International workshop Botín Foundation/Rosenberg International Forum on Managing drought and scarcity in semi-arid lands: the cases of California and Spain. January 29, 2015, Botín Foundation, Madrid Spain's Drought: Characteristics and Highlights. The Júcar River Basin case JOAQUÍN ANDREU, ABEL SOLERA, JAVIER PAREDES ARQUIOLA, DAVID HARO Instituto de Ingeniería del Agua y Medio Ambiente Universitat Politecnica Valencia, Spain March, 10 th 13 th, 2015 Valencia, Spain International Conference on DROUGHT: Research and Science- Policy Interfacing The DROUGHT-R&SPI project conference Contact for further information: Water Resources Engineering Group Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering Universitat Politècnica de València icdrought2015@upv.es http://www.icdrought2015.upv.es 1
SPANISH RIVER BASINS: Aridity (climate) SPAIN: WATER SCARCITY W. STRESS Map of River Basin Districts WATER EXPLOITATION INDEX 1 (WATER STRESS) <0,5 Low w.stress 0,5-1 High w. stress >1 Hyperhigh w. wtress 2
CANA RIAS GAL ICIA PR IN CIP ADO D E ASTURIAS EXTR EMADUR A CASTILL A-L E ON C ANTABRIA P AIS VASCO C AST ILL A-L A MAN CHA AND AL UC IA CEU TA MAD R ID L A R IOJA NAVAR R A ME LIL LA MU RCIA ARAGO N VAL ENC IA CATALUÑA BAL EAR ES Júcar River Basin District Surface (km 2 ) 43.000 Permanent population 4.792.528 Equivalent population due to tourism 367.322 Irrigation surface (ha) 347.275 Water demand (hm 3 /year) (Hm3/year = Gigaliters/year) 3.172 17% Total demand by uses 1% 0% Irrigation Urban supply 3% Industrial supply Júcar 79% Cattle Recreation 52% Total Demand by source of water 2% 0% 4% HALF OF THE AREA IS SEMIARID +HIGHEST VARIABILITY IN EUROPE Surface water (IN SPACE AND Groundwater 42% TIME) Pdia/Paño (%) Direct WasteWater Reuse Desalination Imports (MCT) SPANISH RIVER BASINS: Aridity (climate) Scarcity (Human needs) Droughts (High hydrological Variability) 4000 3500 3000 Total Media = 1268.2 2500 (Hm3/año) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1 9 12 1 / 1 1 9 16 5 / 1 1923/ 2 4 1 9 10 9 / 2 1927/ 2 8 1931/ 3 2 1935/ 3 6 1939/ 4 0 1 9 4 3 / 4 1 9 48 7 / 4 1 9 52 1 / 5 1 9 56 5 / 5 1 9 50 9 / 6 AÑOS 1 9 64 3 / 6 1967/ 6 8 1971/ 7 2 1975/ 7 6 1979/ 8 0 1983/ 8 4 1 9 8 7 / 8 1 9 92 1 / 9 1 9 96 5 / 9 3
Long tradition of -Adaptation to Water Scarcity and Drought -Infrastructures: - Historical(e.g.: irrigation systems, ditches and reservoirs; from Roman and Arab times, ) -Since 1900 s (large reservoirs, wells, water transfers, ) -Developed Water Resource Systems DAMS WELLS W. TRANSFERS Main reservoirs & Urban & Ind. Water Uses BENAGEBER Reservoir ALARCÓN Reservoir 1112 Hm 3 CONTRERAS Reservoir 444 Hm 3 221 Hm 3 Sagunto urban 30 Hm 3 /year Valencia Metr. urban 120 Hm 3 /year Cofrentes Nuclear P. 20 Hm 3 /year TOUS Reservoir Albacete urban 30 Hm 3 /year 379 Hm 3 (1 Hm3 = 1 Gl) 4
Júcar (& Turia) River Basin Water Resource System. Main Environmental Issues Risk of insuficient inflows toalbufera Lake & Wetland Risk of drying the Júcar river in Albacete due to losses to aquifer (inverted relathionship due to overdrafting) Risk of Poor water quality and low flows in the lower Júcar river. BEYOND HIDROLOGICAL DROUGHT: MANAGED SYSTEMS DROUGHTS metheorological drought (precip.) Ciclo hidrlógico Soil moisture dr. AQUIFERS Hidrological drougth (flows and aquifers) Operational dr. (WRS) 5
Drought analysis: Meteorological, soil moisture, hydrological droughts need to be analyzed, BUT, for the managed system: need to address the (WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM) OPERATIONAL DROUGHT Since reservoir & aquifer capacity are bigger than average annual inflows, adequate time scale is one year (nevertheless, models for analysis have monthly and/or daily time steps) The adequate space scale is the WRS (usually an entire Basin, but sometimes it includes more than 1 due to interconnections) Droughts can last up to 5,6,7 years (Multiyear) Long tradition of -Adaptation to Water Scarcity and Drought -Infrastructures: - Historical(e.g.: irrigation systems, ditches and reservoirs; -Since 1900 s (large reservoirs, wells, water transfers, ) -Management: -Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater (since 1900 s) -Institutions & Partnerships: -Historical. e.g.: Valencia s Water Tribunal (Farmers Partnership)since year 1000 A.D., to date. STILL WORKING -Since 1926 (Multisectorial River Basin Partnerships) 6
Multisectorial Public Private Partnerships (1): Jucar River Basin Partnership CHJ- Jucar River Basin Partnership (Multisectorial Public-Private Partnership) Technical Director CHJ Jucar River Basin Partnership Nation s Govern ment 1936 (Foundation of CHJ): Water Scarcity approach: -Mainly Offer Increase (Infrastructures) Irrigat ors Hydro-- electric ity Urban supply Drought approach: -Mainly Reactive -Partly Proactive (infrastructures to improve reliability) (against high variability and droughts) 7
CHJ- Jucar River Basin Partnership 1985 (New Spanish Water Law) & 2000 (EU-WFD) Hydro-- electricity Irrigat ors Urban supply Enviro nment al NGOs Other non economic stake - holders Regions Represen tatives Water Commis sary Nation s Govern ment Technic al Director CHJ PRESIDENT Chief Plannin g Office CHJ Jucar River Basin Partnership Water Scarcity approach: -Demand Management & Offer Increase (Infrastructures) -Long term planning (River Basin Management Plans -More water for environment CHJ- Jucar River Basin Partnership 2000 (EU-WFD) & SWL 2003 Hydro-- electricity Irrigat ors Urban supply Enviro nment al NGOs Other non economic stake - holders Regions Represen tatives Water Commis sary Nation s Govern ment Technic al Director CHJ PRESIDENT Chief Plannin g Office CHJ Jucar River Basin Partnership Drought approach: -Mainly Proactive (Special Water Plans (2007), Cities Emergency Plans, Infrastructures to improve reliability - against high variability and droughts, and nonconventional resources) 8
Multi-sectorial Public Private Partnerships (2): Permanent Drought Commission Permanent Drought Commission 1981 (1 st PDC): separate partnership Nation s Govern ment PDC- Permanent Drought Commission Governor of affected provinces Water Commi ssary Technical Director CHJ Jucar River Basin Partnership Nation s Govern ment Irrigat ors Hydro-- Urban electric supply ity Drought approach: -Mainly Reactive -Partly Proactive (infrastructures to improve reliability) (against high variability and droughts) 9
1983 (2 nd PDC) Nation s Govern ment Urban supply Nation s Govern ment Represen tatives of affected Regions PDC- Permanent Drought Commission Water Commi ssary Irrigat ors Technical Director Hydro-- electric ity CHJ Drought approach: -Mainly Reactive -Partly Proactive (infrastructures to improve reliability) (against high variability and droughts) 1994, after 1985 (New Spanish Water Law) Nation s Govern ment PDC- Permanent Drought Commission Irrigat ors Regions Represen tatives Urban supply Hydro-- electric ity Technic al Director CHJ PRESIDENT Water Commis sary Nation s Govern ment CHJ Other non economic Enviro stake - nment holders al NGOs Drought approach: -Mainly Reactive -Partly Proactive (infrastructures to improve reliability) (against high variability and droughts) 10
2005, and after 2007 Special Drought Plans Hydro-- electricity Enviro Irrigat ors nment al NGOs Regions Represen tatives Nation s Govern ment PDC- Permanent Drought Commission Technic Water al Other Urban Commis non Director supply sary economic stake - holders CHJ PRESIDENT Chief Plannin g Office CHJ Jucar River Basin Partnership Drought approach: -Mainly Proactive (Special Water Plans, Cities Emergency Plans, Infrastructures to improve reliability - against high variability and droughts, and nonconventional resources) 2005, and after 2007 Special Drought Plans Hydro-- electricity Enviro Irrigat ors nment al NGOs Regions Represen tatives Nation s Govern ment PDC- Permanent Drought Commission Technic Water al Other Urban Commis Director non supply sary economic stake - holders CHJ PRESIDENT Chief Plannin g Office CHJ Jucar River Basin Partnership - NESTLED PARTNERSHIPS - Now, almost ALL STAKEHOLDERS are present in the PDC - PDC is very important. Its decision will influence the management and mitigation of extraordinary drought episodes, when very high potential damages and risk to economy and human safety can happen, this is why it has special powers, given by the Royal Decrees. 11
Drought vulnerability mitigation within the MSPs (1): Long term vulnerability assessment & management Long tradition of -Adaptation to Water Scarcity and Drought -Infrastructures: - Historical(e.g.: irrigation systems, ditches and reservoirs; -From 1900 s (reservoirs, wells, water transfers, desalination plants, ) -Institutions & Partnerships: -Historical (e.g.: Valencia s Water Tribunal since year 1000 A.D., to date) -From 1926 (River Basin Partnerships) -(long term planning) River Basin & Water Resources Systems Planning : 80 s, 90 s, 2000 s - 12
- -(long term planning) RIVER BASIN & WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS PLANNING : 80 s, 90 s, 2000 s -Since the 90 s, the emphasis is on: -DROUGHT VULNERABILITY mitigation -EFFICIENCY in irrigation and urban supply (Modern distribution systems) -Waste water treatment and REUSE -SUSTAINABILITY and Environmental protection -Desalination -INTEGRATED & EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF WRS DESALINATION CAPACITY (Gl/day) CONCEPTS and VARIABLES RELATED TO FAILURE IN WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS (and to OPERATIONALDROUGHTS) Failure (hazard): When supply < demand Different Intensity, Duration, Magnitude Reliability: Probability of satisfactory supply (not in failure). Vulnerability : The degree to which a systems is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, injury damage or harm (impact). Risk: Expected damages (Risk= prob(hazard) * Vulnerability) Resiliency: The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover. (Related to the inverse of time to get back to satisfactory situation after a failure). THESE CONCEPTS ARE NOT EASY TO QUANTIFY WITH MEANINGFUL INDEXES FOR DROUGHTS 13
Future drought vulnerability assessment Vulnerability Reliability Practical Criteria in agreement with stakeholders: LOW (Acceptable) HIGH (Unacceptable) Urban demand, HIGH if: Max Shortage in 1 month > 10% Monthly Demand Max Accumulated shortage in 10 years > 8% Annual Demand Irrigation demands, HIGH if: Max Shortage in 1 year > 50% Annual Demand Max Accumulated Shortage in 2 years > 75% Annual Demand Max Accumulated Shortage in 10 years > 100% Annual Demand Use of INTEGRATED BASIN MODELLING & DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS Considering conjunctive use of surface, groundwater, reclaimed wastewater, desalinated,... Considering water rights and priorities. taking into account environmental requirements Jointly developed in a participatory process in 2005 COMMON SHARED VISION OF THE SYSTEM Engineering News Record, 1993 14
NEW RISK ASSESSMENT MANAGEMENT APPROACH We moved from a Technocratic-Decisionist approach: Scientists Policy Makers Communication Resolution Stakeholders Risk assessment Risk Management To an Integrated Participative approach: Policy Makers Scientists Risk Assessment Risk Perception Risk Management Stakeholders Drought vulnerability mitigation within the MSPs (2): Continuous vulnerability assessment & management 15
SPECIAL DROUGHT MANAGEMENT PLANS All Spanish River Basins have Drought Man. Plans since 2007 Objective: minimize environmental, social and economic impacts of drought situations (decreasing vulnerability and risk, and increasing resilience) Contents: -diagnosis of vulnerability to droughts (historical droughts, vulnerability of basin), -monitoring and indicators system (precipitation, river inflows in natural regime, stored volume in surface reservoirs, water levels in aquifers), -programme of measures in each drought phase, -management and follow-up system. DROUGHT MONITORING: Use of different traditional types of indicators: 1) Meteorological drought (deviations and SPI) 2) Agricultural drought 3) Hydrological drought (historical position) 4). 16
METEOROLOGICAL DROUGHT MONITORING (SPANISH MET. AGENCY) UPDATED EVERY 10 DAYS 17
DROUGHT MONITORING: Use of different traditional types of indicators: 1) Meteorological drought 2) Agricultural drought 3) Hydrological drought 4). Very little use for risk assessment and perception from stakeholders, nor for decision making Need for -Operative Drought Indicators that serve as early warning system. -Tailored to each basin and Water Resource System -To improve risk assessment and perception by stakeholders -To define drought scenarios and link them with actions -Initial objective: early flood warning system -Most of the time: Basin monitoring & real time management : -Meteorology -Volumes in reservoirs -Flows in rivers -Flows in canals -Drought monitoring indexes -Water quality Automatic Data Gathering System HISPASAT CENTRO DE CONTROL Armuña detajuña INM CYII Meteosat INST. da AGUA 202 Puntos de Control 3 Centros de Explotación 4 Puntos Presentación Datos 42 18
Operative Drought Indicator and Threshold Definition Weighted combinations of standardized values of key variables related to water availability: 34 individual indicators: 9 reservoir volumes 9 piezometric level 9 fluvial networks 7 pluviometers 1 0.5 0 Vmin Status Index Vmed 0.5 Vmax Status 0,75 1,00 NORMAL 0,50 0,75 0,30 0,50 PRE-ALERT 0,15 0,30 ALERT 0,00 0,15 EMERG. SISTEMA EXPLOTACIÓN Ind Estado ÍNDICE SIST. 31/03/2008 EXPLOTACIÓN 1 0,99 2 Cenia-Maestrazgo 0,52 0,66 3 0,74 4 0,39 5 Mijares-Plana de Castellón 0,82 0,67 6 0,66 7 0,35 8 Palancia-Los Valles 0,70 0,57 9 0,61 10 0,32 11 0,10 12 0,04 13 Turia 0,19 0,33 14 0,39 15 0,45 16 0,53 17 0,00 18 0,00 19 0,35 20 0,14 21 0,20 22 0,58 Júcar 23 0,16 0,14 24 0,18 25 0,73 26 0,14 27 0,58 28 0,82 29 0,53 Serpis 30 0,80 0,72 31 Marina Alta 0,82 0,82 32 Marina Baja 0,88 0,88 33 0,79 Vinalopó-Alacantí 34 0,70 0,73 Drought indicators JRBA (31 March 2008). Continuous monitoring (Published monthly in web page) Sistema Jun Jul Ago Sep Oct Nov Dic Ene Feb Mar Cenia-Maestrazgo 0,67 0,63 0,61 0,64 0,7 0,59 0,74 0,69 0,66 0,66 Mijares-Plana de Castellón 0,66 0,66 0,65 0,72 0,73 0,66 0,68 0,67 0,66 0,67 Palancia-Los Valles 0,66 0,61 0,55 0,64 0,67 0,59 0,68 0,61 0,58 0,57 Turia 0,44 0,39 0,38 0,4 0,44 0,45 0,43 0,39 0,37 0,34 Júcar 0,29 0,26 0,23 0,23 0,22 0,19 0,16 0,14 0,14 0,14 Serpis 0,41 0,43 0,45 0,5 0,69 0,63 0,78 0,70 0,67 0,72 Marina Alta 0,51 0,51 0,55 0,69 1,00 0,92 0,96 0,89 0,90 0,82 Marina Baja 0,80 0,80 0,80 0,85 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,92 0,92 0,88 Vinalopó-Alacantí 0,74 0,73 0,83 0,95 1,00 0,86 0,87 0,80 0,82 0,73 Scenario Inputs Status Index Values Scenario outputs During Condition Condition Normal - 0,50-3 months 3 consecutive months Pre-alert ]0,5-0,30] in a row Ie 0,50 2 consecutive months 2 months Ie 0,50 Alert ]0,3-0,15] in a row 6 consecutive months Ie ]0,5-0,30] 2 consecutive months 2 months Ie ]0,5-0,30] Emergency < 0,15 in a row 6 consecutive months Ie ]0,3-0,15] Output Scenario Normal Pre-alert Drought status indicator per exploitation system PROTOCOL FOR DROUGHT STARTING AND DROUGHT TERMINATION Alert SCENARIOS System Risk Valuation Scenario Cenia-Maestrazgo LOW NORMAL Mijares-Plana de Castellón LOW NORMAL Palancia-Los Valles LOW NORMAL Turia MEDIUM PRE-ALERT Júcar VERY HIGH EMERGENCY Serpis LOW NORMAL Marina Alta VERY LOW NORMAL Marina Baja VERY LOW NORMAL Vinalopó-Alacantí VERY LOW NORMAL 19
31/12/05 31/03/06 31/05/06 31/06/06 31/09/06 31/09/06 31/10/06 31/11/06 31/12/06 31/01/07 31/02/07 31/03/07 31/04/07 31/05/07 31/06/07 31/07/07 31/08/07 31/09/07 20
LINK BETWEEN MONITORING AND ACTIONS Escenario de normalidad (medidas no incluidas como objetivo en el PES) Medidas estratégicas a largo plazo de carácter, principalmente, infraestructural - Actuaciones previstas en las normativas estatales o autonómicas - Estudio del marco operacional del Centro de Intercambio de Derechos Concesionales - Estudios de mejora conocimiento de masas de agua subterráneas y acuíferos - Estudios de mejora del conocimiento del comportamiento hidrogeológico de zonas húmedas - Estudios sobre el hábitat óptimo y en situación de sequía de diferentes especies fluviales - Estudios en EDARs con problemas de alta conductividad Escenario de prealerta TYPE OF MITIGATION MEASURES Indicator 1-0.5 0.5-0.4 0.4-0.3 0.3-0.2 0.2-0.15 0.15-0.1 0.1-0 Status Normal Pre-alert Alert Emergency Objective Planning Information-control Conservation Restriction Type of measure Strategic Tactics Emergency - Promover campañas de ahorro voluntarias de agua en el abastecimiento - Promover campañas de ahorro voluntarias de agua entre los regantes - Agilizar el desarrollo de nuevas infraestructuras de sequía ya planificadas Escenario de Alerta - Incremento de las extracciones de aguas subterráneas - Recursos no convencionales: Reutilización potencial sostenible - Recursos no convencionales: Máxima desalación estival - Reducción del volumen de agua superficial suministrada para el regadío - Reducción del volumen de agua superficial suministrada para el abastecimiento - Medidas de carácter ambiental: Plan de Vigilancia Escenario de Emergencia - Extracciones de aguas subterráneas: Intensificar las extracciones - Recursos no convencionales: Reutilización potencial máxima - Recursos no convencionales: Máxima desalación potencial - Suministros alternativos en abastecimiento - Restricción del volumen de agua superficial suministrada para el regadío - Restricción del volumen de agua superficial suministrada para el abastecimiento - Activación del Centro de Intercambio de derechos para asegurar el abastecimiento - Medidas de carácter ambiental: Plan de policía y control del dominio público hidráulico 21
ROLES AND COORDINATIONOF INSTITUTIONS Drought vulnerability mitigation within the MSPs (3): Short term risk assessment & management 22
SETS OF MEASURES FOR EACH SCENARIO The Drought Plan provides -Guidelines for drought management -Measures with ranges of degree of application depending on the situation (Normal, pre-alert, alert, or emergency) to reduce vulnerability and risk. BUT: ALL DROUGHTS ARE DIFFERENT -The measures to be applied in real situation MUST BE REFINED IN REAL TIME in Pre-alert, Alert and Emergency situation by the Water Allocation Committee, or the Permanent Drought Committee - hm3 JRB Natural System streamflows (discharge up to Tous Reservoir) 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 año 1940/41 1942/43 1944/45 1946/47 1948/49 1950/51 1952/53 1954/55 1956/57 1958/59 1960/61 1962/63 1964/65 1966/67 1968/69 1970/71 1972/73 1974/75 1976/77 1978/79 1980/81 1982/83 1984/85 1986/87 1988/89 1990/91 1992/93 1994/95 1996/97 1998/99 2000/01 2002/03 2004/05 2006/07 Annual values Average since 1980 in Natural Regime 2004/05 to 2007/2008: Four consecutive years of intense hydrological drought Avegare contribution of historical Natural Regime 2005/06:Worse in rec. hystory 2006/07: third lower 23
PDC Meeting Calendar 1) 1 st December 2005 2) 21 st December 2005 3) 21 st January 2006 4) 13 th February 2006 5) 15 th March 2006 6) 18 th April 2006 7) 22 nd May 2006 8) 27 th June 2006 9) 19 th July 2006 10) 24 th August 2006 11) 12 th September 2006 12) 28 th September 2006 13) 15 th November 2006 14) 15 th December 2006 15) 15 th February 2007 16) 20 th April 2007 17) 18 th July 2007 18) 17 th September 2007 19) 31 st October 2007 20) 12 th December 2007 21) 15 th February 2008 22) 14 th March 2008 23) 18 th April 2008 24) 12 th June 2008 25) 16 th September 2008 26) 17 th October 2008 27) 22 th December 2008 28) 12 th March 2009 Specific Risk Assesment & Effectiveness of the measures February forecasts (if measures are applied) Volume in Alarcón, Contreras and Tous dams (hm3) Deterministic forecast: Future volume reservoir evolution Using same Inflows as last year (2004/05) mes 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 256 256 ene 288 303 312 279 283 278 feb mar abril 289 199 may 264 119 jun 207 159 143 55 55 55 jul ago Supply of 2004/05 With measures Minimum volume Probabilidad(%) 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 sep Probabilidades de Fallo en Demanda. Demanda: Riegos Canal J-T Deficit (75-100) Deficit (50-75) Deficit (25-50) Deficit (2-25) Probabilidad(%) 1.0 0.5 Water storages at the end of September 2006 542 600 423 500 366 400 287 300 317,5 210 145 200 193,8 93 6845 144,6 100 76 63,7 51,4 441,6 39,7 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 CDF with measures CDF without measures M inimum volume Probabilidades de Fallo en Demanda. Demanda: Valencia Probabilistic forecast: Deficit (75-100) Deficit (50-75) Deficit (25-50) Deficit (2-25) Excedence Probability (%) Oct-07 Sep-07 Ago-07 Jul-07 Jun-07 May-07 Abr-07 Mar-07 Feb-07 Ene-07 Dic-06 Nov-06 Oct-06 Sep-06 Ago-06 Jul-06 Jun-06 May-06 Abr-06 Mar-06 Feb-06 Oct-07 Sep-07 Ago-07 Jul-07 Jun-07 May-07 Abr-07 Mar-07 Feb-07 Ene-07 Dic-06 Nov-06 Oct-06 Sep-06 Ago-06 Jul-06 Jun-06 May-06 Abr-06 Mar-06 Feb-06 Meses Meses 24
Main Measures adopted (after negotiation and consensus) Use of drought wells (Conjunctive use) Recycling of sluice water in irrigation Direct Reuse of waste water Water rights purchase to increment environmental flows Application of measures to save water: increasing irrigation efficiency, irrigation reduction, and alternative urban supply Conjunctive management of Turia and Jucar Basins Public education trough media (Newspapers, ) in order to reduce urban consumption Intensive monitoring and surveillance of critical points Other CONJUNCTIVE USE OF SURFACE AND GROUND WATER (Alarcon s agreement + Drought wells) and RECYCLING in the irrigation system 2008 Wells Recycl. pumps Farmers in the coastal plane, who are entitled to surface water, pumped from the aquifer and recycled sluice water, giving up an equal amount from their surface water allocation to be used by the upstream farmers and urban suppliers. The later paid for the costs of pumping (5 cents of euro/m3) Total premises Real del Júcar Ditch 66 2 68 Real de Escalona Ditch 7 7 Real de Carcaixent Ditch 3 3 Sueca irrigation union 8 8 Cullera irrigation union Mayor de la Villa and Honor de Corbera Ditch General Community from Canal Júcar- Turia 6 4 40 8 1 14 5 40 Total 126 19 145 25
TREATED WASTE WATER REUSE SCHEMES Management measures 120 100 hm3 80 60 40 20 0 1996/97 1997/98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Vol Total Júcar + Turia Vol Río Júcar Vol Río Turia BALANCING the supply for the metropolitan area of Valencia with surface water from rivers Júcar and Turia 26
Environmental measures Albufera Lake Ramsar Wetland Monitoring network: Lake level Outflow in the 5 canals Inflow in some ditches Monitoring and maintenance of minimum flows Salidas al río. Simulación en régimen transitorio. 400 350 ALARCON 300 CONTRERAS 250 hm3 200 PICAZO Iniesta Requena 150 Quintanar del Rey 100 Minaya Casas Ibáñez 50 La Roda La Gineta MOLINAR,EL CORTES II 0 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 R. Alterado R. Natural Detracción 1990 2000 Irrigation Albacete Cinchilla de Monte Aragón Pozohondo Almansa Júcar River C a u d a l m 3 / s 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 From aquifer From Júcar river 1 -a b r - 0 7 1 -m a y -0 7 1 -ju n - 0 7 1 - ju l - 0 7 1 - a g o - 0 7 1 -s e p - 0 7 1 -o c t- 0 7 1 - n o v - 0 7 1 -d i c - 0 7 1 -e n e - 0 8 1 -f e b - 0 8 1 - m a r -0 8 1 -a b r - 0 8 1 -m a y -0 8 1 -ju n - 0 8 1 - ju l - 0 8 1 - a g o - 0 8 1 -s e p - 0 8 1 -o c t- 0 8 1 - n o v - 0 8 Q [El Picazo] Q [El Picazo - SAIH] Q [Los Frailes] Q [Los Frailes - SAIH] 27
La Mancha Aquifer Use Reduction 2007-08 Public offer agreement for water rights acquisition in the middle section of the Júcar basin due to environmental reasons Objective: Reducing extractions in the middle section of the Júcar river, both in surface water and in the area of the aquifer with a greater effect on the river flow. 2007 Rights acquisition and adaptation through reduction of irrigated surface. 2008 Rights acquisition and adaptation by using less water-consuming crops (spring crops) (Changes in crop patterns) Selection criteria (model based): 1. Effects on river (0-20 points) 2. Offered price (0-20 points) Extension: 28.000 has W. Rights volume: 148 hm3 Time frame: seasons 2007-08 Maximum amount 07 Minimum amount 07 0,1957 /m 3 0,13 ( /m 3 ) Maximum amount 08 4360000 4340000 4320000 Uses reduction 2007&2008 560000 580000 600000 620000 640000 Minimum amount 08 0.25 /m 3 0.20 ( /m 3 ) 0 90 10 30 50 90 70 70 50 30 Celdas Inactivas Río Jucar Transmisividad 2 7500 m /día 2 6000 m /día 2 3500 m /día 2 1500 m /día 2 750 m /día 2 100 m /día 20 40 60 km 2007 2008 Total Total HGU Presented HGU requests: Presented requests: 119 234 Right volume Right (hm 3 volume ) (hm 3 ) 56,8 109,6 Renounced volume Renounced (no economic volume (no compensation) economic compensation)(hm ) 3 ) 22,9 12,5 Offered volume Offered (hm 3 volume ) (hm 3 ) 27,3 50,6 Materialised Materialised budget (million ) budget (million ) 5,5 12,7 Reserved volume Reserved (hm 3 volume ) (hm 3 ) 6,6 46,5 28
Monitoring the effectiveness of the measure: Balance for the Picazo-Los Frailes 10 reach of Júcar River Monthly balance 5 0-5 -10-15 -20 Ganancias-Pérdidas (hm3/mes) oct nov dic ene feb mar abr may jun jul ago sep ah 04-05 ah 05-06 ah 06-07 ah 07-08 oct -8,78-4,19-4,09-3,87 nov -2,36-2,47-2,62-2,70 dec 1,15-0,69-2,08-2,31 jan 2,44-0,34-1,85-1,04 feb 2,59-0,47-1,18-0,72 mar 0,56-1,83-1,12-0,18 apr -6,93-2,89-1,24-0,98 may -16,06-4,73-2,78-2,15 jun -14,95-6,01-4,21-2,55 jul -11,13-9,22-3,74-2,86 aug -10,14-8,18-3,93-4,34 sep -6,75-5,83-4,02-3,87 ah 04-05 ah 05-06 ah 06-07 ah 07-08 Ganancias-Pérdidas (hm3) 60 50 40 30 20 10-10 0-20 -30-40 -50-60 -70-80 oct nov dic Accumulated balance ene feb mar abr may jun jul ago sep ah 04-05 ah 05-06 ah 06-07 ah 07-08 ah 04-05 ah 05-06 ah 06-07 ah 07-08 oct -8,78-4,19-4,09-3,87 nov -11,13-6,66-6,71-6,57 dec -9,98-7,36-8,78-8,88 jan -7,54-7,69-10,63-9,92 feb -4,95-8,16-11,81-10,64 mar -4,39-9,99-12,93-10,82 apr -11,33-12,88-14,17-11,81 may -27,39-17,61-16,96-13,96 jun -42,34-23,62-21,16-16,51 jul -53,47-32,84-24,90-19,37 aug -63,61-41,02-28,84-23,72 sep -70,35-46,85-32,86-27,58 Surveillance middle section of Júcar river Objective: flow maintenance downstream from Alarcón reservoir Júcar river in summer 1995 Júcar river in summers 2006 and 2007 29
Groundwater Basic Monitoring Network General Piezometry Specific drought network Albufera Piezometry Hydrometry Piezometry 46 Piezometry = 72 Piezometry and Quality 26 Quality = 33 Quality 7 Hydrometry 4 Hidrometry =4 Low flows and water quality monitoring in the lower Jucar River 30
Volumen (hm3) Total annual supplies by origins and destinations 1.000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Yearly supply Turia and Júcar 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 Supply Valencia_Turia Supply Valencia_Júcar Surf_Turia Surf_Júcar Middle stretch gain_júcar OPAD S Pumping Increased private wells CJT Increased private wells CCT Re-pumping Reuse Urban: Supply Valencia Júcar and Supply Valencia Turia Agricultural: Surface Júcar, Surface Turia, Pumping, Re-Pumping, Reuse Management: OPAD S, Middle stretch gain Júcar, Increased private wells Non conventional sources Conclusions: Adaptation Capacity Proactive Drought policy approach: Plans, Monitoring for decision, Measures, Recovery plans Customized Operational Drought Indicators, and Specific real time risk assessment & efficiency of measures evaluation by means of DSS have been very useful for decision making in drought risk assessment, perception, management & mitigation 31
Conclusions (2): In Jucar River Basin MSP have been essential for drought vulnerability mitigation and management. Transparency, Well informed debate, Co-responsibility in Policy & Decision Making Reduce Vulnerability & Improve Resiliency Many measures were applied for first time in 2005-2008 drought, and will be consolidated through the Drought Emergency Plan and Operating Rules. Integrated strategic risk assessment and management (interaction between Science-P. Making and Stakeholders & Public) Influencing Science & technological developments Knowledge brokering has also been essential Thank you very much!!! Fuente: Engineering News Record, 1993 32