Appendix D Chronologies & Resources for Gandhi and King 277
Chronology of the Life of Mohandas Gandhi 1869 October 2. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi born to Karamchand and Putlibai Gandhi in Porbandar on the west coast of India. 1882 At age thirteen, marries Kasturbai Makanji. 1888 Sails to London to study law. 1891 Admitted to the bar, becomes a lawyer, and sails back to India the next day. 1893 Moves to Durban, South Africa, to practice law. One week after his arrival, he is thrown off a train for refusing to move to the third-class section because of his skin color and decides to spend all his energy fighting racism and injustice. 1896 Durban landing of Courtland when Gandhi is beaten terribly 1904 Founds weekly newspaper, Indian Opinion Buys one hundred acres near Durban and founds Phoenix Farm, his first ashram. 1906 September 11. Gives a stirring speech at a mass meeting in Johannesburg, inspiring thousands of Indians to disobey racist laws. Publishes HIND SWARAJ ("Indian Home Rule") calling for India's independence and return to village life. 1908 January 10. Undergoes first arrest and first night in jail, in Johannesburg; adopts the term satyagraha and encourages Indians to burn registration cards. 1910 Buys eleven hundred acres near Johannesburg and establishes Tolstoy Farm, his second ashram. 1913 Leads the great march from Newcastle to Volksrust and is arrested. 1914 Negotiates the Indian Relief Act with the South African government. 1915 January 9. Returns to India. 1916 Establishes Satyagraha Ashram near Ahmedabad; travels throughout India. 1917 Begins campaign in Champaran on behalf of poor sharecroppers; attracts national attention. 1918 Leads the textile workers strike in Ahmedabad. 1919 April 6. Calls for a national strike, a day of prayer and fasting; India shuts down. April 13. British soldiers massacre 379 peaceful protesters in Amritsar. Founds two newspapers, Navajivan and Young India 278
1920 Reorganizes the Indian Congress Party, launches the Satyagraha Campaign, and the independence movement begins anew. 1922 Suspends civil disobedience campaign due to violence, but is arrested. March 18. At the Great Trial, sentenced to six years. 1924 February 5. Released from prison because of poor health. Conducts twenty-one-day fast for Hindu-Muslim unity. 1926 Begins his autobiography, THE STORY OF MY EXPERIMENTS WITH TRUTH 1930 March 12-April 6. Carries out Salt March to Dandi; launches new Satyagraha campaign. May 4. Arrested and imprisoned. 1931 August-December. Attends Round Table conference in London. 1932 September 20. Declares a fast to the death to end "untouchability." 1933 May. Released from prison after beginning another twenty-one-day fast. Leaves Sabarmati Ashram and moves to Wardha; begins nationwide tour; founds the journal Harijan 1935 Builds "Sevagram," or model village, in Wardha. 1942 August 8. Calls for new civil disobedience against British rule. August 9. Arrested and imprisoned. 1944 February 22. Kasturbai dies in prison with Gandhi at her side. May 6. Released from prison. 1946 August. Begins six-month peacemaking walk through war-torn Noakhali, to stop Hindu-Muslim violence 1947 August 15. India wins independence; Gandhi prays and fasts for unity and nonviolence. September 1. Undertakes a "fast unto death" to stop brutal riots and massacres in Calcutta; three days later, when the violence ends, Gandhi breaks the fast. 1948 January 13. Begins a fast to the death to stop the violence in Delhi. January 30. At age seventy-nine, Mohandas Gandhi is assassinated in Delhi as he walks to evening prayer. 279
Chronology of the Life of Martin Luther King, Jr. 1929 January 15 Martin Luther King Jr. is born to Rev. and Mrs. Martin Luther King, Sr. (the former Alberta C. Williams), in Atlanta, GA. 1935-1944 King attends schools in Atlanta. 1948 February 28 King is ordained to the Baptist ministry. June King graduates from Morehouse College, Atlanta, with a B.A. in sociology. September King enters Crozer Seminary, Chester, PA; begins study of Gandhi. 1953 June 18 King marries Coretta Scott in Marion, AL. 1954 September 1 King becomes pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Montgomery, AL. 1955 June 5 King receives a Ph.D. in theology from Boston University. November 17 Kings' first child, Yolanda Denise, is born. December 5 Montgomery bus boycott begins. King is elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association. 1956 January 30 A bomb is thrown on the porch of Dr. King's home. No one is injured. February 21 Dr. King is indicted for his part in the boycott. 1957 February The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is founded. Dr. King is elected president. May 17 Dr. King delivers a speech at the Lincoln Memorial, celebrating the third anniversary of the Supreme Court's desegregation decision. October 23 Kings' second child, Martin Luther III, is born. 1958 September 3 Dr. King is arrested on a charge of loitering. September 17 STRIDE TOWARD FREEDOM: The Montgomery Story is published. September 20 King is stabbed while in New York City. 1959 February 2- March 10 Dr. and Mrs. King visit India to study Gandhi. 1960 January 24 The King family moves to Atlanta. Dr. King becomes co-pastor, with his father, of Ebenezer Baptist Church. October 19 King arrested at an Atlanta sit-in for violating the state's trespass law. 1961 January 30 The Kings' third child, Dexter Scott, is born. December 15 Dr. King helps desegregate public facilities in Albany, GA. December 16 Dr. King is arrested at an Albany demonstration. 1962 February 27 Dr. King is convicted for leading the December march in Albany. 280
1963 March 28 April 16 May 3-5 June August 28 September 15 1964 May-June June July 2 December 10 1965 March 7 March 21-25 August 6 1966 January 7 March May 16 August 5 1967 January April 4 June 23 November 27 1968 March 28 April 3 April 4 April 8 April 9 The Kings' fourth child, Bernice Albertine is born. King writes "Letter from Birmingham City Jail. "Bull" Connor turns loose police dogs and fire hoses on Birmingham marchers. STRENGTH TO LOVE is published. The March on Washington. King delivers his I Have A Dream speech. Four Black girls are killed as bomb explodes in the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, Birmingham. Dr. King joins other SCLC workers demonstrating for the integration of public accommodations in St. Augustine, Fla. He is jailed. King's WHY WE CAN T WAIT is published. Dr King present when President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act. Dr. King receives Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, Norway. 1 st Selma-Montgomery march with 500 marchers for Black voting rights. 2 nd Selma to Montgomery march with 30,000. Dr. King speaks at end. Dr. King present when President Johnson Voting Rights Act. King announces "Open City" housing campaign in Chicago. Dr. King takes over a slum building and is sued by its owner. Dr. King speaks at Washington, D.C. rally to protest the war in Vietnam. Dr. King pelted with stones in a Chicago march by angry White crowds. King writes WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE? King delivers "Beyond Vietnam" speech at Riverside Church, New York City, denouncing U.S. policy in Vietnam. The century's worst race riot, in Detroit; riots spread to 50 U.S. cities by summer's end. Dr. King announces a Poor People's Campaign to march on Washington. Dr. King leads a Memphis march for striking sanitation workers. Dr. King's last speech, entitled I've Been to the Mountaintop, is delivered at the Memphis Masonic Temple. Dr. King is assassinated as he stands talking on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis. Riots erupt in 125 cities. Coretta King leads a march with 42,000 people in Memphis in her husband's place. King's funeral and burial in Atlanta. A crowd of 50,000-100,000 lines the mule-drawn cortege route. King's last sermon is broadcast to the crowd: Say that I was a drum major for peace, for righteousness. 281
Biographical Sketch of Arun Gandhi Arun Gandhi, the fifth grandson of India s late-spiritual leader, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, was born in 1934 in Durban, South Africa. Growing up under South Africa s apartheid for someone of Indian heritage was difficult and often dangerous. Enduring attacks from European-African youths for not being white, and from Native Africans for not being black served to fuel the anger that Arun Gandhi bore as a young man. Hoping that time with his grandfather would help the twelve-year-old Arun control his rage and deal with prejudice through nonviolent means, his parents took him to India to live with Mahatma Gandhi in 1946. Arun s stay with his grandfather coincided with the most tumultuous period in India s struggle to free itself from British rule. His grandfather showed Arun firsthand the effects of a national campaign for liberation carried out through both violent and nonviolent means. For 18 months, while Gandhi imparted lessons to his grandson, the young man also witnessed world history unfold bgefore his eyes. This combination set Arun on a course for life. His journey was strengthened by the resolve of his parents, Sushila and Manilal, Gandhi s second son, to raise their children according to the principles of nonviolence including loving discipline (not punishment) shared by child and parent, and lifelong commitment to social progress through nonviolence. Arun s father, Manilal, spent over 14 years in prisons as he was repeatedly jailed for his efforts to change South African apartheid nonviolently. Arun s mother, Sushila, spent 54 years at Gandhi s ashram, Phoenix, outside Durban. After the deaths of Gandhiji and Manilal, Sushila was the ashram s driving force. She greatly lamented the ashram s physical destruction in 1985, although she asserted the indestructibility of spirit that had created and sustained the community for over 80 years. At the age of 23, Arun returned to India and worked as a journalist and reporter for The Times of India. He, his wife Sunanda, and several colleagues started the successful economic initiative, India s Center for Social Unity, whose mission is to alleviate poverty and caste discrimination. The Center s success has now spread to over 300 villages, improving the lives of more than 500,000 rural Indians. Dr. Gandhi has written eight books and hundreds of articles. He published the Suburban Echo, a weekly, in Bombay from 1985 through 1987. He is also the editor of WORLD WITHOUT VIOLENCE: CAN GANDHI S DREAM BECOME REALITY?, a collection of essays and poetry from noted international scientists, artists, and political and social leaders on the ideals of nonviolence, published in October 1994 for the celebration of the 125 th anniversary of Gandhiji s birth. Arun and Sunanda came to the United States in 1987 to compare race issues in the American South, color discrimination in South Africa, and the caste system in India. In October of 1991, the Gandhis founded the M.K. Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence. The Institute is located at Christian Brothers University in Memphis, Tennessee, where Arun is also a scholar-in-residence. -- quoted in Arun Gandhi, LEGACY OF LOVE, pp. 139-40. 282
Gandhi Video Excerpts 0:00 - Gandhi s funeral 2:00 - Gandhi thrown off the train in Pietermaritzburg 5:00 - Exploitation of Indians in S. Africa, Gandhi burning his pass card & beating 11:00 - Responses by the British and Gandhi s family 13:00 - Charlie Andrews arrives to help; Gandhi turns the other cheek to threats 15:00 Gandhi s first communal farm; confrontation with his wife over cleaning toilets, which is the work of the Untouchables 22:00 Gandhi urges an assembly of Indians to resist injustice nonviolently: fight against their anger but not provoke it 27:00 March to the mines with striking miners; resisting British police nonviolently 31:00 Church members walk out on Rev. Andrews; Gandhi and other Indians imprisoned 33:00 Gandhi negotiates with Gen. Smuts, focusing only on the truth 37:00 Gandhi returns to India; is overwhelmed by the poverty 41:00 Gandhi meets Indian leaders; is sent on a tour of India by his mentor Gokhole 51:00 Gandhi speaks softly at an Indian Congress Party gathering, challenging the leaders to stand with the poor in India s 700,000 villages 55:00 Nehru and other leaders visit Gandhi s ashram where he challenges their westernization 58:00 Gandhi goes to Champaran to help the exploited indigo farmers: Do we fight to change or fight to punish? 1:03:00 Gandhi arrested; identifies with the poor by his simple dress 1:07:00 Gandhi s trial; sends young lawyers to help the Champaran farmers 1:10:00 British viceroy discusses Gandhi s demands with the landlords representative 283
1:12:00 Gandhi serves tea to Indian leaders in Jinnah s luxurious home and proposes a national day of prayer and fasting 1:17:00 British reaction Arrest him! 1:19:00 Nehru tells Gandhi about riots that killed British civilians 1:20:00 We must have the courage to take their anger ; then Gen. Dyer orders the massacre of Indians at Amritsar 1:25:00 British inquiry into Gen. Dyer s actions; Gandhi s agony over the massacre 1:28:00 Gandhi announces massive noncooperation with British rule at a meeting of British and Indian leaders You must humiliate us to control us 1:31:00 Kastur Gandhi announces homespun campaign and British cloth is burned; Hindu-Muslim unity and removal of Untouchability also part of the noncooperation campaign 1:35:00 Mirabehn arrives from England to help at ashram; spinning is emphasized; marshall law is imposed after violence breaks out with noncooperation 1:38:00 March against British cloth at Chauri Chaura turns into a riot and marchers kill Indian policemen. 1:40:00 Indian leaders discuss suspending noncooperation; Gandhi announces a fastunto-death until the violence stops An eye for an eye only makes the whole world blind 1:47:00 Part I ends 284
Part II 0:00 Gandhi arrested at his ashram; declares that Noncooperation with evil is a duty 5:00 Reporter joins Gandhi as he searches for the next step 6:00 - Gandhi & Kasturba renew marriage vows 8:00 Gandhi s commitment to respect all religions 10:00 - Gandhi launches the Salt March to the sea (March 1930); British respond by arresting leaders 21:00 Nonviolent march to the Dharasana Salt Works where resisters are beaten and British violence is exposed worldwide 25:00 Gandhi invited to the All Government Conference in England where Indian independence is discussed; newsreel footage of Gandhi s tour of England 30:00 At a meeting with top Indian leaders, Gandhi refuses to take advantage of Britain s disadvantage because of World War II 31:00 Gandhi arrested; discusses nonviolence, poverty and materialism with Life Magazine reporter 36:00 Gandhi s relationship with Kasturba as she reflects on their goals and campaigns; Kasturba s death in prison 41:00 Viceroy announces final steps to Indian independence 42:00 - Jinnah demands a Muslim nation (Pakistan), riots start; partition begins and riots escalate 52:00 Gandhi begins fast in a poor Muslim home in Calcutta 1:01:00 Gandhi advises a Hindu on how to make amends for killing a Muslim family 1:06:00 Final prayer service and Gandhi s assassination (1/30/48) 1:09:00 Final words When I despair 1:10:00 Part II ends 285
Bibliography on Gandhi Special Supplementary Videos and Books GANDHI Video by Richard Attenborough. The visual experience of Gandhi is so important for impacting students hearts and imaginations that each unit lists several segments from the video that illustrate Gandhi s teaching on the theme of the unit. This video can be purchased through Amazon.com or rented from any major video rental store. LESSONS I LEARNED FROM GRANDFATHER Video. This 45-minute collection of stories told by Arun Gandhi about his grandfather is a wonderful way to present the teaching of Gandhi through his grandson. This video is available from the Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence in Memphis. Arun and Sunanda Gandhi, THE FORGOTTEN WOMAN: The Untold Story of Kastur, Wife of Mahatma Gandhi (Ozark Mountain Apublishers, P.O. Box 754, Huntsville, AR 72740; 1998). This wonderful account of Gandhi s wife Kasturba presents many touching stories about both her, her relationship with her husband, and about their campaigns in South Africa and India; plus stories about their impact on their children and grandchildren, as told by one of the grandchildren and his wife Sunanda. The photos add a visual touch. Arun Gandhi, LEGACY OF LOVE: A Memoir (North Bay Books, P.O. Box 21234, El Sobrante, CA 94820; 510-758-4276; www.northbaybooks.com; 2003. This wonderful collection of descriptions of Gandhi s campaigns, plus stories and lessons Gandhi s grandson Arun learned from his grandfather, make this an excellent supplement to this Guidebook. Eknath Easwaren, GANDHI THE MAN: The Story of His Transformation (Nilgiri Press, Box 256, Tomales, CA 94971; Third Edition, 1997). Because of its assortment of photos and its focus on the transformation of Gandhi from his scared shy beginning, it is the most encouraging and effective of all the Gandhi biographies. Gerald Gold, GANDHI: A PICTORIAL BIOGRAPHY, with a Photograph Selection and Afterword by Richard Attenborough (Newmarket Press, 3 E. 48 th St., New York, NY 10017; 1983). The 150 historical photos and Attenborough s Afterword and a special section of comparison photos from the GANDHI Video make this an especially appropriate supplementary resource for this Guidebook. Krishna Kripalani, editor, MAHATMA GANDHI, ALL MEN ARE BROTHERS: Autobiographical Reflections (New York: Continuum, 1990). This 183-page resource organizes many important passages from Gandhi s writings into thematic chapters: Autobiographical, Religion & Truth, Means & Ends, Ahimsa or the Way of Nonviolence, Self-Discipline, International Peace, Man & Machine, Poverty in the Midst of Plenty, Democracy & the People, Education, Women, Miscellaneous; with an excellent 7-page bibliography. 286
Other Helpful Resources on Gandhi John Dear, MOHANDAS GANDHI: Essential Writings (Orbis Books, Maryknoll, NY 10545; 2003) presents an excellent short biography, plus a helpful collection of passages from Gandhi s writings on the spiritual as well as the political aspects of his work. 287
Bibliography on Dr. King Bishop, Jim. The Days of Martin Luther King, Jr. Putnam, 1971. Carson, Clayborne, ed. Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., Warner Books, 1998. Hakim, Rita. Martin Luther King, Jr., and the March Toward Freedom. Millbrook Press, 1991. Johnson, Charles, et al. King: The Photobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. Mattern, Joanne. Young Martin Luther King, Jr. Troll, 1992. McKissack, Patricia. Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Man to Remember. Children s Press, 1984. Rappaport, Doreen. Martin s Big Words: The Life of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Hyperion, 2001. If You Lived at the Time of Martin Luther King By King A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. by James M. Washington I Have a Dream: Writing and Speeches That Changed the World ed. by James M. Washington. I Have a Dream. (and Coretta Scott King). Scholastic, 1997. The Meaning of a Man. Fortress, 1988. Letter from a Birmingham Jail. Harper, 1994. Strength to Love, Fortress, 1963. Stride Toward Freedom, Harper, 1958. The Trumpet of Conscience. Beacdon, 1968. Where Do We Go From Here? Chaos or Community? Harper & Row, 1967 Why We Can t Wait, Signet, 1964 Related books Bridges, Ruby. Through My Eyes. 1999 Bullard, Sara. Free at Last: A History of the Civil Rights Movement and Those who Died in the Struggle. 1994. Carson, Claybornem ed. Eyes on the Prize, Penguin Books, 1991. Clark, Kenneth B. The Negro Protest: James Baldwin, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Jr. Beacon Press, 1963. Griffin, John. Black Like Me Hill, Christine M. John Lewis: From Freedom Rider to Congressman, 2002. Levine, Ellen. Freedom s Children: Young Civil Rights Activists Tell Their Own Stories. 2001 Litwin, Laura Baskes. Fannie Lou Hammer: Fighting for the Right to Vote. 2002 Meltzer, Milton. There Comes a Time: The Struggle for Civil Rights. 2002. Parks, Rosa. Rosa Parks: My Story 1992 Rochelle, Belinda. Witnesses to Freedom: Young People Who Fought for Civil Rights Stein, R. Conrad. The Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott Autobiography of Malcolm X 288
Recordings / CDs A Call to Conscience ed. by Clayborne Carson, 2001 A Knock at Midnight (sermons) In Search of Freedom: excerpts from his most memorable speeches. MLK: the Martin Luther King, Jr., tapes We Shall Overcome Websites http://www.thekingcenter.com official website of the Martin Luther King, Jr., Center http://www.civilrightsmuseum.org site of the National Civil Rights Museum at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee http://www.naacp.org site of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People http://www.stanford.edu/group/king -- site for the collected papers of Dr. King http://www.law.cornell.edu/ -- information relating to Civil Rights legislation Videos Martin Luther King, Jr. Encyclopedia Britanica Great Americans series, 1982 Biography Martin Luther King, Jr., A&E channel Our Friend, Martin Eyes on the Prize Selma, Lord, Selma 289
M.K.Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence Gandhi Sites in the United States Annual Gandhi-King Conference on Peacemaking The Gandhi-King Conference on Peacemaking began its journey in 2004 as the Annual Gandhian Conference on Nonviolence, a collaboration of the M.K. Gandhi Institute, the National Civil Rights Museum, NCCJ- Memphis, and a coalition of almost a dozen different grassroots organizations. In its five years, this annual conference on nonviolence, held in Memphis, TN, has educated and trained thousands of peacemakers from all over this country. Since 2007, the conference has included a Youth Component, welcoming students from area high schools to experience a program of speakers and workshops specifically suited to their needs. The conference is held at Christian Brothers University where the M.K. Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence was located until 2006. Gandhi-King Conference on Peacemaking c/o the Mid South Peace and Justice Center, 1000 S. Cooper, Memphis, TN 38104. tel: (901)725-4990 fax: (901)725-7858 www.gandhikingconference.org info@gandhikingconference.org 290
The Gandhi Memorial at the Peace Abbey The Peace Abbey was begun in 1988 by Lewis Randa and is located on the grounds of the Life Experience School in Sherborn, MA, which Lewis began in 1972 as his alternative service as a conscientious objector during the Vietnam War. The Peace Abbey is a shrine to faith-filled peacemakers, an interfaith chapel, and a small retreat center, where individuals have been nourished in the spirit of Franciscan Quakerism. The spirits and legacies of Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., Robert Kennedy, and Archbishop Oscar Romero permeate the place. To celebrate these and other peacemakers and to encourage the wider community to emulate their courage, Lewis inaugurated the Courage of Conscience award which the Peace Abbey began conferring in 1990. See the list of recipients below. While these individual awards were generally given in small gatherings, Randa celebrated the 20 th anniversary of the Peace Abbey with a gala celebration of peacemaking at the Kennedy Center in Boston in March 1992. See the presentation below to Mahatma Gandhi and Arun Gandhi. The Pacifist Memorial came in 1994, as a visible way to honor great peacemakers and encourage courageous peacemaking by others. It began with the statue of Mahatma Gandhi (see the NCR article), followed by the six brick walls of plaques and quotations from other great peacemakers (see the photos below of the Gandhi and the Pacifist Memorials). 291
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Courage of Conscience Award to Mahatma Gandhi and Arun Gandhi Presented by James McGinnis, at the Peace Abbey s Celebration of Intergenerational Peacemakers at the Kennedy Center in Boston, MA, March 1992. As much as any person in history, Mahatma Gandhi lives out in his personal and public life the meaning of personal sacrifice. He truly spent his life daily and completely to show our world the power and possibilities of nonviolence on a national and international scale, especially when that nonviolence permeates the life its practitioners. It is as much for the courage and integrity of his daily living his experiments with truth at all levels that Mahatma Gandhi touched so many, including most of us in this room, and that he is being given posthumously the Peace Abbey s Courage of Conscience award this evening. It is this same understanding of nonviolence as a way of life as well as strategy for social change that characterizes Arun Gandhi, grandson of Mahatma Gandhi. And it is for a similar willingness to spend his life in service to others and for a vision of human reconciliation, at great personal sacrifice, that we also honor Arun this evening. He brought his dream of a center for nonviolence to the United States five years ago [1987], but it was only on June 1, 1991, that the M.K. Gandhi Institute for the Study of Nonviolence became a reality at Christian Brothers University in Memphis, TN. In less than a year and a half, Arun Gandhi has already brought his vision and training in nonviolence to many campuses and communities throughout North America. He is consulting with teachers to develop programs and curricula on nonviolence from elementary schools through universities. And he is sharing his vision, commitment, and skills with community groups like the Memphis teenagers he is beginning to train this fall to do nonviolent conflict resolution in their schools. Arun, you and your wife Sunanda have taken great risks to leave your homeland and bring the Gandhian legacy to the United States, where violence is all around us in our homes, schools, and streets, as well as in our criminal justice system and foreign policy. May this Courage of Conscience award this evening help renew your commitment to your grandfather s legacy of nonviolence. And may your example of personal sacrifice help renew our own commitments to that legacy. May we all grow as Gandhians. Other Recipients of the Courage of Conscious Award from 1991-1997 (See www.peaceabbey.org for a full list+ the 60 pacifists honored on the Pacifist Memorial.) Peace Abbey and the Life Experience School, 2 N. Main St. Sherborn, MA 01770 508-650-3659. 293
Dr. King Sites in the United States 294