ICT Barriers, High Tech Crime, and Police Mitchell F. Rice, Ph.D. Fellow, National Academy of Public Administration (Washington, DC) Professor of Political Science Mail Stop 4348 Texas A&M University College Station, Texas 77843 mrice@tamu.edu Prepared for presentation at the CAFRAD s Conference ICT AS A MODERN SOLUTION TO SECURITY THREAT, EARLY DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF CRIMES June 23-25, 2014, Hotel Intercontinental, Tangiers, Morocco
PRESENTATION OBJECTIVES OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER CRIMES AND TECHNOLOGY DYNAMICS OF COMPUTER CRIME AND ICT CRIMINALITY ICT BARRIERS FOR POLICE IN SOLVING ICT CRIME Dr. Rice 2
HIGH TECH CRIME Known as IT CRIME (information technology) later known as ICT CRIME (information and communication technology) Known as Computer Crime Known as Computer Related Crime or Computer Facilitated Crime Known as Internet Crime Known as Digital Crime Known as Cyber Crime (also known as Cyber crime) Known as High Tech Crime Cyber Crimes are growing and by 2017, the global Cyber Security market is expected to skyrocket to $120.1 billion POINT: ICT CRIME is about computers and criminal law Dr. Rice 3
More than 600,000 FaceBook accounts are compromised every day. 15% of social network users have reported that their profiles have been hacked by pretenders. 1 in 10 social network users said they d fallen victim to a scam or fake link on social network platforms. EXTENT OF CYBER CRIME Victims per year 556 million Victims per day Over 1.5 million Victims per second 18 Identities exposed More than 232.4 million May 17, 2013: http://www.gogulf.ae/blog/cyber-crime/ Dr. Rice 4
DYNAMICS OF COMPUTER CRIME Information technology makes it possible to carry out criminal activity in a different location without traveling. (trans-border criminality) IT makes it possible for criminal activity to occur that is not directly observable without a specially trained eye. IT makes it possible to be outside the jurisdiction of criminal prosecution QUESTION: (Is there a need for harmonization of legal norms and/or international cooperation among countries regarding ICT?) Dr. Rice 5
ICT CRIMINALITY Has something to do with knowledge (or lack of knowledge to investigate) Knowledge of how ICT works and its infrastructure Depends upon knowledge of what happens in an automated environment and how it happens More and more criminals are exploiting the speed, convenience and anonymity that modern technologies offer in order to commit a diverse range of criminal activities Dr. Rice 6
HYPOTHETICAL COMPUTER CRIME A CYBER CROOK hacks into a bank in Mexico City. Mexican investigators trace the computer used in the attack to New York City and quickly contact FBI agents, who discover that the New York computer is linked to a computer in South Korea. They alert Korean agents, who learn that the attack originated in Bangkok, Thai agents make the arrest. POINT--Savvy crooks will base their operations in a country or countries with the most lax cyber laws. Dr. Rice 7
TOP 15 Countries Where Cyber Attacks Originate (Feb 2013) Source of Attack Number of Attacks Russia 2,402,722 Taiwan 907,102 Germany 780,425 Ukraine 566,531 Hungary 367,966 USA 355,341 Romania 350,948 Brazil 337,977 Italy 288,607 Australia 255,777 Argentina 185,720 China 168,146 Poland 162,235 Israel 143,943 Japan 133,908 www.go- gulf.ae/blog/cyber- Dr. Rice 8
POLICE OBSTACLES TO SOLVING ICT CRIME For Police optimizing the use of technologies can contribute to solving crime. However, there are Legal (L), Organizational (O) and Technological (T) OBSTACLES (L) Absence of a proper legal basis for using a particular technology due to a political, legal, or ethical perspective. (O) Insufficient adaptability of colleagues (not trained or under trained) (O) Insufficient financing (money or funding) (O) Insufficient management guidance, insight and overview Dr. Rice 9
POLICE OBSTACLES TO SOLVING ICT CRIME (cont d) (T) Insufficient capacity for innovation and development Insufficient overview of available technologies (T) Insufficient availability of technologies (T) Insufficient user friendliness Dr. Rice 10
ICT Crime Analysis INVOLVES: Special training in the following areas: Encryption breaking technology Recovery Equipment Software to collect input/output data Digital Forensic Labs Hacking and Password Cracking Network Intrusion Detection Photo/video/audio analysis Dr. Rice 11
GENERAL CONCLUSION Trans border crimes calls for trans border measures. More internationally agreed upon and enforced laws. Technology is a democratic instrument meaning it can be exploited by anyone. Dr. Rice 12
CONCLUSION: What is needed in Africa My preliminary research suggests a number of African countries need: Stronger ICT security systems Stronger security awareness training Installation of CCTV cameras/monitors (closed circuit television) Installation of tracking technology (GPS devices) Dr. Rice 13
SUGGESTED READINGS Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo, The Cyber Threat Landscape: Challenges and Future Research Directions. Computers and Security 30 (2011): 719-731. Bart Custers, Technology in Policing: Experiences, Obstacles and Police Needs. Computer Law and Security Review 28 (2012): 62-68. Paul Hunton, The Stages of Cybercrime Investigations: Bridging the Gap Between Technology Examination and Law Enforcement Investigation. Computer Law and Security Review 27 (2011):61-67. Pieter Kleve, Richard De Mulder, and Kees van Noortwijk, The Definition of ICT Crime. Computer Law and Security Review 27 (2011): 162-167. Henry Osborn Quarshie, Using ICT to Fight Crime A Case of Africa. Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Systems 5 (1) (January 2014): 21-24. Dr. Rice 14