar vi til høyre her? 2. Espen: Nei, vent til vi er kommet til rundkjøringen. 3. Kjersti: Og etter den fortsetter vi opp E6? 4. Espen: Ja, helt til Lillehammer. ENGLISH 1. Kjersti: Do we take a right here? 2. Espen: No, wait until we have reached the roundabout. 3. Kjersti: And after that, we ll continue up the E6? 4. Espen: Yes, all the way to Lillehammer. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class å ta to take, to pick up verb vi we pronoun vente to wait å komme to come verb rundkjøring roundabout noun NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #10 - GOI NG FOR A DRI VE I N THE NORWEGI AN COUNTRYS I DE 2

etter after preposition å fortsette to continue verb opp up preposition helt all the way, fully adverb til to, for preposition SAMPLE SENTENCES Bussen tok en time. "The bus took an hour." Kan jeg ta med en venn? "Can I bring a friend?" Vi har poteter i kjøleskapet. "We have potatoes in the fridge." Skal vi gå sammen? "Shall we go together?" Den reisende venter på toget. "The traveler waits for the train." Legen kom etter en time. "The doctor came after an hour." Jeg kommer hjem nå. "I'm coming home now." Kom over. "Come over." Fire stykker kom ikke. "Four people did not come." Jeg hater rundkjøringer. "I hate roundabouts." Ta etter meg. "Take after me." Du kan fortsette ned her. "You can continue down here." Klatre opp da! "Climb up then!" Gikk du helt hjem? "Did you walk all the way home?" NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #10 - GOI NG FOR A DRI VE I N THE NORWEGI AN COUNTRYS I DE 3

Toget gikk til Skien. "The train went to Skien." Hvem er dette til? "Who s this for?" Jeg drar til Bergen. "I am going to Bergen." VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE Let's look at some of the more confusing words here. You might remember this one being explained in earlier lessons. Tar is a word with a lot of different uses. For example, in our dialogue, tar vi til høyre her? translates as "Do we take the right here?" Whenever you have tar at the beginning of a sentence, you have to guess what context it is in and what the word means. Usually, though, you would be able to use "to take" in an English translation like in our dialogue. 1. Ta litt av denne suppen. "Take some of this soup." 2. Tar du femti studiepoeng i år? "Are you taking fifty course credits this year?" Helt doesn't have an English equivalent word but rather an English equivalent phrase. It translates as "all the way" when we use it in words where distance would be involved. It would also translate as "fully" or "wholly," or any other word in that essence, in other contexts. 1. Jeg vet ikke helt hva jeg skal gjøre. "I don't know exactly what I should do." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #10 - GOI NG FOR A DRI VE I N THE NORWEGI AN COUNTRYS I DE 4

2. Det er helt opp til deg hva du gjør. "It's entirely up to you what you do." GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is Directions and Til. Tar vi til høyre her? "Do we take a right here?" Og etter den fortsetter vi opp E6? "And after that, we'll continue up the E6?" In this lesson, we'll focus on some directions and the use of til. First of all, the most common directions you will hear in Norwegian, and you might remember some of them from our previous lessons, are the following. Norwegian "English" høyre "right" venstre "left" rett fram "straight forward" bakover mot "back toward" rundt "(turning) around" over "over" under "under" bortover or langsmed "along" mot "toward" NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #10 - GOI NG FOR A DRI VE I N THE NORWEGI AN COUNTRYS I DE 5

Now there are also the four wind directions that can be quite useful to know in Norwegian. Norwegian "English" Nord "North" Sør "South" Øst "East" Vest "West" Knowing these words, you can follow a lot of the directions given to you should you ever need to ask. They can also be practical when reading directions given in Norwegian on signboards in some places. Now for the use of til. In this dialogue, you saw a lot of til, and that is because we have a lot of different usages for it. We use just as we would use "until," "to," and "for" in different contexts in English. Say, for example, you are going somewhere like Lillehammer. You would say Jeg skal til Lillehammer ("I am going to Lillehammer"). If you want to say that you are waiting until someone, say, your friends, arrive, you would say Jeg venter til vennene mine kommer ("I am waiting until my friends arrive"). And finally, someone asks you who that present is for, and you reply Den er til mamma ("It's for Mom"). Let's look at some more examples of til. 1. Kommer du til festen i kveld? "Are you coming to the party tonight?" 2. Kjør til venstre, til du ser et hus. "Drive to the left until you see a house." 3. Send denne pakken til Kåre. "Send this package to Kåre." CULTURAL INSIGHT NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #10 - GOI NG FOR A DRI VE I N THE NORWEGI AN COUNTRYS I DE 6

The Rules of the Road in Norway When driving a car in Norway, you'll find that we are driving on the right side. You'll also find that there are a lot of roundabouts in Norway, maybe more than what is necessary. While public transport is entirely viable in Norway, driving might be necessary if you want some freedom of travel. There are a lot of places that can't be reached by public transport or that would take several hours to get to by public transport. Also, when traveling in the mountains, traveling by car or motorbike gives you the opportunity to stop along the way to enjoy the view of the beautiful scenery around you. Traveling by car can be a bit frustrating, however, when going far away from civilization as one wrong turn can send you in the completely wrong direction. Always have a map handy and make sure you know where you are on the map at all times. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #10 - GOI NG FOR A DRI VE I N THE NORWEGI AN COUNTRYS I DE 7

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #11 Have you Reached Your Norwegian Destination? CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight # 11 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Espen: Unnskyld, fra lillehammer, hvordan kommer vi oss mot Galdhøpiggen? 2. Passerby: Da må dere svinge til høyre her, og ut på E6. Etter det er det å svinge inn på Riksvei 15 etter Otta. 3. Espen: Tusen takk. 4. Passerby: Bare hyggelig ENGLISH 1. Espen: Excuse me, how do we get to Galdhøpiggen from Lillehammer? 2. Passerby: You'll have to take a right here and out onto the E6. After that, get onto the Riksvei fifteen after Otta. 3. Espen: Thank you very much. 4. Passerby: My pleasure. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class hvordan how adverb oss us pronoun mot towards, to adverb her here preposition NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #11 - HAVE YOU REACHED YOUR NORWEGI AN DES TI NATI ON? 2

ut out preposition å svinge to turn verb inn in preposition fra from preposition på in, on preposition å måtte have to, must verb SAMPLE SENTENCES Hvordan kom du deg hjem? "How did you get home?" Hvordan går det? "How goes it?" Hei, hvordan går det Maria? "Hello, how are you Maria?" Bli med oss da. "Come with us then." Kjør mot Otta. "Drive towards Otta." Ta denne asjetten her. "Take this platter here." Her er greia jeg pratet om. "Here's the thing I was talking about." Jeg er her. "I'm here." Skal du gå ut? "Are you going out?" Sving rundt hjørnet. "Turn around the corner." Kom inn igjen. "Come back in again." Jeg fikk et postkort fra USA. "I got a postcard from the U.S." Ta på deg lua! "Put on your hat!" Jeg må på do. "I have to go to the toilet." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #11 - HAVE YOU REACHED YOUR NORWEGI AN DES TI NATI ON? 3

Jeg må på do. "I have to go to the toilet." VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE bare hyggelig Bare hyggelig is, if you remember hyggelig, a way of saying "no problem" or "my please." It means "just/only pleasure." This is a set phrase and we cannot change it in any way without also changing the whole meaning of the phrase. 1. Bare hyggelig å hjelpe. "It's my pleasure to be of help." hvordan Hvordan means "how"; however, don't confuse it with hvor in hvor mye, which means "how much." Hvor alone means "where." There are a few words that you can couple hvor with to create new question types for quantity, quality, or distance. 1. Hvordan går det? "How are you?" etter det er det Etter det er det is a slightly tricky and probably weird looking phrase. Directly translated it means "after that is it." We essentially use it in explanations or statements where one first talks about something and uses this phrase to connect the previous and next phrases. We can substitute det with den for a different effect. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #11 - HAVE YOU REACHED YOUR NORWEGI AN DES TI NATI ON? 4

1. Maten skal koke i fem minutter, etter det er den ferdig. "The food should boil for five minutes; after that it's ready." GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is Asking "How to Get Somewhere."...Hvordan kommer vi oss mot Galdhøpiggen?."..How do we get to Galdhøpiggen?" Da må dere ta til høyre her, og ut på E6. "You'll have to take a right here, and out onto the E6." In this lesson's dialogue, the first thing Espen does is ask "How to get to Galdhøpiggen?" He does this by using the phrase Hvordan kommer jeg meg til... ("How do I get to..."). Now, you might have noticed the difference here. He actually says...vi oss... ("we ourselves") and not...jeg meg... ("me myself"). The reason you put both the subject and the object pronoun together is that you are actually asking "How do I get me myself to..." if you translate it more correctly. A direct translation sounds ridiculous in English "How come I myself to..." When saying hvordan kommer jeg meg til, you follow it up with a place like Oslo or togstasjonen ("train station"). 1. Hvordan kommer jeg meg til Oslo? "How do I get to Oslo?" 2. Hvordan kommer jeg meg til togsasjonen? "How do I get to the train station?" If you have a map and you know where it is you want to go on the map, you can ask Hvordan kommer jeg meg hit? while pointing at your destination. If you ask this without pointing anywhere, you are actually asking "How do I get here?" If you paid full attention, you will notice that I changed one more word from the original dialogue. I changed mot ("toward") with til ("to"). Now, of course, you can use mot in this phrase, but you'll be asking how to get to something. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #11 - HAVE YOU REACHED YOUR NORWEGI AN DES TI NATI ON? 5

1. Hvordan kommer jeg meg mot Oslo. "How do I get to Oslo?" Now, as for the subject pronouns and their reflexive forms, these are the sets: jeg - meg "I" - "myself" du - deg "you" - "yourself" hun/han/det/de - seg "she"/"he"/"it"/"they" - "herself"/"himself"/"itself"/"themselves" vi - oss "we" - "ourselves" dere - dere "you (guys)" - "yourselves" Let's look at a question using each of these. 1. Hvordan kommer jeg meg hit? "How do I get here?" 2. Hvordan kommer du deg til flyplassen? "How do you get to the airport?" 3. Hvordan kommer hun seg hjem? "How does she get home?" 4. Hvordan kommer vi oss bort? "How do we get away?" 5. Hvordan kommer dere dere til kinoen? "How do you guys get to the cinema?" Let's also quickly look at some phrases that we saw in the dialogue. The most common beginning phrase of an answer to this question is da må + pronoun + this and that direction. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #11 - HAVE YOU REACHED YOUR NORWEGI AN DES TI NATI ON? 6

Now, the passer-by in this dialogue said svinge til høyre her, og ut på E6. And then å svinge inn på Riksvei 15. She mentioned two roads, but she mixes between ut ("out") and inn ("in"). There is no right or wrong here; usually, the speaker talks from her own standpoint and thus whether "in or "out" on E6 is purely subjective. That's why you can safely ignore that word and instead remember that you need to get "onto" whatever comes next that the person is saying. CULTURAL INSIGHT How to Get Directions in Norway It is not uncommon to ask passers-by for directions in Norway. Usually you will be lucky and find someone who is familiar with the area who can help you. That said, people aren't usually overly enthusiastic about it, and so you will only get the directions from a person and then he or she is likely to walk on. While Norwegians are somewhat polite, they are generally careful with strangers, especially as petty crime rates have inflated during the past years. When you ask for directions, it's best to be nice and smile as people are more likely to help you if you look accommodating. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #11 - HAVE YOU REACHED YOUR NORWEGI AN DES TI NATI ON? 7

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #12 Are you Getting Hungry in Norway? CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 6 Cultural Insight # 12 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Espen: Kjersti, er du sulten? 2. Kjersti: Nei, jeg er ikke så sulten. 3. Espen: Tok du med noe mat på turen? 4. Kjersti: Nei, jeg har ikke tatt med noe. Har du? 5. Espen: Nei, jeg har heller ikke mat. ENGLISH 1. Espen: Kjersti, are you hungry? 2. Kjersti: No, I am not that hungry. 3. Espen: Did you bring any food for the trip? 4. Kjersti: No, I didn't bring any food. Did you? 5. Espen: No, I don't have food either. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class heller rather, either conjunction tur trip noun mat food noun NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #12 - ARE YOU GETTI NG HUNGRY I N NORWAY? 2

nei no adverb er ikke is not phrase har ikke have not phrase å ta to take, to pick up verb sulten hungry expression så so, how adverb noe something adverb SAMPLE SENTENCES Jeg vet heller ikke. "I don t know either." Jeg vil heller spille spill. "I'd rather play games." Jeg drar på tur. "I am taking a trip." Skal jeg lage deg noe mat? "Should I make you some food?" Maurene bærer mat. "The ants are carrying food." Det er ikke mulig, nei. "It s not possible, no." Jeg liker ikke fotball. "I don't like soccer." Jeg er ikke morsom. "I am not funny." Har ikke du votter? "Don't you have gloves?" Bussen tok en time. "The bus took an hour." Kan jeg ta med en venn? "Can I bring a friend?" Kvinnen er sulten. Den sultne mannen er på jakt etter mat i kjøleskapet. "The woman is hungry. The hungry man is looking for food in the refrigerator." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #12 - ARE YOU GETTI NG HUNGRY I N NORWAY? 3

Jeg er sulten. "I'm hungry." Så fin den ser ut. "How nice it looks." Så... hva er til middag? "So... what's for dinner?" Jeg vet noe ikke du vet. "I know something you don't." Er det noe annet? "Is there something else?" VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE tok In the dialogue, Espen asks Kjersti Tok du med noe mat? You might not have recognized tok, which is the past tense of å ta ("to take"). In this context, å ta is better translated as "to bring," as in Tok du med noe mat? ("Did you bring any food?") 1. Jeg tok med sekken. "I brought the bag." er ikke/har ikke The phrases er ikke and har ikke will be explained in greater detail in the grammar section; however, er is the present tense of å være, and har is the present tense of å ha. We can make phrases like this in past tense like var ikke ("wasn't") and hadde ikke ("hadn't"). Our negative is ikke, which translates as "not." You'll find that the sentences made with this negative don't necessarily need to be advanced to become quite complex or hard to put into system. In this lesson, we'll focus on the instance where you put the verbs er and har in front of it to make the negatives "isn't" and "hasn't." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #12 - ARE YOU GETTI NG HUNGRY I N NORWAY? 4

1. Var ikke det Johannes? "Wasn't that Johannes?" 2. Du hadde ikke penger på deg? "You didn't have money on you?" heller Heller is quite hard to explain. We usually use it in a sentence where it would translate as "rather." But when we put in a sentence with a negative, it becomes "either." 1. Jeg vet ikke hvor det ble av Johannes, heller. "I don't know where Johannes went either." GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is Using "Isn't" and "Haven't." Nei, jeg er ikke så sulten. "No, I am not that hungry." Nei, jeg har ikke tatt med noe. "No, I didn't bring any food." Espen is obviously hungry, so he asks Kjersti two questions, both of which she responds negatively to. The first question is Er du sulten? ("Are you hungry?") The second one was Tok du med noe mat...? ("Did you bring any food...?"). You might notice that both of these are VSO questions. In other words, the answer would be either "yes" or "no." However, she answers and expands on those answers. Let's look at how she builds up her answers. Nei, jeg er ikke så sulten. The sentence is an SVO. It's got a nei, which is an interjection. Then it begins with the subject jeg, then the verb er, followed directly by the negative ikke. She then throws in an adverb så ("so"/"that"), and finally the adjective sulten. All sentences that follow these SVO structures are built up like this, and in almost all cases, the negative ikke is right behind the verb that is to be negated in the sentence. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #12 - ARE YOU GETTI NG HUNGRY I N NORWAY? 5

The same goes for her answer to Espen's second question: Nei, jeg har ikke tatt med noe ("No, I haven't brought any."). Again, nei is an interjection. Jeg subject, har verb, ikke negative, tatt verb, and med noe object. Har tatt is the perfect past tense of the verb å ta, which you might remember already "to take." When a verb is in the present perfect tense, the negative will always lie between the Har and the verb. Now here, we went on saying that ikke always comes after the first verb, but that is not always true. When you are adding an adverb like heller ("either"), alltid ("always"), or nesten ("almost"), the whole sentence will be a bit more jumbled. That's what I meant when I said that even simple sentences become complex. In our dialogue, Espen says Nei, jeg har heller ikke mat ("No, I don't have food either"). The easiest way to know where these adverbs go in a negative sentence is to learn each individual adverb's position. Heller always goes between the first verb and ikke. However, alltid will always come between ikke and the rest of the sentence. 1. Jeg er ikke alltid sulten. "I am not always hungry." Let's look at a few more examples. 1. Jeg er ikke helt frisk. "I am not entirely OK." 2. Du har vel ikke mat? "You don't happen to have food?" 3. Vi er ikke sammen lenger. "We aren't together anymore." CULTURAL INSIGHT Be Careful Not to Offend Norwegians With Negatives NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #12 - ARE YOU GETTI NG HUNGRY I N NORWAY? 6

When using negatives, be careful that you don't sound entirely too negative. And the opposite is true also; if something is dire, sounding too happy will throw off the person, making him or her think it's of no importance. There is also sarcasm, which might not be that widely understood in parts of the world; however, in Norway people use it often, and they often use negatives in such sentences. Saying "You aren't the sharpest knife in the drawer" is an insult, but it can also be sarcastic. This means it isn't actually an attempt at insulting someone; rather, it's sarcasm that works the other way around. It is the tone you say it with that determines whether the other person understands it as sarcasm. In Norway, you might find people good at understanding it and people who don't get it at all. Whatever you do, be careful not to insult someone unintentionally by using sarcasm. By the way, the phrase above is Du er ikke den skarpeste kniven i skuffen when we translate it to Norwegian. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #12 - ARE YOU GETTI NG HUNGRY I N NORWAY? 7

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #13 Why Not Stop for a Norwegian Snack? CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 6 Cultural Insight # 13 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Espen: Vil du stoppe ved en veikro? 2. Kjersti: Nei, jeg vil ikke stoppe akkurat nå. 3. Espen: Men, jeg er litt sulten. Kan vi ikke stoppe innom? 4. Kjersti: Nei, vi kan stoppe ved en bensinstasjon i stedet. ENGLISH 1. Espen: Do you want stop by a roadhouse? 2. Kjersti: No, I don't want to stop right now. 3. Espen: But I'm a bit hungry. Can't we stop by? 4. Kjersti: No, we can stop at a gas station instead. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class å stoppe to stop verb Vil ikke Don t want to phrase Kan ikke cannot (can t) phrase veikro roadhouse noun ved by preposition akkurat just / right adverb NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #13 - WHY NOT S TOP FOR A NORWEGI AN S NACK? 2

innom by preposition bensinstasjon gas station noun i stedet instead adverb SAMPLE SENTENCES Stopp med en gang! "Stop at once!" Jeg vil ikke kjøre "I don t want to drive" Jeg kan ikke spise. "I can t eat." Jeg sitter på en veikro. "I am sitting at a roadhouse." Baggen lå ved bordet. "The bag lay by the table." Huset ligger ved elven. "The house lies by the river." Jeg kom akkurat. "I just came." Kom innom en tur da. "Come by for a visit then." Vi må stoppe ved en bensinstasjon. "We have to stop by a gas station." Kom hit i stedet da. "Come here instead then." VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE ved Ved means "by." We commonly use it in the phrase ved siden av ("beside"). We can use it to create sentences like those that follow. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #13 - WHY NOT S TOP FOR A NORWEGI AN S NACK? 3

1. Huset ligger ved elven. "The house lies by the river." 2. Huset ligger ved siden av elven. "The house lies beside the river." As you can see, there's a slight nuance between the phrase ved siden av and the word ved alone. innom In our vocabulary, we had another word as well, however: innom. This would also translate to English as "by," but we use it in different situations. Think of it more as "being inside somewhere for a short while." It's slightly hard to grasp at first, but when saying innom as part of a sentence, it means that "something/someone dropped by inside somewhere." We cannot use it in sentences like ved. For example, it isn't possible to say Huset ligger innom elven, as this would not make sense in either Norwegian nor English. Instead, we often use it in sentences where we talk about someone who is/has paying/paid a visit somewhere. 1. Jeg var innom butikken i stad. "I was at the shop earlier." 2. Hun kom innom på besøk. "She came by for a short visit." 3. De kjørte innom McDonald's. "They drove by McDonald's." GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is Using "Don't Want to" and "Can't." Nei, jeg vil ikke stoppe akkurat nå."i don't want to stop/will not stop right now." Kan vi ikke stoppe innom? NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #13 - WHY NOT S TOP FOR A NORWEGI AN S NACK? 4

"Can't we stop by?" Continuing on from our last lesson, this lesson will revolve around the negative. We will mainly focus on the verbs å ville ("to want") and å kunne ("to be able to"). As we saw in the previous lesson, ikke always comes after the first verb. Let's start by first looking at and breaking down our dialogue examples in this lesson. 1. Nei, jeg vil ikke stoppe akkurat nå. "No I don't want to stop right now." The first word is the negative "no," which is nei. It is followed by Jeg vil ikke. This phrase is straightforward and simple: "I don't want." This is followed by stoppe akkurat nå ("to stop right now"). This is also fairly straightforward. After jeg vil ikke comes the verb stoppe ("to stop") and the modifier akkurat nå ("right now"). This is the simplest way of laying out this sentence or any SVO sentence. An easy way to remember it is that the negative will always appear somewhere between the V and the O, verb and the object. The next line, using kan ikke, is a bit more complex as it is a yes/no question: Kan vi ikke stoppe innom? ("Can't we stop by?") Here we start directly at kan ("can"). Then we continue with vi ("we"), after which comes our negative ikke ("not"). And finally, this is followed by stoppe innom ("to stop by"). Luckily, this sentence translates almost word for word into English, so even just knowing the words should be sufficient. The difference between this sentence and the previous one, however, is that it has changed into our familiar VSO structure, which you might remember that we use most often in questions. Kan is the verb, vi is the subject, and the negative will appear in between the verb and the subject. It's like our sentence above except that our verb and subject have changed place: VS + negative + O. Let's look at a few more examples using these two. 1. Vil du ikke spise? "Don't you want to eat?" NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #13 - WHY NOT S TOP FOR A NORWEGI AN S NACK? 5

2. Jeg kan ikke hjelpe til. "I can't help." 3. Jeg vil ikke spise! "I don't want to eat!" CULTURAL INSIGHT Where to Eat on the Road in Norway Roadhouses are a common sight when traveling the countryside in Norway. While they might be a bit sparse in places, there is usually a roadhouse here and there that you'll bump into along the way. These buildings are marked off by signs on the road picturing a knife and a fork. The roadhouses themselves might look a bit unusual if you're not familiar with northern European architecture. While the ones closer to the major cities might be futuristic-looking McDonald's or franchise roadhouses, the further out on the countryside you get, the more unique the look and feel of these places become. They are often small hotels combined with a restaurant or café, and in many of the more traditional ones, they serve local dishes and other traditional Norwegian cooking. If you are out traveling the Norwegian countryside by car, it is definitely worth stopping by one of the roadhouses you meet on the way for a unique experience of Norwegian culture. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #13 - WHY NOT S TOP FOR A NORWEGI AN S NACK? 6

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #14 How Many Norwegian Mountains Did You Climb This Morning? CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight # 14 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Kjersti s mother: Hei Kjersti, hvordan hadde dere det? 2. Kjersti: Vi har hatt det kjempefint! Vi dro opp til Galdhøpiggen, og klatret opp på natten. 3. Espen: Mmm, så kom vi opp på morgenen og fikk sett soloppgangen. 4. Kjersti s mother: Nei, men så flott da. ENGLISH 1. Kjersti's mother: Hi, Kjersti, how was your trip? 2. Kjersti: We had a great time! We went to Galhøpiggen and climbed up during the night. 3. Espen: Mmm, then we reached the top during morning and saw the sunrise. 4. Kjersti's mother: Oh, how wonderful! VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class flott great adjective soloppgang sunrise noun å se to see verb å få to get, to have verb NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOW ER BEGI NNER S 1 #14 - HOW MANY NORW EGI AN MOUNT AI NS DI D YOU CLI MB T HI S MORNI NG? 2

hvordan how adverb kjempefint very nice adjective å klatre to climb verb natt night noun å komme to come verb morgen morning noun SAMPLE SENTENCES så flott at du kunne komme "How nice of you to come." Vi skal se soloppgangen. "We are going to see the sunrise." Se på oss. "Look at us." Få se på telefonen din. "Let me have a look at your phone." Få deg en pc. "Get a PC." Hvordan kom du deg hjem? "How did you get home?" Hvordan går det? "How goes it?" Hei, hvordan går det Maria? "Hello, how are you Maria?" Huset er kjempefint "The house is really nice" Jeg klatret til toppen "I climbed to the top" Jeg liker å klatre. "I like to climb." Det er natt her "It s night here" I går natt var det spell. "Last night was rough." Legen kom etter en time. "The doctor came after an hour." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOW ER BEGI NNER S 1 #14 - HOW MANY NORW EGI AN MOUNT AI NS DI D YOU CLI MB T HI S MORNI NG? 3

Jeg kommer hjem nå. "I'm coming home now." Kom over. "Come over." Fire stykker kom ikke. "Four people did not come." Jeg kan i morgen tidlig "I can tomorrow morning" Menneskene pendler om morgenen. The people commute in the morning. Jeg gjør det en morgen. "I'll do it one morning." VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE hvordan Hvordan means "how." You might remember how hvor mye means "how much." It is not possible to combine hvordan and mye. It doesn't make sense. We can only use hvordan by itself as "how," as in "How are you doing that?" or not to measure as in "How long will you stay?" 1. Hvordan gjør du det? "How are you doing that?" kjempefint Next, we have, kjempefint ("incredibly"/"very nice"). In Norwegian, when you are using two words combined as "very nice," kjempe and fint, you have to concatenate them into one word. This especially goes for nouns but also some combinations of adverbs and adjectives. It is sometimes easier to remember these concatenations as individual words; if you end up splitting these words, the meaning might change drastically. For example, take kjempefint: if split into two words, kjemp fint, the meaning changes to "giant nice." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOW ER BEGI NNER S 1 #14 - HOW MANY NORW EGI AN MOUNT AI NS DI D YOU CLI MB T HI S MORNI NG? 4

1. Turen var kjempefin. "The trip was really nice." fikk sett In the dialogue, we have a phrase that got split in our vocabulary section: fikk sett, or in the infinitive, å få se, means "to get to see." This phrase works pretty much the same in Norwegian as in English. We commonly use it in scenarios like the one in our dialogue. And, the translation of our dialogue sentence...kom vi opp på morgenen og fikk sett soloppgangen could just as well have been "...we reached the top during morning and got to see the sunrise." 1. Vi fikk sett sognefjorden. "We got to see the Sogne fjord." GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is Using the Past Tense....hvordan hadde dere det? "...how was your trip?" Vi dro opp til Galdhøpiggen, og klatret opp på natten. "We went to Galhøpiggen and climbed up during the night." In this lesson's grammar point, we'll deal with the past tense. Learning the past tense can be a bit daunting due to the number of verb endings that are irregular when conjugating in the past tense. In this lesson and the following lesson, we'll look at what we call regular past tense: that is, the past participle alone, which usually expresses recent past or retrospect. Like in English, we use it to talk about events and situations that happened in the past. First, let's break down the sentence Hvordan hadde dere det? The first word is the question word hvordan ("how"). This is followed by hadde ("had"), then the pronoun dere ("you"), and finally det ("it"), which is also a pronoun. Hvordan hadde dere det? Directly translated, it is "How had you it?" NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOW ER BEGI NNER S 1 #14 - HOW MANY NORW EGI AN MOUNT AI NS DI D YOU CLI MB T HI S MORNI NG? 5

Now, if we conjugate this sentence into the present tense, it looks like this: Hvordan har dere det? ("How are you having it?") Present tense: Hvordan har dere det? Past tense: Hvordan hadde dere det? In Norwegian, we only conjugate verbs in the past tense; no other part of the sentence is changed. When a verb is conjugated into the past tense, it will either change shape or gain a tail. The most common way is that the verb gains a different tail than the present tense form or the infinitive form. Let's look at some common verb endings. The one we saw above was a regular verb. It is very hard to make a distinction between regular and irregular verbs in Norway. This is because it's hard to say all verbs ending in one way change in the exact same way. Let's look at some of the most common verb endings. Infinitive "English" Past Tense "English" å klatre "to climb" klatret "climbed" å kjøre "to drive" kjørte "drove" å så "to sow" sådde "sowed" å få "to get" fikk "got" These are the four most common endings: -t, -te, -de, and -ikk. Out of these, by far the one you will hear most often is -te. A lot of verbs add or change the tail into a -te. However, the easiest way is to learn each verb by itself. When you learn a verb, make sure to pick up its past tense forms as well. How you add the ending to the verb varies with each verb, so learning these individually is quite important. Let's look at a few examples with these verbs in a sentence. 1. Hun klatret Mt. Fuji i fjor. "She climbed Mt. Fuji last year." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOW ER BEGI NNER S 1 #14 - HOW MANY NORW EGI AN MOUNT AI NS DI D YOU CLI MB T HI S MORNI NG? 6

2. Jeg kjørte bil til Oslo. "I drove in a car to Oslo." 3. De sådde jordbærplanter i hagen. "They sowed strawberry plants in the backyard." 4. Fikk du tatt med deg tingene dine? "Did you manage (to get) to bring your stuff?" CULTURAL INSIGHT Just How Close Are Norwegian Families? It's not common for Norwegian families to live together as an extended family, which includes the grandparents. Although you see it from time to time, it is more common for grandparents to live in their own place, and often this can be quite far away from where their children live. Thus, it is common to visit parents now and then after moving out. Also larger family gatherings tend to reunite the elder generations in the family with the younger, and they are quite common around holidays in Norway. For (grand)parents who live in the countryside, it is common to have their children visit when they are in that area for other reasons. For Kjersti and Espen in this lesson's dialogue, most likely Kjersti's parents are living somewhere near where Galdhøpiggen is. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOW ER BEGI NNER S 1 #14 - HOW MANY NORW EGI AN MOUNT AI NS DI D YOU CLI MB T HI S MORNI NG? 7

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #15 Make Sure You See the Fjords in Norway! CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 6 Cultural Insight # 15 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Espen: Vi skulle dra innom Geirangerfjorden også. 2. Kjersti: Men vi rakk det ikke. Vi hadde ikke nok tid. 3. Kjersti s Mom: Dere kunne ha dratt dit i morgen. 4. Kjersti: God idé. ENGLISH 1. Espen: We were going to go by the Geiranger fjord as well. 2. Kjersti: But we didn't make it. We didn't have enough time. 3. Kjersti's Mom: You could go there tomorrow. 4. Kjersti: Good idea. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class idé idea noun å skulle to go to verb også too / as well adverb å rekke to make it verb å ha to have verb nok enough adjective NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #15 - MAKE S URE YOU S EE THE FJORDS I N NORWAY! 2

tid time noun å kunne to be able to, to be willing to verb å dra to go verb dit there preposition SAMPLE SENTENCES Har du noen god idé? "Do you have any good idea?" Jeg skulle en tur på butikken "I was on my way to the shop" Skal du hjem? "Are you going to go home?" Jeg vil også ha iskrem "I want ice cream too." Rekker du bussen? "Will you make it in time for the bus?" Har du en katt? "Do you have a cat?" Har du noe vin? "Do you have any wine?" Jeg Skulle Gjerne hatt en hamburger med pommefrites. "I'd like a hamburger with fries." Er det nok? "Is this enough?" Tid er penger. "Time is money." Jeg har ikke nok tid. "I don t have enough time." Kunne du hjulpet meg? "Could you help me?" Jeg kan komme i dag. "I can come today." Du kan kjøpe tannkrem på apoteket. "You can buy toothpaste at the pharmacy." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #15 - MAKE S URE YOU S EE THE FJORDS I N NORWAY! 3

Jeg drar hjem nå. "I'm going home now." Vi drar på kino. "We're going to the movies." Vi skal dit. "We are going there." Hvordan kommer du deg dit? "How do you get there?" VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE å rekke We'll cover this in our grammar section as well. However, let's just explain how this verb works in comparison to the nonexistent English counterpart. In English, one would say something like "to make it" or "to make it in time for." However, in Norwegian, this expression is represented by one verb, å rekke. So whenever you would want to express "that you have time for..." or "want to make something in time for...," you would use å rekke in Norwegian. 1. Rekker jeg toget, tror du? "Do you think I'll make it in time for the train?" 2. Jeg rakk ikke bussen. "I didn't make it in time for the bus." 3. Du rekker å spise litt før vi drar. "You'll have some time to eat before we go." nok The next word is nok. It means "enough," and we usually use it like its English counterpart. However, it can also mean "probably" and therefore help create some confusing sentences if you aren't entirely aware of the context. Once you get used to how to use it, you'll easier distinguish between these two meanings in a sentence. Norwegians seldom confuse the two meanings when seeing or hearing a sentence with nok in it. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #15 - MAKE S URE YOU S EE THE FJORDS I N NORWAY! 4

1. Det er nok epler, ja. "Yeah, it's probably apples."/"yeah, that's enough apples." 2. Det er nok nok. "That's probably enough." The last example is actually not good Norwegian, yet Norwegians use it frequently. The reason is that the word nok comes twice in sequence. A better way to say "that's probably enough" is det er sikkert nok. Sikkert means "surely," but we use it interchangeably with "probably." GRAMMAR This Focus of This Lesson Is Conjugating Verbs in the Irregular Past Tense. Vi skulle dra innom Geirangerfjorden også. "We were going to go by the Geiranger fjord as well." Men vi rakk det ikke. Vi hadde ikke nok tid. "But we didn't make it. We didn't have enough time." So, in our previous lesson, we covered the regular past tense and what some common verb endings looked like. In this lesson, we'll look at some irregular verbs and learn how to conjugate them. The main thing about irregular verbs is that there are many of them, and the way they conjugate is unique to each individual verb. Let's look at the verbs we had in the dialogue and see how they conjugate. Infinitive "English" Past Tense "English" å skulle "to go"/"to have to" skulle "was going to"/"did have to" NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #15 - MAKE S URE YOU S EE THE FJORDS I N NORWAY! 5

å rekke "to make it" rakk "made it" å kunne "to be able to" kunne "was able to" å dra "to go" dro "went" Two of the verbs don't change from their infinitive form; we only remove the article. For the other verbs, the letters change quite a bit. However, many of the irregular verbs end in -nne, - lle, -dde, or -tte in the infinitive form, which doesn't change when we conjugate it in the past tense. There are some combinations of verbs that allow for one verb in the past tense and one in the present or infinitive or for both verbs in the past or present tense. Common ones for both English and Norwegian are combinations like "have done," "will do," and "should go." Or, rather, there are certain verbs that we can combine with a range of other verbs to create more complex sentences. These verbs are the same in both Norwegian and English, like the combinations mentioned above. In proper grammar, these combinations are regarded as their own verb forms. However, they conjugate just as normal verbs would in Norwegian. Let's look at some common usages for these combinations. 1. Jeg kunne kjøre deg hjem om du vil? "I could drive you home if you want?" 2. Han ville finne nøklene. "He wanted to find his keys." 3. De hadde kjørt seg fast. "They had gotten stuck." CULTURAL INSIGHT You Can't "A-Fjord" to Miss This! NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #15 - MAKE S URE YOU S EE THE FJORDS I N NORWAY! 6

In Norway, the best place to experience nature is where Kjersti and Espen were going this time. The Geiranger fjord and Jotunheimen, a mountain range most prominent for its glaciers, are incredible wonders to behold. Also, the vast steppes of the western countryside as well as the small hamlets and towns scattered between inlets and mountains provide for very romantic scenery. The best way to go is definitely by car. But one can also fly or take the train to Bergen or Trondheim and rent a car there and go. In the Geiranger fjord as well as the Sogne fjord, there are tourism ferries that take you across the deep water. Along the coast, there is also an express ferry that can take you from southern Norway to the northern part of the country; of course, it also stops by Bergen and takes you across the spectacular fjords. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #15 - MAKE S URE YOU S EE THE FJORDS I N NORWAY! 7

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #16 Impress Your Norwegian Boss! CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight # 16 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Employer: Kjersti, kan du komme hit litt. 2. Kjersti: Ja, hva er det? 3. Employer: Jeg lurte på om du kunne dra ned på tinghuset og hentet noen dokumenter. 4. Kjersti: Ja, selvfølgelig kan jeg det. ENGLISH 1. Employer: Kjersti, could you come here for a second? 2. Kjersti: Yes, what is it? 3. Employer: I wondered whether you could take a trip down to the courthouse and bring some documents. 4. Kjersti: Yes, of course I can. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class å komme to come verb å dra to go verb hit here preposition å lure to wonder verb NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #16 - I MPRES S YOUR NORWEGI AN BOS S! 2

om about adverb ned down adverb tinghus court house noun å hente to fetch verb dokumenter documents noun selvfølgelig of course SAMPLE SENTENCES Legen kom etter en time. "The doctor came after an hour." Jeg kommer hjem nå. "I'm coming home now." Kom over. "Come over." Fire stykker kom ikke. "Four people did not come." Jeg drar hjem nå. "I'm going home now." Vi drar på kino. "We're going to the movies." Vi skal hit i dag. "We re going here today." Lurer du på noe? "Are you wondering about something?" Jeg lurte på noe. "I m curious about something." Jeg lurte på noe. "I m curious about something." Jeg skal ned til butikken "I'm going down to the grocery store." Ikke se ned. "Don't look down." Dette er tinghuset. "This is the courthouse." Henter du avisen for meg? "Can you fetch the newspaper for me?" NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #16 - I MPRES S YOUR NORWEGI AN BOS S! 3

Dokumentene kastet jeg i søpla. "I threw the documents in the trash." Selvfølgelig kan vi besøke bestemor. "Of course we can visit Grandma." Selvfølgelig kan jeg hjelpe deg. "Of course I can help you." VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE å lure Å lure is a bit tricky in English, as it essentially constitutes the verbs "to wonder," "to be thinking," and "to be curious." In English, there are a lot of verbs that are combined in the present tense with "to be," essentially becoming an adjective. In Norwegian, such combinations don't exist, and as such, it results in a bunch of plain verbs, like å lure. å hente Another word that needs a bit of explanation is å hente. It's basically three verbs in one again: "to fetch," "to get," and "to bring." You can use these verbs somewhat interchangeably in English. Using the verb in Norwegian is pretty much the same. It's basically the action of bringing something from a to b. There's another phrase in Norwegian that expresses almost the same concept: å ta med ("to bring)." There are subtle differences between these two, however, and sometimes å ta med. Å ta med carries the nuance of "bringing something with you." 1. Jeg lurte på om du kunne gå tur med bikkja? "I was wondering whether you could take a walk with the dog?" 2. Lurte du på noe? "Where you wondering about anything?" 3. Henter han ungene i dag? "Is he fetching the kids today?" GRAMMAR NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #16 - I MPRES S YOUR NORWEGI AN BOS S! 4

The Focus of This Lesson Is Using "Can" + [Pronoun] and "I Wondered."...Kan du komme hit litt. "...Can you come here for a second?" Jeg lurte på om du kunne... "I wondered whether you could..." In this lesson, we'll go through how to use "can you" and the phrase "I wondered." Let's do that by deconstructing the two sentences in our dialogue that contain them. First off, let's start with the simplest one: Kan du komme hit litt? It translates as "Can you come here for a bit?" The first word is our verb kan ("can"). It's followed by du, our pronoun "you." Next comes another verb, which is what we are asking the person to do; in this case it's komme ("come"). This is followed by hit ("here"), which is a preposition. Finally, we have litt; this is just an adverb that means "for a bit" or "little." The structure here is simple. We basically ask Kan + pronoun + "verb you want done" + any extra information necessary (place, object, adverb). Let's look at some of the pronouns we can use. Norwegian "English" du "you" jeg "I" dere "you" (plural) han 'he" hun "she" vi "we" de "they" Let's look at some examples of sentences. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #16 - I MPRES S YOUR NORWEGI AN BOS S! 5

1. Kan dere kjøre meg hjem? "Can you (guys) drive me home? 2. Kan hun snakke norsk? "Can she speak Norwegian?" 3. Kan jeg få kake? "Can I have cake?" There were a few different scenarios there that varied in type as well. You might also notice that we can also use kan as "being able to," much like "can" in English. Now for our next sentence. Jeg lurte på om du kunne... This sentence is quite long, so let's cut it here. It translates as "I wondered if you could..." Now this sentence would continue just like the above one continues after kan + pronoun. It's entirely the same from that point on. Notice that the verb coming after kunne, the verb å dra, is also in the infinitive like in the above sentence. The verb after (the action we are asking someone to take) will always be in the infinitive. Now, let's break up the sentence. It starts with the pronoun jeg ("I"). This is followed by the verb lurte, which is the past tense of å lure ("to wonder"). You can use the present tense in this sentence as well, lurer, without it changing. Next, we have på om, which is best described as a phrase that resembles "whether" or "if." Next, we have the pronoun, or the person you are asking to do the action. And finally, we have kunne, which you might remember is the past tense of å kunne. All in all, jeg lurte på om du kunne...? This is simply a longer version of the phrase above, but it is also softer and more common to use when asking for something that might be a bit tedious to do. Again, you can change any pronoun in the sentence. Just look at the table above for some of the pronouns. 1. Jeg lurte på om dere kunne hjelpe til? "I wondered whether you guys would help out?" 2. Vi lurte på om vi kunne sitte på? "We wondered if we could get a ride?" NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #16 - I MPRES S YOUR NORWEGI AN BOS S! 6

3. Han lurte på hvorfor du ikke spiser? "He wondered why you are not eating?" CULTURAL INSIGHT A Prerequisite to Getting a Norwegian Job In Norway, there is no correct way to talk to one's boss or superiors. Some people tend to speak more softly or with more articulation, but there are no rules set in stone for this. Instead, it's common to speak to your superiors like you would with any other friend or acquaintance. It's more common, however, to act more positive toward one's superiors, and, like Kjersti, do what you are asked. Although that isn't necessarily expected in the work environment, and you can safely say no without consequence if it's outside of your contract. There aren't that many jobs in Norway for those who don't speak Norwegian. Norway is one of the countries where the native language is commonly used in business as well, so it is not always easy to find a job. So learning Norwegian is always a safe bet first if you want a job in Norway. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #16 - I MPRES S YOUR NORWEGI AN BOS S! 7

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #17 Hosting a Dinner Party In Norway CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 6 Cultural Insight # 17 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Lise: Hva er det du skal lage til i kveld? 2. Kjersti: Jeg har tenkt å lage lammestuing med kålrabistappe, og torsk i smørsaus. 3. Lise: Wow, det hørtes godt ut! Trenger du hjelp? 4. Kjersti: Ja, du må gjerne hjelpe til. ENGLISH 1. Lise: What is it you're making for tonight? 2. Kjersti: I was thinking about making a lamb stew with rutabaga and cod in butter sauce. 3. Lise: Wow, that sounds delicious! Do you need any help? 4. Kjersti: Yes, please feel free to help. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class gjerne with pleasure interjection å lage to make verb og and conjunction kveld evening noun NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #17 - HOS TI NG A DI NNER PARTY I N NORWAY 2

å tenke to think verb lammestuing lamb stew noun kålrabistappe rutabaga noun torsk cod noun smørsaus butter sauce noun å høres to sound verb SAMPLE SENTENCES Jeg tar gjerne litt kake. "I ll have some cake please." Vi kan lage lasagne! "We can make lasagne!" Jeg vil ha fisk og poteter. "I want fish and potatoes." Jeg vil og bli med. "I also want to join." Jeg tar en brandy og to øl. "One brandy and two beers please." Hvor skal du i kveld? "Where are you going tonight?" Ha en god kveld! "Have a good evening!" Hun tenker på mye rart. "She thinks about a lot of weird stuff." Vi skal servere lammestuing. "We are serving lamb stew." Jeg har kålrabistappe i fryseren. "I have rutabaga in the freezer." Er dette fersk torsk? "Is this fresh cod?" Sender du smørsausen. "Can you pass the butter sauce?" Det høres smart ut. "That sounds clever." Det høres hyggelig ut! "That sounds nice!" NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #17 - HOS TI NG A DI NNER PARTY I N NORWAY 3

VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE du må gjerne hjelpe til The phrase du må gjerne hjelpe til is a bit complicated. If you look at it word for word, it would say something like "you must with pleasure help to." Now, that wording is not meaningful; however, using må ("to have to") with gjerne yields a phrase. Må gjerne or rather, [pronoun] + må gjerne means "[pronoun] can feel free to..." This is a set phrase in Norwegian. After du må gjerne, you can put pretty much any verb to make the phrase "feel free to (verb)." In our dialogue, this was hjelpe til, which is also sort of hard to translate directly. It means "to help," but after the verb comes til, which means "to" as in "going to the mall." In this case, we add til ("to") after hjelpe ("help") since it is part of a longer set phrase, hjelpe til + [verb], or in English, "help with + [verb]." The example from our dialogue, du må gjerne hjelpe til, is actually the short form of du må gjerne hjelpe til å lage mat ("Feel free to help with making food."). We cut the last part "with making food" because it's already understood in the dialogue. Let's look at some examples to help illustrate it. 1. Dere må gjerne ta med egen mat. "Please feel free to bring your (plural) own food." 2. Han må gjerne hjelpe til å vaske opp. "He can help with doing the dishes if he wants." 3. Vi skal ha dugnad. Du må gjerne hjelpe til. "We are going to have a community clean-up. Please feel free to help." GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is How to Ask "What is it...?" and How You Express "I Thought of." Hva er det du skal lage for i kveld? "What is it you're making for tonight?" Jeg har tenkt å lage lammestuing med kålrabistappe, og torsk i smørsaus. "I was thinking about making a lamb stew with rutabaga and cod in butter sauce." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #17 - HOS TI NG A DI NNER PARTY I N NORWAY 4

In this lesson's grammar point, we'll look at using hva er det and jeg tenkte. We'll use the lines from our dialogue to help explain how these work. First, let's look at hva er det. First of all, we can use this phrase alone. By saying hva er det? you are asking "What is that?" In this case, you put emphasis on the last det to stress what you are talking about. If you don't put stress on det, people would automatically expect you to continue since det can both mean "that" and "it." In other words, it could be "What is that?" or "What is it...?" Basically, you can have three types of stress on this sentence to make it sound different. If you put heavy stress on det it means "that," and if you use medium stress it means "it" as in "What is it?" If you have light stress on det, people expect you to continue the sentence. So what if you continue the sentence? Well, you can pretty much ask about anything that would pertain to a "what" question. In our dialogue, we saw hva er det du skal lage for i kveld? It translates as "What is it you are going to make for tonight?" We can comfortably shorten it to hva er det du lager? ("What is it you are making?") Again, we can shorten this phrase to hva lager du? ("What are you making?"), but that is beyond the scope of this lesson. So how does this work? You can make anything from a simple question to a very advanced one. After hva er det, you usually add a pronoun like du. Then you add whatever verb you want to ask about; usually, these verbs are accompanied by prepositions or nouns as they are fixed. Let's look at some examples. 1. Hva er det du hører på? "What are you listening to?" 2. Hva er det som lager den lyden? "What is it that makes that sound?" 3. Hva er det du sier? "What is it you're saying?" Now, let's look at our second phrase, jeg tenkte. Norwegians often use it when they come up NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #17 - HOS TI NG A DI NNER PARTY I N NORWAY 5

with suggestions or plans. It's quite easy to learn the workings of it as it always comes at the beginning of the sentence. Jeg tenkte means "I was thinking," and we can use it roughly in the same way as "I was thinking" in English. 1. Jeg tenkte å dra på teater. "I was thinking of going to the theater." 2. Hun tenkte å kjøre til byen. "She was thinking of going by car to the city." 3. Han tenkte å løpe ned på butikken. "He was thinking of running down to the shop." CULTURAL INSIGHT Where to Enjoy a Traditional Norwegian Meal There are several dishes in Norwegian traditional cuisine that are definitely worth a try. While it might not be easy to find places that serve traditional cuisine in larger cities like Oslo and Bergen, they do exist. However, your best bet would be visiting friends who are holding a dinner party or during special occasions like confirmations, baptisms, holidays, and so on. The chances of being treated to lamb, reindeer, or wild meat on such occasions are big and definitely a special treat in Norwegian culture. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #17 - HOS TI NG A DI NNER PARTY I N NORWAY 6

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #18 What s Your Greatest Fear in Norway? CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight # 18 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Lise: Hva er du mest redd for Espen? 2. Espen: Det må nok være å bli blind 3. Lise: Hva med edderkopper, eller slanger? 4. Espen: Nei, edderkopper og slanger er bare litt ekle. 5. Kjersti: Jeg er kjemperedd for edderkopper ENGLISH 1. Lise: What are you most afraid of, Espen? 2. Espen: That has to be going blind. 3. Lise: What about spiders or snakes? 4. Espen: No, spiders and snakes are just a bit creepy. 5. Kjersti: I am really scared of spiders. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class ekkel creepy adjective slanger snakes noun mest most adverb NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #18 - WHAT S YOUR GREATES T FEAR I N NORWAY? 2

redd afraid adjective for of adverb å være to be verb å bli to become verb blind blind adjective edderkopper spiders noun eller or noun SAMPLE SENTENCES Maten var ekkel. "The food was disgusting." Jeg har fem slanger. "I have five snakes." Jeg er mest sliten "I'm mostly tired." Er du redd for spøkelser? "Are you afraid of ghosts?" Jeg kom for kakene "I came for the cakes " Vær litt mer aktiv. "Be a bit more active." Du e jammen meg stor blitt. "You have become quite big." Hvem vil du være? "Who do you want to be?" Hvem vil du bli? "Who do you want to become?" Jeg er blind. "I am blind." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #18 - WHAT S YOUR GREATES T FEAR I N NORWAY? 3

Den blinde mannen forsto mer enn de andre som bodde rundt ham som kunne se. Jeg liker store edderkopper. "I like big spiders." "The blind man understood more than what the seeing people who lived around him did." Skal vi ta denne eller denne? "Should we take this or this?" Kommer du eller ikke? "Are you coming or not?" VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE mest The word mest can be a modifier or adverb. It's similar in sound to its English counterpart "most," as in "I am the most hungry" or "mostly." When mest comes in front of an adjective, it's not always easy to guess whether it means "most" or "mostly." If you hear it spoken, the clue is that the -m will be stressed if it means "most" and flat if "mostly." Such a distinction is not easy to make when reading it. When reading, it usually helps to see the context it's placed in to understand what it means. 1. Hun er mest søt. "She is mostly sweet." 2. Han er mest glad i kake. "He is most fond of cakes." kjemperedd Kjemperedd is another example of a word that is actually a combination of two words. You'll often see concatenations starting with kjempe, as combining this word with any adjective greatly increases its strength. So kjemperedd would amount to something that's more than veldig redd ("very scared"), "incredibly or inexplicably scared" would be more befitting. Let's NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #18 - WHAT S YOUR GREATES T FEAR I N NORWAY? 4

look at an example. 1. Jeg er kjempesulten! "I am insanely hungry!" GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is Talking About Fears and Using Modified Adjectives. Hva er du mest redd for Espen? "What are you most afraid of, Espen?" Det må nok være å bli blind. "That has to be becoming blind." In this lesson we'll look at how to talk about fear in Norwegian, or not necessarily fear, but how to use jeg er with some modified adjectives and also some other phrases that might come in handy during casual chats. First off, let's start with the question we saw in the dialogue. Here we see a very basic question. 1. Hva er du mest redd for, Espen. "What are you most afraid of, Espen?" We can more or less directly translate this sentence into English. So what about changing the sentence? We can, for example, easily change pronouns here. Hva er hun mest redd for, Espen? We exchanged du ("you") with hun ("she"). Notice that we are still asking the question of Espen, assuming that Espen knows what "she" is most afraid of. We don't necessarily need to direct the question if there are, for example, only two people talking. This means we can shorten the question to Hva er hun mest redd for? Now what if we change the modifier? NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #18 - WHAT S YOUR GREATES T FEAR I N NORWAY? 5

1. Hva er hun minst redd for? "What is she least afraid of?" These are but a few changes you can make to modify this question. You can also change the adjective, but sometimes that also requires changing the final adverb as well. Now if you want to answer such a question, you can do like Espen in our dialogue. His answer is somewhat pondering or hesitant as he answers Det må nok være å bli blind. The first part here Det må nok være... means "That probably has to be...," indicating that he isn't entirely sure whether that is his biggest fear. The following part of the sentence, å bli blind, is simple. It means "to become blind." A short and decisive answer could just be this part. You could simply answer the question Hva er du mest redd for with å bli blind ("to become blind"). You can also change the answer here to some other adjective, such as å bli lam ("to become lame") or å bli døv ("to become deaf"). Or you can simply answer with a verb in its infinitive form, å dø ("to die"). Moving back to det må nok være, instead of adding a verb after...nok være, you can add a noun like slanger ("snakes"). 1. Det må nok være slanger. "That probably has to be snakes." You can also respond like Kjersti did in the dialogue by saying Jeg er plus the verb redd ("afraid") and for ("of") and then whatever you are afraid of. Again, here both å bli døv, å dø, or slanger would be possible to add after for. Let's look at some examples using all of these. 1. Hva er du minst glad for? "What are you least happy about?" 2. Det må nok være eksos. "That probably has to be exhaust." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #18 - WHAT S YOUR GREATES T FEAR I N NORWAY? 6

3. å bli latterliggjort "to be made fun of" 4. Jeg er minst glad for teite bursdagsgaver. "I am least happy about stupid birthday presents." CULTURAL INSIGHT Can You Make Small Talk in Norwegian? While fear might not be the most common subject during dinner conversations with friends, you will surely stumble upon similar conversations where answering questions about yourself is the substance of the discussion. That said, Norwegians like to talk about anything between heaven and earth, although many topics will revolve around current politics or news. With younger people, pop culture or likes and dislikes might also enter conversations. If nothing else, Norwegians will end up talking about the weather or asking what has happened lately. It's probably not so different from any other country or culture, but learning Norwegian so you can partake in such conversation is definitely rewarding. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #18 - WHAT S YOUR GREATES T FEAR I N NORWAY? 7

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #19 Love At First Sight in Norway CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight # 19 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Lise: Når var det dere ble kjent? 2. Kjersti: Vi møttes vel på en bar i Oslo 3. Lise: Og det var kjærlighet ved første blikk? 4. Kjersti: (laughs) Nesten. 5. Espen: Jo, det var litt det da. 6. Lise: Så søtt! ENGLISH 1. Lise: When did you first meet each other? 2. Kjersti: We met at a bar in Oslo. 3. Lise: And it was love at first sight? 4. Kjersti: (laughs) Almost. 5. Espen: Oh, come on, it was a bit like that (love at first sight). 6. Lise: How sweet! VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #19 - LOVE AT FI RS T S I GHT I N NORWAY 2

søtt sweet adjective kjent known adjective å møtes to meet verb vel well, probably adverb bar bar noun kjærlighet love noun ved by, at preposition blikk sight noun nesten almost adverb litt a bit adverb SAMPLE SENTENCES Sukker er søtt. "Sugar is sweet." Er dere kjent? "Do you know each other?" kan vi møtes i kveld? "Can we meet tonight?" Vi kan møtes i morgen. "We can meet tomorrow." Det er vel ikke mye. "It probably isn t much." Jeg stikker på bar. "I m going to a bar." Jeg liker kjærlighet på pinne. "I like lollipops." Jeg er ved kinoen. "I'm by the cinema." Jeg liker ikke det blikket. "I don t like that look." Det var nesten! "That was close!" NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #19 - LOVE AT FI RS T S I GHT I N NORWAY 3

Jeg er litt sulten. "I am a bit hungry." Litt saktere, er du snill. "Slow down a bit, please." Vi er litt slitne. "We're a bit tired." VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE vel The word vel can be quite confusing, especially when it comes to when to use it. Vel means "well," "probably," or "might be." It comes from "well," and the words almost sound the same as well. However, the uses differ. We use vel when being doubtful or uncertain of what you are saying. As such, it comes closer in usage to "probably." You can also use it in the beginning of a sentence just as we use "well" in English. It also has one more usage. You place it midsentence in a question to add a "is it?" sort of prompt to the question. 1. Vel, det er ikke vår feil at du gjør det dårlig. "Well, it's not our fault that you are performing poorly." 2. Det er vel ikke dyrt? "It isn't expensive, is it?" 3. Det var vel i går at vi spiste på brygga. "It was probably yesterday that we ate at the docks." jo Again, don't forget how we explained jo works. In our dialogue this time, Espen uses it to express inclination toward Lise's suggestion. By saying jo, it's almost like saying "well" or "come on." We often use jo to deny a second opinion on something (and agree with the first one). Also, if someone says nei ("no") to a question, we often use jo to attempt to persuade the person to say yes. The way this works is best illustrated by examples, however. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #19 - LOVE AT FI RS T S I GHT I N NORWAY 4

1. Jo, bli med på turen da. "Come on, join the trip, please." 2. Jo, jeg synes hun har rett. "Well, I think she is right." 3. Du liker Mozart ikke sant? Nei. Jo, du kan da ikke mene det? "You like Mozart, right? No. Oh, come on, you can't mean that, right?" GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is How to Talk About Love. Når var det dere ble kjent? "When did you first meet each other?" Vi møttes vel på en bar i Oslo. "We met at a bar in Oslo." In this lesson, we'll learn about using når and talk a bit about past tense again. Let's start off with the question word når. When asking questions related to time, we often use this question word. In our dialogue, we were asking about past events. In that case we used når plus the verb var, which is a past tense of å være ("to be"). If you want to ask someone when he or she visited a certain place, for example, you can ask når var du plus the preposition and the place. Now prepositions can be quite a hassle in Norwegian since they are so specific to what place you are talking about. We'll not go over prepositions in full detail in this lesson, but let's at least include the proper prepositions for the places we are talking about. So let's say you want to ask "When were you in Oslo?" You'd simply ask Når var du i Oslo? Or say you want to be a bit more specific; in that case, you would ask når var du på Operaen? ("When were you at the opera?") Now, say you want to ask "when was it" plus whatever you were wondering about. It is a bit different from "when was." When asking for example "When was it you met?" the only way you can change that question is to "When did you meet?" The latter sounds a lot more recent or light than the former; also, you usually use the former to confirm something you already know or have heard. In Norwegian, the questions would be når var det dere møttes? and når møttes NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #19 - LOVE AT FI RS T S I GHT I N NORWAY 5

dere? respectively. Let's concentrate on the former for now. The structure of this question is pretty similar to når var ("when was"), except this time you add det after var, making it når var det ("When was it?") It shouldn't be too hard to grasp it as we are basically saying the same thing as we would in English. Let's look at some examples. 1. Når var det du giftet deg? "When was it you married?" 2. Når var det hun dro? "When was it she left?" 3. Når var det han skulle på butikken? "When was it he was supposed to go to the shop?" It can sound a bit dreary translated into English, as you would hardly ever use this form; however, in Norwegian, you will often hear these questions instead of Når skulle han på butikken? even though that one is a lot simpler. Let's once more go over some simple past tense. To answer such a question as the above in Norwegian, all you have to do is use some simple past tense sentences. Take, for example, our first question. If you remember the VSO and SVO structures, then you'll probably notice that both questions are VSO. To answer them, just change the sentence around to an SVO. Take, for example, Når var du i Oslo. ("When were you in Oslo?") (question word + verb subject preposition + object). To answer, simply change it around and add the time (and of course remove the når ("when")): Jeg var i Oslo i går ("I was in Oslo yesterday"). Here we changed over so the subject jeg came first and the verb var followed it. We also removed the question word når and added i går, which means "yesterday." Let's look at some more examples. 1. Når giftet du deg? "When did you marry?" Jeg giftet meg i fjor. "I married last year." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #19 - LOVE AT FI RS T S I GHT I N NORWAY 6

2. Når dro hun? "When did she leave?" Hun dro for en time siden. "She left an hour ago." 3. Når drar han? "When is he going?" Han skulle dra klokken seks. "He was going at six o'clock." CULTURAL INSIGHT What Pick-Up Line Should You Use in Norway? It's not embarrassing for most Norwegians to talk about love. It's a conversation subject most people can relate to and many will enjoy conversing about. Some people do get offended if you ask them about their love life; however, most people are entirely fine talking about it. Digging into intimate details, however, is something Norwegians aren't comfortable with, so you should avoid it. Instead, people prefer to talk more about their general personal life unless you are close friends. It's not cool to walk up to a stranger at a bar and asking whether he or she is single. This could be viewed as an attempt to woo that person. By saying this I mean don't make love or personal life the first conversation subject as it won't easily strike a chord with the other person. As we have mentioned countless times earlier, talking about the weather is one of the most common and safe ice breakers. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #19 - LOVE AT FI RS T S I GHT I N NORWAY 7

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #20 Will You Get to the Norwegian Meeting in Time? CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 6 Cultural Insight # 20 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Employer: (on the phone) Kjersti, når er det du kommer inn i dag? 2. Kjersti: Jeg er på jobb om en time. 3. Employer: Vi har et internt møte klokken ti. Har du mulighet til å rekke det? 4. Kjersti: Å, ok. Det skal jeg prøve. 5. Employer: Bra, sees da. ENGLISH 1. Employer: (on the phone) Kjersti, when are you coming in today? 2. Kjersti: I'll be at work in an hour. 3. Employer: We have an internal meeting at ten a.m. Are you able to make it? 4. Kjersti: Oh, all right, I'll try to make it. 5. Employer: Good, see you then. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class å sees to meet again verb å prøve to try verb å rekke to meet, to make on time verb NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #20 - WI LL YOU GET TO THE NORWEGI AN MEETI NG I N TI ME? 2

mulighet possibility noun klokken o clock phrase i dag today phrase jobb work noun time hour noun internt internal adjective å møtes to meet verb SAMPLE SENTENCES Da sees vi i morgen. "We ll see each other tomorrow then." La oss prøve. "Let s try." Rakk du bussen i tide? "Did you make the bus in time?" Jeg har ikke mulighet nå "I don t have the possibility now" hva er klokken? "What time is it?" Kommer du i dag? "Are you coming today?" Jeg er på jobben. "I'm at work." Det er om en time. "That s in an hour." Jeg drar om en time. "I am leaving in an hour." Møtet er internt. "The meeting is internal." kan vi møtes i kveld? "Can we meet tonight?" Vi kan møtes i morgen. "We can meet tomorrow." VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #20 - WI LL YOU GET TO THE NORWEGI AN MEETI NG I N TI ME? 3

klokken While klokken is also the definitive form of the noun klokke ("clock"), we also use it as a phrase to express the same concept that "o'clock" or "a.m."/"p.m." does in English. In English, "o'clock" and "a.m."/"p.m." are always found after the stated time, and they are sometimes left out. In Norwegian, klokken comes first when stating the time and last when asking it. When stating the time, you can leave it out and simply state the time itself. 1. Hva er klokken? "What time is it?" 2. Klokken er elleve. "It's eleven o'clock." 3. Den er elleve. "It's eleven." mulighet Mulighet means "possibility," but as a concept you use it in situations where you ask someone whether he or she is "able" to do something: in other words, whether he or she "has time" or whether there is a "possibility of something." Therefore, it substitutes for a few different phrases in English. å sees Å sees is another slightly abstract verb. It means to "meet" or "see" one another again. We use it in various scenarios, and it is quite a handy word. 1. Har du mulighet til å komme over? "Are you able to come over?" 2. Vi kan sees en annen gang? "Can we meet another time? NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #20 - WI LL YOU GET TO THE NORWEGI AN MEETI NG I N TI ME? 4

3. Har du mulighet til å sees? "Are you able to meet up?" GRAMMAR This Focus of This Lesson Is Talking About Work and Time. Kjersti, når er det du kommer inn i dag? "(on the phone) Kjersti, when are you coming in today?" Jeg er på jobb om en time. "I am at work in an hour." In this lesson, we are going to talk a bit about time and continue talking about how to use når, this time with present tense verbs. Let's start with når once again. We use når with present tense verbs to ask when something will happen. Again, this isn't much different than with English, which shares roots with Norwegian. In other words, the structure is pretty much the same as the one we'd use in English. Take, for example, our dialogue sentence. 1. Når er det du kommer inn i dag? "When are you coming in today?" We learned this in our previous lesson in the past tense. We could change this question to the one we learned in the previous lesson by phrasing it like this: Når var det du skulle komme inn i dag? You would essentially be asking the entirely same thing as the present tense version above, just phrasing it differently. For this lesson, let's look at a slightly different way of phrasing the same question in present tense. Changing to the past tense is also possible in this way of phrasing it, as we saw in our previous lesson. So let's use når er det du kommer inn i dag. It is a VSO question built up like this: Conjunction + verb + pronoun, subject, verb, adverb + object. It might look confusing, and that is because there is some redundancy here. We can easily cut this to conjunction + verb, subject, adverb + object. In Norwegian, that would be Når kommer du inn i dag? ("When are you coming in today") As we mentioned in the previous lesson, this has a much lighter feel and might indicate that the asker doesn't know the answer (as opposed to not remembering it). NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #20 - WI LL YOU GET TO THE NORWEGI AN MEETI NG I N TI ME? 5

Let's look at some examples using this sentence structure. 1. Når får vi bilen? "When are we getting the car?" 2. Når kommer bussen? "When is the bus coming?" 3. Når blir det mørkt i dag? "When does it get dark today?" There are several ways we can answer these questions. We saw some of them in our previous lesson. In this lesson, we'll take a closer look at how those answers can be structured. In our dialogue Kjersti answers her boss Jeg er på jobb om en time ("I'm at work in an hour"). The important part of this sentence that we want to pull out is essentially om en time ("in one hour"). In Norwegian, en means both "an" and "one," so as not to confuse you. That means you can increase the number of hours or the number of minutes, seconds, days, weeks, months, or years. All this requires is changing the nouns from singular to plural and changing the number for masculine or neuter gender in the case of en ("one"). For example, minute is neuter gender, so en ("one") becomes ett, still "one." Let's look at some examples using this. 1. Bilen for vi om tre uker. "We'll get the car in three weeks." 2. Bussen kommer om to timer. "The bus arrives in two hours." 3. Det blir mørkt om førti minuter. "It's getting dark in forty minutes." CULTURAL INSIGHT NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #20 - WI LL YOU GET TO THE NORWEGI AN MEETI NG I N TI ME? 6

How Much Work Do People Do in Norway? Being on time at work is just as important as it is in other countries. It is common for office workers to work normal office hours, nine to five. However, the majority of the workforce in Norway is working in more practical jobs, and their work hours can be quite varied. While working is important, Norwegians value their spare time more than anything. Their spare time is sacred and a top priority to them. Thus, when it comes to time and work, Norwegians are trying to work fewer hours and increase their leisure time. Last year, a suggestion was passed through the legislation system that would make daily work hours five hours per day as compared to eight hours, which it is now. However, the legislation is not decided on yet. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #20 - WI LL YOU GET TO THE NORWEGI AN MEETI NG I N TI ME? 7

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #21 Where in Norway Are You Going? CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight # 21 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Espen: Hvor skal vi gå hen? 2. Kjersti: Jeg vet ikke hvor. Hva med La Barca? 3. Espen: Hvor ligger den? 4. Kjersti: Jeg tror Lise vet hvor den ligger. ENGLISH 1. Espen: Where should we go? 2. Kjersti: I don't know where. What about La Barca? 3. Espen: Where is that? 4. Kjersti: I think Lise knows where it is. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class det it pronoun å tro to think, to believe verb å ligge to lie verb Hvor where interrogative word å skulle to go to verb å gå to go / to walk verb NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #21 - WHERE I N NORWAY ARE YOU GOI NG? 2

hen to, by adverb ikke not interjection å vite to know verb med with conjunction SAMPLE SENTENCES det må være det dummeste jeg har hørt. "It s got to be the stupidest thing I've heard." Jeg tror på deg. "I believe in you." Kan hun ligge i sofaen? "Can she lie on the sofa?" Ligg rolig ned "Lie down slowly." Ligger du behagelig? "Are you lying comfortably?" Hvor skal du hen? "Where are you going?" Hvor er sjefen? "Where is the boss?" Jeg skulle en tur på butikken "I was on my way to the shop" Skal du hjem? "Are you going to go home?" Vi går en tur. "We re going for a walk." Katten gikk dit hen. "The cat went over there." Han hadde ikke tid. "He didn t have time." Er ikke du sliten? "Are you tired?" Det er vansklig å vite. "It s hard to know." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #21 - WHERE I N NORWAY ARE YOU GOI NG? 3

Brødskive med hva? "A slice of bread with what?" Jeg blir med! "I'm coming with you!" Blir du med? "Are you joining?" Den med hunden på, vær så snill. "The one with the dog (on it), please." VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE hen The word hen is the equivalent of "hen" or "hence" in Old English. So it's a bit different from the "hence" we use today. It means "further" or "away." We usually add it to sentences where we use prepositions that are vague or when using the adverb hvor. We usually place it at the end of a sentence to indicate that we are talking about a "place" and not something else. You don't need to add this word to any sentence because it's basically redundant. Still, Norwegians often use it. 1. Jeg skal dit hen. "I am going somewhere around there." å vite Å vite means "to know." However, there are two "to knows" in Norwegian. The other one is å kjenne. For those who know French, this may sound familiar. In Norwegian, we use different words for "knowing as in wisdom and knowledge" and "knowing someone or something." We use å vite when we possess knowledge or information about something, while we use å kjenne when we recognize something or someone. 1. Jeg vet om mange som liker blodpudding. "I know about a lot of people who like blood pudding." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #21 - WHERE I N NORWAY ARE YOU GOI NG? 4

å tro In Norwegian, like in English, we switch between "to believe" and "to think." Å tro means "to believe," and we use it in situations where we are talking about trust, belief, convictions, and so on. On the other hand, we use å tenke, which means "to think," when talking about opinions, ideas, general thinking, and so on. That said they do overlap in some cases. So if you are unsure of which one to use, then go with your gut feeling; you might have hit on a situation where both would apply. 1. Tror du at du kunne hjulpet meg? "Do you think you could help me?" GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is How to Ask Questions Using Hvor ("Where") and How to Answer Them. Hvor skal vi gå hen? "Where should we go?" Jeg vet ikke hvor. Hva med La Barca? "I don't know where. What about La Barca?" In this lesson, we'll look at using hvor, meaning "where," in different parts of a sentence to ask a question and also how to answer such a question. We'll do this by going through and breaking down some of the sentences from the dialogue and seeing how they function. Let's start with the first question in our dialogue. Hvor skal vi gå hen? First off, the translation in our dialogue is slightly adapted. Word for word, this question would translate as "Where are we going to go to?" or "Where should we go to?" The way it works is that it's built up by the adverb hvor, which always comes first. Then skal ("should or going to") followed by vi ("we"), gå ("go"), and finally hen ("to"). Let's focus on the three first parts of this sentence which form a set phrase, hvor skal + [pronoun] followed by a verb and additional necessary words if any. Next up, we have another easier question: hvor ligger + [noun or pronoun]. This essentially means "where is [pronoun/noun]." This question couldn't be simpler. So let's look at some examples of the two. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #21 - WHERE I N NORWAY ARE YOU GOI NG? 5

1. Hvor skal du spise hen? "Where are you going to eat?" 2. Hvor skal dere hen? "Where are you going?" 3. Hvor ligger kinoen? "Where is the cinema?" Now if we are going to answer these questions, it is pretty easy. Since all of these questions essentially have the VSO structure, all you have to do is change the word order. For a question like Hvor skal han hen? "Where is he going?" you simply change around the word order like this: Han skal, then you add til, which means "to," and then where "he" is going. It's as simple as that. The same goes for Hvor ligger butikken: you simply change it around so that it becomes Butikken ligger plus the appropriate preposition for the place where the shop lies. 1. Butikken ligger i Oslo. "The shop is in Oslo." Let's take this one step further, however, and look at how the speaker answered this question in our dialogue. In our dialogue, we used the phrase Jeg vet ikke hvor, which simply means "I don't know where." We shortened it from Jeg vet ikke hvor vi skal gå hen ("I don't know where we should go to"). We can effectively cut that. However, this is a set phrase, and we can't change it much. Another set phrase is Hva med ("What about?") plus whatever place or thing you are suggesting. This is as simple as it can be. If you have an idea for where to go, simply say hva med and your suggestion. Finally, let's look at the last sentence Kjersti says: Jeg tror Lise vet hvor den ligger. ("I believe Lise knows where it is.") Here we start the sentence with Jeg tror ("I believe" or "I think"). It is followed by [name] vet ("[Name] knows." Hvor den ligger is the final part here and is basically the set phrase reply for hvor ligger den? You may notice that den has moved places to change from VSO to SVO. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #21 - WHERE I N NORWAY ARE YOU GOI NG? 6

Let's now look at some examples of answers for the questions we posed above. 1. Jeg skal spise på MacDonald's. "I am going to eat at McDonald's." 2. Jeg vet ikke hvor, hva med teater? "I don't know where; what about the theater?" 3. Jeg tror jeg vet hvor den ligger. "I think I know where it is." CULTURAL INSIGHT What's on the Menu in Norway? Going out in Norway is often safe enough when it comes to the quality of the food or beverages that you get. There are strict food quality guidelines that the official food safety authority often checks. As for the food offered in Norway, especially in Oslo, the most common restaurants serve mixed menus. There are also many more specialized restaurants; however, many of these tend to focus on exotic or foreign cuisines. Of the most common foreign cuisines you'll find in Oslo and other larger cities, sushi, Chinese, Middle Eastern, and Thai/ Vietnamese restaurants dominate the scene. There are also Italian, French, and, of course, Norwegian cuisine restaurants, but these tend to vary their menus a lot more. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #21 - WHERE I N NORWAY ARE YOU GOI NG? 7

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #22 A Chance Meeting in Norway CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 7 Cultural Insight # 22 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Ole: Kjersti! Er det ikke deg? 2. Kjersti: Å, Ole, ikke sant? 3. Ole: Ja, så tilfeldig å møte deg igjen her. 4. Espen: Hvem er Ole? 5. Kjersti: En jeg møtte på toget for litt siden. ENGLISH 1. Ole: Kjersti! Isn't it you? 2. Kjersti: Oh, Ole right? 3. Ole: Yeah, how random to meet you again here. 4. Espen: Who is Ole? 5. Kjersti: A person I met on the train some time ago. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class ikke sant right phrase tilfeldig by coincidence adjective å møte meet verb NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #22 - A CHANCE MEETI NG I N NORWAY 2

igjen again adverb her here preposition hvem who interrogative word en one numeral tog train noun for for preposition siden since preposition SAMPLE SENTENCES Du kommer ikke sant? "You are coming right?" Jeg så deg tilfeldig i går. "I saw you by chance yesterday." Vi kan møte senere. "We can meet later." Kan vi ikke møtes neste helg? "Can we meet next weekend?" Hyggelig å møte deg. "Nice to meet you." Hva var navnet ditt igjen? "What was your name again?" Ta denne asjetten her. "Take this platter here." Her er greia jeg pratet om. "Here's the thing I was talking about." Jeg er her. "I'm here." Jeg vet ikke hvem han er. "I don t know who he is." hvem var det? "Who was that?" Jeg trenger en jakke. "I need a jacket." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #22 - A CHANCE MEETI NG I N NORWAY 3

Bruk toget. "Use the train." Toget er kjapt, men dyrt. "The train is fast, but expensive." Hva er dette for noe? "What sort of thing is this?" Det var for litt siden. "It was a while ago." Jeg har vært her siden. "I ve been here since." Siden du er så god, kan ikke du vise meg hvordan? "Since you are so good, can't you show me how?" VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE ikke sant Ikke sant is a phrase we have explained a bit before, but it helps to remind you of its usage. That's because this is a phrase Norwegians use very often, and if you end up understanding it literally, then you're in danger of confusing yourself. Ikke sant means "not true." However, we use it to confirm a statement or assumption. You can understand it as "Isn't it true?" However, we can best translate it as "right," as this is similar in usage to English. 1. Du er singel ikke sant? "You are single, right?" tilfeldig Tilfeldig is deployed in sentences a bit differently than "by coincidence" or "by chance" in English. It's a single word and deployed alone, just like that in sentences, meaning you won't see it coupled with modifiers or prepositions or articles or anything of that sort in sentences. It's very simple to deploy in sentences where you want to say "by coincidence" or by chance." Do not confuse it with tilfeldigvis, which is similar to "coincidentally." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #22 - A CHANCE MEETI NG I N NORWAY 4

1. Vi møttes tilfeldig på gaten. "We met by chance on the street." å møte Å møte ("to meet") can easily be confused with å møtes ("to meet together"). The difference only being an -s can lead to some confusion. Å møte is "to actually meet"; it's a direct action. But å møtes is more indirect, meaning "to happen upon each other." The difference between the two can be complex just like the difference between å se ("to see") and å sees ("to see each other"). 1. Da møtes vi senere. "We'll meet later." GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is the Question "Who" and How to Answer. Hvem er Ole? "Who is Ole?" En jeg møtte på toget for litt siden. "A person I met on the train some time ago." In this lesson we'll look at a few things. First off, let's look at some of the things we aim to only give some short explanations of. You might remember that we discussed the VSO questions in our Absolute Beginner series. In our dialogue, Ole uses one of the examples we had from the very first lessons on that. 1. Er det ikke deg? "Isn't it you?" NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #22 - A CHANCE MEETI NG I N NORWAY 5

It is asking for confirmation just like our flight attendant asked Mark Er du Kristian? "Are you Kristian?" You can see that these are essentially the same structure: er ("are") + pronoun + noun (or pronoun) or verb - subject - object. Next, when you want to ask who someone is, you have to use hvem ("who") in Norwegian. Hvem er Ole? is a very simple question. What we want to look at here in terms of sentence structure is simply the ability to change the noun or pronoun. In other words, exchange Ole with det, for example, and you'll get Hvem er det? ("Who's that?") Here you can really substitute for any of han, hun, det, de, du, jeg, vi, dere, or any personal names. Put any common noun in here or the masculine pronoun den and the question becomes a bit weird. 1. Er det Hans-Olav? "Is that Hans-Olav?" 2. Hvem er dere? "Who are you (guys)?" 3. Hvem er han der? "Who is he (that guy) over there?" So imagine we were asked these questions and we wanted to answer them. Let's also assume that we know who it is and we want to explain where we know the person from. What is so easy about this is that we can translate all the answers directly to English, word for word. So, there is no real hocus-pocus here. Looking at the sentence from our dialogue En jeg møtte på toget for litt siden ("Somone I met on the train some time ago"), we can deduce that this sentence is meaty. There are many things we can alter to make this structure viable to answer almost any question. Let's break it down first. En means "one" or "someone," after which comes the pronoun, in this case jeg ("I"). Then we have the verb møtte ("met"). This is followed by på toget ("on the train"). Which is followed by for litt siden ("a while ago"). If we want to alter this sentence into something that could answer any of the questions above, then we could change the verb, the pronoun, and of course the two last phrases. Let's look at some examples of how this is done. 1. Ja, vi møtte han i går. "Yes, we met him yesterday." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #22 - A CHANCE MEETI NG I N NORWAY 6

2. Noen dere var ute med for litt siden. "Someone you (guys) were out with some time ago." 3. En vi traff her om dagen. "Someone we met the other day." CULTURAL INSIGHT Is It Friday Yet? It's common for Norwegians to go out drinking during weekends. This is because they usually work during weekdays and it's more common to spend time at home or for pastime activities during those days. That doesn't mean that bars and clubs are empty on weekdays. However, they are more likely to be crowded on weekends. For a Norwegian, the weekend starts after work on Friday. There's an expression that is called the fredagspils or "Friday pint (pilsner)." It refers to the common activity of going out with friends on Friday evening for some beer (or beverages in general). If you are curious as to how Norwegians relax and celebrate the weekends, then the fredagspils would be the best occasion to go to. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #22 - A CHANCE MEETI NG I N NORWAY 7

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #23 Following Proper Mountain Etiquette in Norway CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 3 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 6 Cultural Insight # 23 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Espen: Hva er viktig å passe på i fjellet? 2. Guide: Det viktigste er at du trår forsiktig og er våken. Det er også viktig at du har med deg riktige klær og vann og mat. 3. Espen: Hva med førstehjelpsutstyr? 4. Guide: Det kan være lurt så lenge det ikke blir for tungt. ENGLISH 1. Espen: What is important to remember while hiking in the mountains? 2. Guide: The most important thing is to tread carefully and be alert. It is also important to bring the right clothing and water and food. 3. Espen: What about first-aid kits? 4. Guide: It is very useful as long as it is not too heavy to bring. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class tungt heavy adjective førstehjelpsutstyr first aid kit noun viktig important adjective å passe to take care, to watch verb NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #23 - FOLLOWI NG PROPER MOUNTAI N ETI QUETTE I N NORWAY 2

fjell mountain noun å trå to step, to tread verb forsiktig careful, carefully adjective våken awake adjective riktig right, correct adverb klær clothes noun SAMPLE SENTENCES Det blir for tungt! "This is too heavy!" Du har ikke førstehjelpsutstyr? "You don t have a first aid kit?" Det er viktig at du følger med. "It s important that you follow." Kan du passe på ungen? "Can you watch the kid?" For noen svære fjell! "What enormous mountains!" Mannen hopper på toppen av fjellet. "The man jumps on top of the mountain." Du må trå varsomt i skogen. "You have to tread carefully in the woods." forsiktig nå! "Careful now!" Jeg klarer ikke å holde meg våken. "I can t keep myself awake." Det er helt riktig "That s correct!" Har du med nok klær? "Do you have enough clothes?" Paret kjøper klær. "The couple buys clothes." VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #23 - FOLLOWI NG PROPER MOUNTAI N ETI QUETTE I N NORWAY 3

å passe Å passe means "to watch." This is in the sense of "to watch over something" and does not refer to watching TV or anything else. When using it in this sense, you commonly have to add på ("on") after passe to make sense of the sentence. This is somewhat a set phrase. It's similar to "to guard" in meaning. Å passe can also have another meaning tied to this concept. One can say å passe seg, which means "to move out of the way," essentially meaning "guarding oneself" from whatever might have happened if one didn't move. In that sense, we can also command Pass deg! which translates into English as "Watch out!" forsiktig Next, we have forsiktig. Depending on the sentence, this is either an adjective or an adverb. In most cases, where one uses vær followed by forsiktig, meaning "be careful," it is the adjective "careful." However, one can also say Legg den forsiktig fra deg. ("Put it down carefully."), where it is an adverb. You might have noticed by now that some adjectives change slightly sometimes, most often by the addition of a -t. This is due to the gender of the noun it applies to. You can either say dette er tungt ("This is heavy"), which is the neuter gender pronoun "this" plus the adjective tungt, or you can say denne er tung, which also means "this is heavy"; however, this time, we are using the male gender version. 1. Pass på klokken din. "Take care of your clock/watch." 2. Vær forsiktig med vasen. "Be careful with the vase." 3. Denne ballen er tung. "This ball is heavy." GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is What's Important and What They Might Answer. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #23 - FOLLOWI NG PROPER MOUNTAI N ETI QUETTE I N NORWAY 4

Hva er viktig å passe på i fjellet? "What is important to remember while hiking in the mountains?" Det viktigste er at du trår forsiktig og er våken. "The most important is that you tread carefully and stay alert." In this lesson, we'll look at how to ask what is important when doing something. We are also going to look at how people might answer such questions. As usual, let's start with the question. Hva er viktig å passe på i fjellet? ("What is important to remember or watch out for while hiking in the mountains?")j The question itself might make some sense, but it is some of the words that might make it a bit hard. Like we explained in our vocabulary explanation, passe på can have many different translations in English, but all of them stem into one concept: "to take care of," "to watch out for," or "to have in mind." Now that we have that out of the way, the phrase we want to learn here is Hva er viktig å... ("What is important to...") The last "to" here is actually a part of the verb that comes after this phrase, but since it is always part of the phrase, it's better to remember it this way. After hva er viktig å, you can place any verb you like. 1. Hva er viktig å se i Oslo? "What is important to see in Oslo?" Here we put the verb se ("see") and i Oslo, the preposition i and the place noun Oslo. When saying "in Oslo," it will always be i Oslo; no other preposition can be coupled with Oslo. In the question hva er viktig å, we can also change the adjective to whatever we like. 1. Hva er fint å se i Oslo? "What's nice to see in Oslo?" You can see that it changes the question slightly. Now just as a small mention. There was one other question using hva in our dialogue: Hva med... ("What about...") Remember it from two lessons ago? It's very simple, just put any noun NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #23 - FOLLOWI NG PROPER MOUNTAI N ETI QUETTE I N NORWAY 5

or pronoun after hva med and you get the English equivalent "What about?" 1. Hva er viktig å få med seg i Juni? "What's important to experience in June?" 2. Hva er kult å gjøre på Bali? "What's cool to do in Bali?" 3. Hva med denne bilen? "What about this car?" So now you know how to ask, but what about the answers you'll get? Let's focus on one sentence from our dialogue and see how we can change it to fit different answers. 1. Det viktigste er at du trår forsiktig og holder deg våken. "The most important is to tread carefully and stay alert." Let's cut this sentence down a bit as the last part from og is sort of redundant when explaining the structure. We'll have another lesson sometime describing all the functions of og ("and"). So the root phrase in this sentence is det viktigste er... ("The most important is..."). Again, you can add whatever is "important" after the phrase, and you can also change the verb into something else, like we did with the question. Let's look at some of the examples. 1. Det viktigste er at du drar på stranda! "The most important thing is that you go to the beach!" 2. Det kuleste er å surfe! "The coolest thing is to surf!" 3. Den beste bilen er den der! "The best car is that one!" CULTURAL INSIGHT NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #23 - FOLLOWI NG PROPER MOUNTAI N ETI QUETTE I N NORWAY 6

Find Out How to Be Safe in the Norwegian Mountains The tips that we saw in our dialogue are all valid tips when out hiking in the mountain. In Norway, there are guidelines for hiking that are developed for your own safety. Of course, whether you follow these guidelines is up to you. However, it is strongly recommended that you do. Every year several people disappear in the Norwegian mountain areas for no surprising reason. Hiking can be nice and enjoyable, but it is always important to take precautions. One of the most dangerous things in the Norwegian mountain areas is the weather, so always watch the weather forecast before attempting to do any hiking. This is especially important during winter, when snowstorms kill several unlucky people every year. For more information and for the guidelines themselves, visit http://english.turistforeningen.no/ index.php?fo_id=3622. (The guidelines are listed under the post called "The Norwegian Mountain Code.") NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #23 - FOLLOWI NG PROPER MOUNTAI N ETI QUETTE I N NORWAY 7

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #24 An Emergency in Norway CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 5 Grammar 8 Cultural Insight # 24 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Kjersti: (Knekk) Espen, hjelp! 2. Espen: Hva er det? 3. Kjersti: Au! Jeg tror jeg har bristet leggen. 4. Espen: Ligg stille, jeg skal ringe ambulansen. 5. Kjersti: Kan du finne aspirinen i førstehjelpsutstryret? 6. Espen: Ja. ENGLISH 1. Kjersti: (Crack) Espen, help! 2. Espen: What is it? 3. Kjersti: Ouch! I think I have fractured my shin. 4. Espen: Lie still, I'll call an ambulance. 5. Kjersti: Could you find the aspirin in the first aid kit? 6. Espen: Yes. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #24 - AN EMERGENCY I N NORWAY 2

aspirin aspirin noun å finne to find verb ambulanse ambulance noun å ringe to call, to ring verb stille still adjective å hjelpe to help verb Au! Ouch! interjection å briste to fracture verb legg shin noun å ligge to lie verb SAMPLE SENTENCES Har du noe aspirin? "Do you have any aspirin?" Hun fant ikke nøkkelen. "She couldn t find the key." Jeg må finne nummeret først "I have to find the number first." Ring ambulansen! "Call the ambulance!" Ringte det i stad? "Did the phone ring earlier?" Du kan jo ringe meg, kanskje? "You could call me, maybe?" Stå stille "Stand still." Han skulle bare hjelpe til. "He was just going to help." Kan du hjelpe til? "Can you help out?" Jeg trenger hjelp her. "I need some help here." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #24 - AN EMERGENCY I N NORWAY 3

Au! Det gjorde vondt. "Ouch! That hurt." Jeg bristet håndleddet "I fractured my wrist." Hva har skjedd med leggen din? "What has happened to your leg?" Kan hun ligge i sofaen? "Can she lie on the sofa?" Ligg rolig ned "Lie down slowly." Ligger du behagelig? "Are you lying comfortably?" VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE Au! Au! Is an exclamation. We only use it as onomatopoeia, and it doesn't really mean anything in that sense. Native Norwegian speakers will almost regardless say au when they hurt themselves, just like native English speakers say "ouch." 1. Au! Ikke tråkk på foten min! "Ouch! Don't step on my foot!" legg Legg means "shin." Norwegians use it commonly to refer to the "leg." While the English "leg" might sound like legg, the appropriate Norwegian word for "leg" is bein. If you go out on bars in Norway and you are young or look quite young, you might end up being asked for leggen at the door. This doesn't mean that they want to see your "shin," although such jokes frequently appear. This is actually a slang for legitimasjon, which means "ID" in good English. So when the bouncers ask you to show them your legg in Norway, show them your ID. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #24 - AN EMERGENCY I N NORWAY 4

1. Få se på leggen din. "Let me look at your shin."/"let me see your ID." stille Finally, stille means "still." But like in English, stille or "still" can also mean "silent." Vær stille translates as "be silent," while ligg stille as we saw earlier means "lie still." In other words, "don't move." There's a logical connection between the two as standing or lying still would imply that you shouldn't make a sound. 1. Sitt helt stille ved bordet. "Sit entirely still by the table." GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is How to Convey Important Information. Au! Jeg tror jeg har bristet leggen. "Ouch! I think I have fractured my shin." Kan du finne aspirinen i førstehjelpsutstryret? "Can you find the aspirin in the first aid kit?" In this lesson's grammar point, we'll look at how to convey some important information about your situation. Luckily, it isn't that hard. First off, let's start by introducing the question that would lead to your explanation. If you indicate that you are hurting by, for example, doing like Kjersti in our dialogue and saying Au! ("Ouch!"), then you are likely to get back the question hva er det? ("What is it?") We learned about this question in an earlier lesson, if you remember. It's a set phrase and pretty straightforward. Hva er det? ("What is it?") Now, what we want to focus on in this lesson is the answer to this or in general just conveying your situation. You can do this like an example we saw in the dialogue. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #24 - AN EMERGENCY I N NORWAY 5

1. Jeg tror jeg har bristet leggen. "I think I have fractured my shin." In this sentence, there are two phrases that prove useful. The first one, jeg tror, is simply "I think" or "I believe." Putting it first in a sentence like this simply implies that you are not sure whether it is the case. The more important phrase in this sentence is jeg har ("I have"). Jeg har coupled with a verb in the perfect past participle makes us able to use the perfect past tense. 1. Jeg har funnet noe. "I have found something." This is essentially an all new way for us to conjugate verbs, so instead of going into how we conjugate different verbs, let's just present you with some examples of practical verbs conjugated in the perfect past tense. 1. Jeg tror jeg har brukket ribbeinet. "I think I have broken my rib." 2. Jeg har mistet en tann. "I have lost a tooth." 3. Jeg har kuttet meg i fingeren. "I have cut myself in the finger." As you can see, the structure is fairly easy to comprehend. With a dictionary and this understanding, you can create the correct sentence for pretty much any situation. All you need is to know the past participle of the verb. Below there's a chart of the most common verbs in such situations in their infinitive form and the perfect past tense. Present Tense Past Tense "English Infinitive" NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #24 - AN EMERGENCY I N NORWAY 6

å brekke har brukket "to snap"/"to break" å miste har mistet "to lose" å kutte har kuttet "to cut" å briste har bristet "to fracture" å skade har skadet "to hurt" å skalle har skallet "to hit (your head)" å dunke har dunket "to crash"/"to hit" Kan Du ("Can Do") For our second grammar point, we want to take a look at the phrase kan du ("can you") again. In our dialogue, Kjersti says Kan du finne aspirinen i førstehjelpsutstyret? ("Can you find the aspirin in the first aid kit?") The last part here, i førstehjelpsutstyret, is somewhat redundant as it just tells where the aspirin is. The interesting part is kan du finne as this means "can you find." You might remember the kan du hjelpe... ("Can you help...") phrase that we learned earlier. This builds on the same base. After kan du finne, you simply put any noun, just like you would after "can you find" in English. You can also substitute the verb, but that requires a bit more proficiency as you would have to know what fits after the new verb. 1. Kan du finne bandasjen? "Can you find the bandage?" 2. Kan du finne nål og tråd? "Can you find a needle and thread?" 3. Kan du finne et plaster? "Can you find a band aid?" NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #24 - AN EMERGENCY I N NORWAY 7

That should help you at least convey some of your problems in a disaster. You can also check back at our lesson for when you are going to the doctor in our Absolute Beginners Series. There, we detail a few other ways of talking about symptoms. CULTURAL INSIGHT Contacting the Authorities When in an emergency in Norway, the best thing is to call 112. This is the emergency number to the police, and you should call it no matter whether it's an ambulance or a fire truck that you need. If you are not in an emergency, then the local police department, fire department, and hospital also have office lines that you can find in any telephone book. In Norway, we have several of these phone number databases online, something which is both practical and also concerning when it comes to privacy. If you ever need to know the phone number of the local police station, hospital, or for that matter anything or anyone else in Norway, simply look up gulesider or telefonkatalogen or 1881 online, or you can call the last number for the same service. Norwegians often use these services. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #24 - AN EMERGENCY I N NORWAY 8

LESSON NOTES Lower Beginner S1 #25 Can You Understand Norwegian Dialects? CONTENTS 2 Norwegian 2 English 2 Vocabulary 3 Sample Sentences 4 Vocabulary Phrase Usage 4 Grammar 6 Cultural Insight # 25 COPYRIGHT 2013 INNOVATIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

NORWEGIAN 1. Trond: Hei Kjersti, håssen står e til? 2. Kjersti: Hei Trond, takk, bare bra. 3. Trond: Det e lenge sia enn har sjått inaen! 4. Kjersti: Jo, det er en stund siden nå. 5. Trond: Eg hørte du har blitt sammen med han Espen? 6. Kjersti: Jo, det stemmer! ENGLISH 1. Trond: Hi, Kjersti, how are you? 2. Kjersti: Hi, Trond, I'm fine, thanks. 3. Trond: Long time no see! 4. Kjersti: Yes, it's been a while now. 5. Trond: I heard you are engaged to Espen. 6. Kjersti: Yes, that's correct. VOCABULARY Norwegian English Class NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #25 - CAN YOU UNDERS TAND NORWEGI AN DI ALECTS? 2

håssen how adverb å være to be verb lenge long adjective sia since adjective enn one pronoun inaen each other pronoun stund while noun eg I pronoun han him pronoun å stemme to be correct (correct) verb SAMPLE SENTENCES Håssen går det med deg? "How are you doing?" Vær litt mer aktiv. "Be a bit more active." Du e jammen meg stor blitt. "You have become quite big." Hvem vil du være? "Who do you want to be?" Det varte lenge. "It lasted long." Kor lenge sia var det? "How long since was it?" Enn kan sjå på det fra to sider. "One can see it from two sides." Vi har ikkje sett inaen enda. "We haven t met each other yet." Det har vært en stund nå. "It s been a while now." Eg skal bli med. "I ll join." NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #25 - CAN YOU UNDERS TAND NORWEGI AN DI ALECTS? 3

han tok lua. "He took the hat." Det stemmer det du sier. "What you're saying is correct." Det stemmer. "That's correct." VOCABULARY PHRASE USAGE å være There are many verbs that have the same infinitive form in dialects but end up with different present tense or past tense conjugations. Å være ("to be") is one of those verbs. In our vocabulary list, it is listed in the infinitive, but in our dialogue we conjugate it as e. 1. Eg e tørst. "I am thirsty." lenge sia The phrase lenge sia or lenge siden is equivalent to the English "long time since..." The phrase lenge sia sist translates as "long time since last time... " However, alone it can mean "long time no see." The same goes for the word stund, meaning "while" as in "a while." One can say en stund sia sist. This essentially means the same as lenge sia sist and translates as "a while since last time." You might notice that the "time" part is missing in the Norwegian sentence; this is because you can include or omit it at your own discretion. If you include it, the above sentence would be en stund sia sist gang. Here gang means "time." GRAMMAR The Focus of This Lesson Is Dialects. Hei Kjersti, håssen står e til? NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #25 - CAN YOU UNDERS TAND NORWEGI AN DI ALECTS? 4

"Hi Kjersti, how are you?" Det e lenge sia enn har sjått inaen! "Long time no see!" In this lesson's grammar point, we'll talk about dialects and look at some of the key elements that make the differences so daunting. In our dialogue, we had Trond, who speaks with the Gjerstad dialect. It's a dialect in southern Norway; however, it does not sound like many of the other dialects in southern Norway as much as it sounds like it belongs somewhere in western Norway. Non-native speakers this might be indifferent to this; however, it is a great example of how diverse Norwegian dialects can be. The sentence Hei Kjersti, håssen står e til? ("Hi Kjersti, how are you?") is not an accepted written form. If they were to write in Gjerstad, they would use the bokmål form even though their dialect sounds much more close to nynorsk. The difference between bokmål and nynorsk would deserve its own lesson series as it is just as complex as bokmål. However, to make an easy distinction between the two written languages, bokmål is the most common official written language, and it has its roots in Danish, while nynorsk is less common but still an official language, and we can trace its roots back to the different dialects of Norway not spoken in or near the capital. That is why most dialects end up sounding more like nynorsk than bokmål. Now, let's get back to the sentence above. If we were to compare this with the dialect we have already learned, we'd see that there are some major differences in vocabulary. Compare Hei Kjersti, håssen står e til to Hei Kjersti, hvordan går det? or Hei Kjersti, hvordan står det til? The former is more common in the Oslo dialect than the latter; however, we can use both, and the latter is word for word how Trond said it in his dialect. We can see that the words håssen and hvordan, as well as e and det, are different. The hardest part of any Norwegian dialect is the changing vocabulary. It makes it difficult for even Norwegians to understand some dialects as they are uninitiated to the vocabulary used. E and det, on the other hand, are just a matter of slang. You can find often that Norwegians contract a lot of the words in a sentence in to one seemingly long word. Saying ståretil is much quicker and efficient than saying står det til. Unfortunately, this makes it very hard for foreigners trying to learn Norwegian. Besides learning the vocabulary of a dialect, there isn't much one can do to increase one's understanding of it. However, there is some slang that is common to most dialects, and it NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #25 - CAN YOU UNDERS TAND NORWEGI AN DI ALECTS? 5

doesn't involve learning new words necessarily but rather how we contract them to make quicker sentences. In the second sentence that Trond says, he is using two of these slang words. 1. Det e lenge sia enn har sjått inaen! "Long time no see!" This is not a direct translation; it would sound more like "It's a long time since one has seen each other." Now, the words that we use as slang in this sentence are e ("is") and sia ("since"). You will even find people in Oslo using this slang. To compare them with the bokmål version, e is er and sia is siden. Let's look at some more examples of slang that you'll find both in remote dialects and the Oslo dialect that you are so familiar with. 1. Hvoran gåre? - Hvordan går det? "How are you?" 2. Skarru blimepå kino? - Skal du bli med på kino? "Do you want to go to the cinema?" 3. Jeg ække så gladiræ - Jeg er ikke så glad i deg. "I am not that fond of you." Now, most of these would have some vocabulary changes if you were to translate them into some of the more extreme dialects. Often, we replace jeg ("I") by eg or æ for example, and ikke ("not") with ikkje. But these ways of contracting sentences to make them more easy and quick to pronounce is something that most dialects have in common. CULTURAL INSIGHT The Dialects of Norway In Norway, when we talk about dialects, we usually split them into four main groups: northern NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #25 - CAN YOU UNDERS TAND NORWEGI AN DI ALECTS? 6

Norwegian, trondersk, western Norwegian, and eastern Norwegian. Under these four main groupings we have about 250 to 500 dialects, depending on your definition. The commonly believed reason for this large number of dialects is the geographical shape of Norway along with the large number of mountainous areas that would split many communities in terms of communication. This theory is further strengthened by the observing dialects that sound entirely different but exist only with a mountain ridge between them geographically. However, when learning Norwegian, it is not that important to understand each dialect, but understanding that Norwegian consists of many dialects will help understanding the irregularity found in some parts of the language. NORW EGI ANCLAS S 101.COM LOWER BEGI NNER S 1 #25 - CAN YOU UNDERS TAND NORWEGI AN DI ALECTS? 7