DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS & ASTRONOMY STUDENT HANDBOOK

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS & ASTRONOMY STUDENT HANDBOOK updated Summer 2008

INDEX Subject Page Introduction to the Department 1 Why Sac State?.. 2 Study Options / Career Tracks. 4 Student Resources.. 6 Job Opportunities in Physics. 8 Faculty & Staff... 9 Catalog pages: Physics & Astronomy.... 11 Catalog pages: Astronomy... 18 Sample Four Year Class Schedules.. 20 Physics 191 Senior Project Syllabus and Information. 22 Certificate in Scientific Instrument Development.... 25 Awards and Scholarships... 27 Physics Major Checklist... 29 Physical Science Major Checklist... 30

A department of the College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics along the scenic American River in Sacramento, California. California State University, Sacramento 6000 J Street SQU 230 Sacramento, CA 95819 6041 Phone: (916) 278 6518 FAX: (916) 278 7686 E Mail: physics@csus.edu Department Office: Sequoia Hall (SQU) 230 PHYSICS Physics underlies all areas of science and technology. The world of physics extends from the smallest parts of the nucleus to the most distant galaxy and extends in time from the Big Bang to the eventual fate of the universe. The tools of Physics are also broad in scope. Some physicists do their work with pencil and paper, some with computers and some with the most amazing and complex machines. The study of Physics includes mechanics, thermodynamics, acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism, relativity, quantum theory, atomic and nuclear physics, solid state physics, computer techniques, and electronic instrumentation plus many important and useful areas of mathematics. This is why Physics graduates are so technically versatile. ASTRONOMY Astronomy has been at the core of modern science ever since Copernicus helped start the Scientific Revolution in the fifteenth century. The modern science of astronomy explores the very basics of existence, from the origin of the elements in the hearts of stars, to the beginnings of the Universe itself in the Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago. Astronomy is a cross disciplinary field in which astro particle physicists probe the hidden nature of Dark Matter, astrochemists study the chemical composition of planets, stars and galaxies, and astrobiologists explore the nature of life itself and wonder Is anybody out there? Astronomy is the most accessible science and provides an excellent entrance into the wonder of science for non scientists. Knowledge of astronomy is a valuable tool for science educators. Degree Programs: Physics Undergraduate Degree Program (BA) Physics Undergraduate Degree Program (BS) Certificate Program in Scientific Instrument Development Physical Science Undergraduate Degree Program (BA) Physics Minor Astronomy Minor

Why study at Sacramento State? Small classes Modern labs and Computer Facilities Courses taught by Full Time faculty, all with PhD degrees Independent Study and Research Opportunities and Summer Research placement Ongoing Academic and Career Advising Why major in Physics? You need to ask yourself these questions: Am I interested and curious about how things work? Can I fix things and do I like to build things? Do I like mathematics and exact quantitative explanations rather than being satisfied with generalities? Do I like to use computers to solve problems and develop simulations of natural phenomena? If you answer yes to one or more of these questions, you may well enjoy pursuing a degree in Physics. But what kind of job can a physics major expect to get after graduation? Because physics is used in so many areas of science and engineering it is not possible to describe the so called physics career. A person educated in physics develops a wide range of skills that can lead to jobs in many areas. A physics graduate can do research and contribute to product development in a wide range of industries, including transportation, environmental protection, food and energy supply, communications and defense. Physicists are also employed in large hospitals, medical centers and government research labs such as Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. They also can teach in our junior and senior high schools. The need for physics teachers, especially at the high school level, is expected to increase significantly over the next decade. In a typical graduating class of 10 students with a baccalaureate degree from this Department, 4 students will go on to graduate school in Physics or a related field, 4 5 students will seek employment in industry, and 1 or 2 students will pursue a teaching credential to teach high school science. Research and Independent Study In addition to providing a broad academic background and facility in analytical thinking, the study of physics fosters and emphasizes independent study experience. Physics students at Sacramento State typically spend a year or two working on the design and building of scientific apparatus, assisting a faculty member in a research project, or doing independent study on a topic of special interest to them. These independent

projects not only provide a vehicle for applying material learned in class and give students experience in electronics, measurement systems, computers, and machine shop work, but they also teach students to work and think independently. Faculty in the Department are active in research and supervise independent study projects in acoustics, atomic physics, energy, nuclear physics, optics, theoretical physics, scientific computing, fiber optics devices, and science education. High School Teaching Credential The two subject areas that have the greatest need for high school teachers are Physics/Chemistry and Mathematics. Teaching jobs in these areas are widely available statewide. The Department encourages majors to consider pursuing a career in teaching at the high school level. Working through the CMASE (Center for Mathematics and Science Education) Center the majors have many opportunities to work with experienced teachers and to gain experience teaching younger students. Astronomy Minor Program Astronomy is the study of everything in the universe that is not found exclusively on the Earth, from black holes and spiral galaxies to extrasolar planets and interstellar amino acids. To study objects that can be thousands, millions, or even billions of light years away, astronomers use ideas in other fields of science, especially physics, and to a lesser degree, chemistry. For this reason a thorough grounding in basic physics is the first step in a career in astronomy or astronomy education. Students who wish to become professional astronomers need a graduate degree in astrophysics. The best way to prepare for graduate school is to earn a B.S. degree in physics and to minor in astronomy. Students can work with astronomy faculty members on research projects either as Astr 199, or as their senior project, Phys 191. Faculty members carry out active research in fields like: radio astronomy, interstellar medium, dwarf galaxies, galaxy evolution, gravitational lensing and observational cosmology. Astronomy is an important part of the science standards for middle school and high school, and a minor in astronomy is a good way to learn valuable subject matter content. The astronomy minor only requires 7 courses with a total of 18 units, and can be used to accompany any major in the University. Students who complete the Astr 6 lab course may also apply to work as teaching assistants in that course, gaining valuable hands on teaching experience.

Study Options and Career Tracks Leading to the Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Arts Degree in Physics: DEGREE PROGRAMS: The Department of Physics & Astronomy offers three degree programs: the BA in Physics, the BS in Physics, and the BA in Physical Science. The Department also offers a program for a Physical Science Single Subject Teaching Credential and minor programs in Physics and in Astronomy. The BS degree is recommended for students seeking a career in Physics or planning to pursue a graduate degree. The BA degree is recommended for students who are interested in teaching Physics in high school or who want a liberal arts education with an emphasis in Physics. Physics majors are encouraged to take additional mathematics courses and to develop their skills in the use of computers. The physics major includes courses in: Mathematical Methods in Physics Classical Mechanics Electronic Instrumentation Thermodynamics/Statistical Mechanics Electricity and Magnetism Solar System and Space Exploration Stars, Galaxies and Cosmology Research/Independent Study History of Science Optics Acoustics Applied Solid State Physics Quantum Mechanics Advanced Modern Physics Nuclear Physics Computational Physics Advanced Physics Laboratory Co op Industrial Work Experience Seminar/Colloquium ASTRONOMY EMPHASIS: Courses in basic physics, planetary physics, astrophysics, and cosmology leading to a liberal arts background in astronomy, or with additional physics courses, preparation to do graduate work in astronomy. An astronomy minor is available to enrich other areas of study. APPLIED PHYSICS EMPHASIS: Courses in basic physics and engineering with a focus on developing technical knowledge in instrumentation, electronics, optics, and the use of computers. For students who want to do research and development in industry or who are interested in a Masters degree in related applied fields like environmental sciences, biophysics, chemical physics, engineering, and communications. GRADUATE STUDY EMPHASIS: Course of study intended to prepare students to do graduate work in physics and related fields. Requires a more advanced level of study in physics and mathematics. In addition, research experience opportunities at Sacramento State as well as summer research opportunities at other universities are strongly recommended.

SCIENCE EDUCATION EMPHASIS: Involves a broad study of biology, geology, chemistry, and physics with an emphasis on physics at the upper division level. Students are encouraged to do volunteer work in the area schools, and to work on educational projects such as the Science Olympiad. This option prepares students to obtain a teaching credential for teaching general science at the middle and high school levels and physics at the high school level. Students interested in scientific writing or doing graduate work in science education would also choose this emphasis.

Student Resources Student Employment Students can obtain work as a student assistant or as a work study student. The types of jobs available in the Department are grading positions, student laboratory assistants, and work in the Physics Stockroom as outlined below. For those applying as a workstudy student under the Financial Aid Program, you need to go to the Financial Aid Office in Lassen Hall, room 1006, to complete paperwork before applying for work. Students may be hired to grade lower division Physics or Astronomy homework and lab books or occasionally assist in laboratory classes. This kind of work not only provides some income, but also gives the student additional experience working problems and reasoning through other students work. In order to qualify, students must have taken and passed with a B or better grade the lower division Physics or Astronomy course for which they want to grade. The deadline for submitting an application for grading papers is Friday of the first week of classes each semester. Applications are available in the Physics Department Office, SQU 230. Physics Stockroom Employment There are a limited number of positions open to students as stockroom assistants. In the Physics Stockroom, students hand out lab trays, help set up physics labs and in general, gain knowledge about equipment used in physics labs. Applications are available in the Physics Department Office, SQU 230. Astronomy Laboratory Assistants Students with an Astronomy Minor are eligible to be employed as laboratory assistants in our Astronomy laboratory course (ASTR 6). Prospective lab assistants are required to take the Astronomy 6 course and undergo training for one semester prior to employment. Applications are available in the Physics Department Office, SQU 230. Tutoring Center Each semester, the Physics Department operates a Tutoring Center for students who need help with their studies in lower division physics, and sometimes astronomy. The center is open 5 days a week from 9am to 3pm. Physics majors are needed to help in the tutoring center. In order to qualify as a tutor you need to have taken and passed lower division physics courses with a B or better. Please see the Department Receptionist in SQU 230 for information and scheduling. Society of Physics Students/Sigma Pi Sigma Chapter The Department of Physics & Astronomy has an active Society of Physics Students and also an active chapter of the Sigma Pi Sigma Honorary Society. In cooperation with faculty, students in these organizations participate in the tutoring center for all

introductory physics students, colloquia or talks by visiting scientists, faculty student picnics and social events, an Open House for high school students, lectures and demonstrations for local schools, and the annual Department awards banquet. Please see the Department Chair for more information. Library Reference Materials The Department has set aside a collection of Physics and Astronomy books that can be found in the Engineering Section of the CSUS Library. Ask a CSUS librarian for the Physics Reference Section. In addition, the Department has an undergraduate resource room that contains a strong collection of donated books. Student Research Opportunities Students work closely with the faculty and have the opportunity to do independent work in astro physics, superconductivity, solid state theory, high energy physics, holography, photoconductivity, solar energy, astronomy, thermo luminescence, nuclear physics and theoretical physics. If you are interested in participating in current faculty research, refer to the faculty research list in the information packet. Graduate School/Career Data The Department Office has a collection of reference books, information regarding GRE exams and Physics career data that are available to students. Please see the Department Secretary.

Job Opportunities in Physics Physics is the most basic of the natural sciences and therefore provides for a broad base of study. Students after pursuing a course of study in physics are well equipped to enter all areas of physical science, engineering, mathematics or the professions such as medicine or business. In addition to providing a broad academic background and facility in analytic thinking, the study of physics also fosters and emphasizes independent work experience. For example, at Sacramento State, physics students typically spend a year or two working on a basic research project designing and building equipment in the machine shop, working on vacuum systems, building electronic components, etc.; all jobs are to teach the students to work and think on their own. As to specific jobs, we can use our former students as examples. Approximately 40% of the Physics majors from Sacramento State continue on to graduate schools pursuing advanced degrees in Physics, Mathematics, Engineering, Environmental Science, Business Administration, and Medicine. Another 40% find job opportunities both in local federal institutions or in a large variety of industrial and governmental laboratories in other parts of the country. The remaining 20% obtain their teaching credentials and go into high school teaching. Below is a list of fields in which physics graduates are employable: Air Pollution Operations Astronomy Biophysics Chemical Engineering Chemistry Civil Engineering Consumer Safety Electrical Engineering Engineering Psychology Environmental Studies Food and Drug Inspection Geodesy Geology Geophysics Hydrology Industrial Research and Development Laboratory Testing Material Research Mechanical Engineering Metallurgy Meteorology Operations Research Optical Science Patent Examiner Pharmacology Physics (Specializations): Acoustics Atomic Electricity Electronics Health Heat Mechanics Nuclear Physical Chemistry Physical Science Quality Control Science Education (all levels) Solid State Statistics System Analysis

Physics & Astronomy Department Faculty and Staff Name Degree University Research Area and Interests Buerki, Jerome Ph.D. University of Fribourg DeGraffenreid, William Mahajan, Sukhbir Margoniner, Vera Ph.D. Ph.D. Ph.D. University of Maryland Purdue University National Observatory of Brazil Ndlela, Zolili Ph.D. Stanford University Nanophysics, theoretical condensed matter, and computational tools. Laser Spectroscopy, Atomic Physics, Instrumentation, Scientific Professionalism Elementary particle physics, environmental noise, energy conservation in buildings Astronomy, Physics and Science Education Experimental solid state physics, electronic transport measurements, laser physics Partovi, Hossein Ph.D. MIT Theoretical Physics, Economic Theory Phelps, James Ph.D. University of Experimental atomic Wisconsin physics, optics Sergan, Tatiana Ph.D. Institute of Liquid crystalline Physics, materials and their Ukrainian applications. Academy of Ordered layers. Sciences Holography. E Mail Phone Buerki@csus.edu 278 6540 DeGraff@csus.edu 278 5938 MahajanS@csus.edu 278 5600 Vera.Margoniner@ csus.edu 278 6268 ZNdlela@csus.edu 278 5891 HPartovi@csus.edu 278 6501 PhelpsJO@csus.edu 278 5827 TSergan@csus.edu 278 5947 Sergan, Vassili Ph.D. Institute of Physics, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences Shoemaker, Gary Ph.D. University of California, Davis Physics of anisotropic fluids. Electro optical devices Theoretical physics, medical physics and sustainable energy VSergan@csus.edu 278 5947 Shoemaker@csus.edu 278 6518

Tashiro, Lynn Ph.D. Stanford University Taylor, Chris Ph.D. University of Minnesota Urone, Peter Ph.D. University of Colorado Science Education, laser spectroscopy, nonlinear optics Astronomy, Astrophysics, Radio Astronomy Low energy experimental nuclear physics, medical physics TashiroL@csus.edu 278 7687 or 278 2802 CTaylor@csus.edu 278 6480 PPU@csus.edu 278 6362 Active Emeritus Degree University Research Area and Interests Gibson, Edward Ph.D. University of Colorado Hall, Donald Ph.D. Stanford University Newcomb, Ph.D. Rensselaer Charles Polytechnic Institute Shea, Michael Ph.D. Bryn Mawr College E Mail Phone Intermediate and low energy experimental nuclear physics, alternative energy sources, computerassisted instruction EGibson@csus.edu 278 6518 Acoustics, relativity, HallDE@csus.edu 278 6518 astrophysics Acoustics, computer NewcombC@csus.edu 278 6518 simulation, instrumentation, science education, energy conservation Physics Education SheaMJ@csus.edu 278 6518 Staff Title E Mail Office Location Phone Johnson, Varney Instructional Support JohnsonVW@csus.edu SQU 240 278 6138 Technician II Jolley, Bob Instructional Support Jolley@csus.edu SQU 247 278 6703 Technician I Yamazaki, Heidi Administrative Support Yamazaki@csus.edu SQU 230 278 6518 or 278 5675

PPhysics and Astronomy Physics and Astronomy College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Bachelor of Arts Bachelor of Science Minor Certificate Subject Matter Program (Pre-Credential Preparation) PROGRAM DESCRIPTION Physics is the most fundamental science and underlies our understanding of nearly all areas of science and technology. In a broad sense, physics is concerned with the study of energy, space, and matter, and with the interactions between matter and the laws that govern these interactions. More specifically, physicists study mechanics, heat, light, electric and magnetic fields, gravitation, relativity, atomic and nuclear physics, and condensed matter physics. The Department of Physics and Astronomy at Sacramento State offers three degree programs: the BA in Physics, the BS in Physics, and the BA in Physical Science, and one program for a Single Subject Teaching Credential in Physics; the Department also offers Minor programs in Physics and Astronomy. The BS degree is recommended for students seeking a career in Physics or planning to pursue a graduate degree. The BA degree is recommended for students who are interested in teaching Career Possibilities Research Physicist or Applied Physicist in: Acoustics Atmospheric Physics Astrophysics Astronomy Atomic and Molecular Physics Electricity and Magnetism Electronic Instrumentation Energy Conservation Geophysics Health Physics Heat Light Mechanics Medical Imaging Nuclear Medicine Nuclear Physics Solar Energy Solid State Physics Scientific Computing Engineer Science Educator Technical Writer Faculty William DeGraffenreid, Frank Hicks, Sukhbir Mahajan, Zolili Ndlela, Hossein Partovi, Jim Phelps, Vassili Sergan, Michael Shea, Gary Shoemaker, John Stevens, Lynn Tashiro, Christopher Taylor, Paul Peter Urone Contact Information Gary Shoemaker, Department Chair Rachel Lyman, Administrative Support Coordinator Sequoia Hall 230 (916) 278-6518 www.csus.edu/physics Physics in high school or who want a liberal arts education with an emphasis in Physics. Physics majors are encouraged to take additional mathematics and to develop skills in the use of computers. Approximately 50 percent of the graduating physics majors from Sacramento State continue on to graduate school earning advanced degrees in Physics, Mathematics, Engineering, Environmental Science, Medicine or Business. Another 40 percent find job opportunities in industrial and government laboratories or agencies. The remaining 10 percent obtain their teaching credential. Special Features In addition to providing a broad academic background and facility in analytic thinking, the study of physics fosters and emphasizes independent study experiences. Physics students at Sacramento State typically spend a year or two working on the design and building of scientific apparatus, assisting a faculty member in a research project, or doing independent study on a topic of special interest to them. These independent projects not only provide a vehicle for applying material learned in class and give students experience in electronics, measurement systems, computers, and machine shop work, but also teach students to work and think on their own. Faculty in the Department have been active in research in acoustics, atomic physics, astrophysics, energy, holography, nuclear physics, optics, quantum mechanics, relativity and solid state physics. An advising system has been established by the Department of Physics and Astronomy to help students plan their schedules each semester, to discuss independent project possibilities, and to provide career and current job information. Because of the large number of sequential courses in the degree programs, the Department requires that each student contact his/her advisor before registering for classes each semester. Any student without an advisor should contact Professor Gary Shoemaker in Sequoia Hall 230, or call (916) 278-6518. California State University, Sacramento Physics and Astronomy / 577

P Physics and Astronomy UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMS Requirements Bachelor of Arts Degree - Physics Units required for Major: 66 Minimum total units required for the BA: 120 Courses in parentheses are prerequisites. A. Required Lower Division Courses (37 units) (5) CHEM 1A General Chemistry I (High school algebra [two years] and high school chemistry; or equivalent) (5) CHEM 1B General Chemistry II (CHEM 1A with a passing grade of C or better) (4) MATH 30 Calculus I (MATH 29 or four years of high school mathematics which includes two years of algebra, one year of geometry, and one year of mathematical analysis; completion of ELM requirement and Pre- Calculus Diagnostic Test) (4) MATH 31 Calculus II (MATH 30 or appropriate high school based AP credit) (4) MATH 32 Calculus III (MATH 31) (3) MATH 45 Differential Equations for Science and Engineering (MATH 31) (4) PHYS 11A General Physics: Mechanics (MATH 30, MATH 31; or equivalent certificated high school courses. MATH 31 may be taken concurrently) (4) PHYS 11B General Physics: Heat, Light, Sound (MATH 31, PHYS 11A) (4) PHYS 11C General Physics: Electricity and Magnetism, Modern Physics (MATH 31, PHYS 11A) B. Required Upper Division Courses (22-23 units) (3) PHYS 105 Mathematical Methods in Physics (MATH 32; PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C or PHYS 5A, PHYS 5B) (3) PHYS 106 Introduction to Modern Physics (MATH 31; PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C or PHYS 5A, PHYS 5B) (3) PHYS 110 Classical Mechanics (MATH 45, PHYS 11C, PHYS 105) (4) PHYS 115 Electronics and Instrumentation (PHYS 11C or PHYS 5B with instructor permission) OR (3) PHYS 145 Optics (MATH 45, PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C) (3) PHYS 124 Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics (MATH 45, PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C) (3) PHYS 135 Electricity and Magnetism (MATH 45, PHYS 11C, PHYS 105) (2) PHYS 175 Advanced Physics Laboratory (12 units of upper division physics including PHYS 106 and either PHYS 115 or PHYS 145 and satisfaction of the Advanced Writing requirement) (2) PHYS 191 Senior Project (Department Chair permission) C. Elective Upper Division Requirements (6 units) Six elective units in Physics selected in consultation with an advisor. (3) PHYS 116 Advanced Electronics and Instrumentation (PHYS 115) (3) PHYS 130 Acoustics (MATH 45, PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C) (3) PHYS 142 Applied Solid State Physics (MATH 45, PHYS 106) PHYS 196 Experimental Offerings in Physics series course (1-3 units per semester; 4 unit maximum) PHYS 198 Co-curricular Activities (1-3 units per semester; 4 unit maximum) PHYS 199 Special Problems (1-3 units per semester; 4 unit maximum) And whichever of the courses below not previously used to fulfill the upper division requirement: (4) PHYS 115 Electronics and Instrumentation (PHYS 11C or PHYS 5B with instructor permission) OR (3) PHYS 145 Optics (MATH 45, PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C) Requirements Bachelor of Science Degree - Physics Units required for Major: 75 Minimum total units required for the BS: 120 Courses in parentheses are prerequisites. A. Required Lower Division Courses (37 units) Same as Section A for BA in Physics. B. Required Upper Division Courses (34-35 units) Same as Section B for BA in Physics plus the following: (3) PHYS 136 Electrodynamics of Waves, Radiation, and Materials (PHYS 135) (3) PHYS 150 Quantum Mechanics (MATH 45, PHYS 106, PHYS 110) (3) PHYS 151 Advanced Modern Physics (PHYS 150) (3) PHYS 156 Classical and Statistical Mechanics (PHYS 110 and PHYS 124) C. Elective Upper Division Requirements (3 units) Six elective units in Physics selected from the following in consultation with an advisor: (3) PHYS 116 Advanced Electronics and Instrumentation (PHYS 115) (3) PHYS 130 Acoustics (MATH 45, PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C) (3) PHYS 142 Applied Solid State Physics (MATH 45, PHYS 106) (3) PHYS 162 Computational Physics (two semesters of calculus: PHYS 5A and PHYS 5B or two of the following: (PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, or PHYS 11C. Ability to program in a language such as BASIC, PASCAL, FORTRAN or C) PHYS 196 Experimental Offerings in Physics series course (1-3 units per semester; 4 unit maximum) PHYS 198 Co-curricular Activities (1-3 units per semester; 4 unit maximum) PHYS 199 Special Problems (1-3 units per semester; 4 unit maximum) 578 / Physics and Astronomy California State University, Sacramento

PPhysics and Astronomy And whichever of the courses below not previously used to fulfill the upper division requirement: (4) PHYS 115 Electronics and Instrumentation (PHYS 11C or PHYS 5B) OR (3) PHYS 145 Optics (MATH 45, PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C) Notes: In addition to the course requirements listed above, both the BA and BS degree programs in Physics require the fulfillment of a minimum attendance of Department colloquia. Students should consult with the Department Chair on how to fulfill this requirement. For the BS degree PHYS 199 may be substituted for PHYS 175, if approved by the department. Students with an interest in theoretical physics are encouraged to consider a minor in Mathematics. For students intending to pursue a graduate degree, the study of one foreign language is recommended. Development of computer skills and the acquisition of various machine shop skills are also recommended. Although a minor is not required for the Physics major, a minor in another science or mathematics is recommended. Requirements Bachelor of Arts Degree - Physical Science Units required for Major: 76 Minimum total units required for the BA: 121 Note: Additional units may be required to meet the Sacramento State foreign language requirement. Courses in parentheses are prerequisites. The Physical Science major offers a greater diversity than is possible with a major in a single science. Course work is taken in each of the three physical sciences Physics, Chemistry and the Earth Sciences. A. Required Lower Division Courses (46 units) (3) ASTR 4 Introduction to Astronomy (One year of high school geometry or instructor permission) (1) ASTR 6 Astronomical Observation Laboratory (ASTR 4, may be taken concurrently) (3) BIO 10 Basic Biological Concepts (5) CHEM 1A General Chemistry I (High school algebra [two years] and high school chemistry; or equivalent) (5) CHEM 1B General Chemistry II (CHEM 1A with a passing grade of C or better) (3) CHEM 20 Organic Chemistry Lecture Brief Course (CHEM 1B) (3) GEOL 10 Physical Geology (4) MATH 30 Calculus I (MATH 29 or four years of high school mathematics which includes two years of algebra, one year of geometry, and one year of mathematical analysis; completion of ELM requirement and Pre-Calculus Diagnostic Test) (4) MATH 31 Calculus II (MATH 30 or appropriate high school based AP credit) (3) MATH 45 Differential Equations for Science and Engineering (MATH 31) (4) PHYS 11A General Physics: Mechanics (MATH 30, MATH 31; or equivalent certificated high school courses. MATH 31 may be taken concurrently) (4) PHYS 11B General Physics: Heat, Light, Sound (MATH 31, PHYS 11A) (4) PHYS 11C General Physics: Electricity and Magnetism, Modern Physics (MATH 31, PHYS 11A) B. Required Upper Division Courses (30 units) (3) GEOG 111 Elements of Meteorology (GEOG 1 or instructor permission) (3) GEOL 121 Geology of California (GEOL 10 or equivalent) OR GEOL 140 Geology and the Environment (3) GEOL 130 Oceanography (2) GEOL 184 Geological Field Trip (3) PHSC 107 History of the Physical Sciences (3) PHYS 106 Introduction to Modern Physics (MATH 31; PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C or PHYS 5A, PHYS 5B) (7) Select two of the following: (4) PHYS 115 Electronics and Instrumentation (PHYS 11C or PHYS 5B with instructor permission) (3) PHYS 130 Acoustics (MATH 45, PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C) (3) PHYS 145 Optics (MATH 45, PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C) (6) Select two of the following: (3) CHEM 124 Organic Chemistry Lecture II (CHEM 24, or instructor permission; concurrent enrollment in CHEM 25 recommended.) (3) CHEM 125 Advanced Organic Chemistry Laboratory (CHEM 25, CHEM 124, ENGL 20 or an equivalent second semester composition course) (3) CHEM 140A Physical Chemistry Lecture I (CHEM 1B, CHEM 24, CHEM 31, MATH 32; PHYS 5A, PHYS 5B or PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C; PHYS 11C may be taken concurrently) (3) CHEM 140B Physical Chemistry Lecture II (CHEM 140A) (3) CHEM 161 General Biochemistry (CHEM 20 or CHEM 124) Requirements Minor - Physics Units required for Minor: 21, all of which must be taken in Physics. A minimum of 9 upper division units is required. Written approval from a Physics faculty advisor is required. Courses in parentheses are prerequisites. A. Required Lower Division Courses (12 units) (4) PHYS 11A General Physics: Mechanics (MATH 30, MATH 31; or equivalent certificated high school courses. MATH 31 may be taken concurrently) (4) PHYS 11B General Physics: Heat, Light, Sound (MATH 31, PHYS 11A) (4) PHYS 11C General Physics: Electricity and Magnetism, Modern Physics (MATH 31, PHYS 11A) California State University, Sacramento Physics and Astronomy / 579

P Physics and Astronomy B. Required Upper Division Courses (3 units) (3) PHYS 106 Introduction to Modern Physics (MATH 31; PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C or PHYS 5A, PHYS 5B) C. Additional Upper Division Requirements (6 units) Six elective units in Physics selected in consultation with an advisor: (3) PHYS 105 Mathematical Methods in Physics (MATH 32; PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C or PHYS 5A, PHYS 5B) (3) PHYS 110 Classical Mechanics (MATH 45, PHYS 11C, PHYS 105) (4) PHYS 115 Electronics and Instrumentation (PHYS 11C or PHYS 5B with instructor permission) (3) PHYS 124 Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics (MATH 45, PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C) (3) PHYS 130 Acoustics (MATH 45, PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C) (3) PHYS 135 Electricity and Magnetism (MATH 45, PHYS 11C, PHYS 105) (3) PHYS 136 Electrodynamics of Waves, Radiation, and Materials (PHYS 135) (3) PHYS 142 Applied Solid State Physics (MATH 45, PHYS 106) (3) PHYS 145 Optics (MATH 45, PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C) (3) PHYS 150 Quantum Mechanics (MATH 45, PHYS 106, PHYS 110) (3) PHYS 151 Advanced Modern Physics (PHYS 150) (3) PHYS 162 Computational Physics (two semesters of calculus; PHYS 5A and PHYS 5B or two of the following: PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B or PHYS 11C. Ability to program in a language such as BASIC, PASCAL, FORTRAN or C) (2) PHYS 175 Advanced Physics Laboratory (12 units of upper division physics including PHYS 106 and either PHYS 115 or PHYS 145 and satisfaction of the Advanced Writing requirement) Note: PHYS 5A, PHYS 5B may be substituted for PHYS 11A, PHYS 11C, but the 21-unit minimum must be met by additional courses in one of two ways: PHYS 106 plus three other upper division Physics courses OR PHYS 106 plus PHYS 11B plus two other upper division Physics courses. Requirements Minor - Astronomy Please refer to the Astronomy section within this catalog. Requirements Certificate - Scientific Instrument Development Units required for the Certificate: 11 minimum A certificate in Scientific Instrument Development is available through the Department of Physics and Astronomy. The Scientific Instrument Development certificate program focuses not only on using scientific instruments, but also will teach the fundamentals of electronics, computer interfacing, and machining. Students that earn this certificate will be prepared to design, prototype, and construct instruments for a wide range of scientific applications. A minimum of 11 units is required. Specific course requirements are: (2) PHSC 75 Introduction to Machine Shop Practices (4) PHYS 115 Electronics and Instrumentation (PHYS 11C or PHYS 5B, instructor permission) (3) PHYS 116 Advanced Electronics and Instrumentation (PHYS 115) (2-4) Select one of the following: (4) CHEM 133 Chemical Instrumentation (CHEM 31, CHEM 140B, or CHEM 142, instructor permission, ENGL 20 or an equivalent second semester composition course) (3) CHEM 141 Physical Chemistry Laboratory (ENGL 20 or an equivalent second semester composition course, CHEM 140A, CHEM 140B or CHEM 142, instructor permission, CHEM 140B may be taken concurrently) (2-3) GEOL 197 Advanced Laboratory Techniques in Geology (appropriate upper division courses and instructor permission) (2) PHYS 175 Advanced Physics Laboratory (12 units of upper division physics including PHYS 106 and either PHYS 115 or PHYS 145 and a satisfaction of the Advanced Writing requirement) To receive the certificate in Scientific Instrument Development, students must achieve a 2.5 GPA in the certificate program courses; must be working towards a degree at Sacramento State or have special approval from the Chair of the Department of Physics and Astronomy. Requirements Subject Matter Program (Pre-Credential Preparation) Physics majors who intend to pursue a single subject teaching credential must complete a BA in Physics including courses in the Science Subject Matter Program which is described in more detail under the heading Science Subject Matter Program in this catalog. Upon successful completion, this program fulfills the subject matter competence requirement and qualifies students to enter the Teaching Credential Program in the School of Education. The science teaching credential with a concentration in Physics allows candidates to teach all four of the natural sciences (Biology, Chemistry, Geoscience, and Physics) at the general science level and Physics at an advanced level in high school. 580 / Physics and Astronomy California State University, Sacramento

PPhysics and Astronomy Currently there is a serious need in public school education for well-educated science teachers. Physics majors who have an interest in teaching should see the credential advisor in the Department (Dr. Gary Shoemaker, shoemaker@csus.edu) to plan an academic program and to explore ways to get involved in teaching-related activities such as tutoring, grading, and working in the schools. Note: Due to policy changes from the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing and the federal No Child Left Behind mandate, the Subject Matter program was under review at the time of this catalog printing and is subject to revision. As a result it is important to consult a credential advisor for current details. Lower Division Courses Physical Science PHSC 75. Introduction to Machine Shop Practices. Safe machine operation techniques on common fabrication equipment. Study of materials and methods used to build testing and measuring equipment. Reading and calibrating measuring devices, gauging and optical gauging. Study of measuring conventions and understanding of precision. Interpretation of drawings, tolerances and tactics for maintaining tolerances. Jigs and mounts for dynamic data collection equipment. Prototype manufacturing. Students completing this course qualify to perform work in the shop with minimum supervision. Lecture one hour; Laboratory three hours. Units: 2.0. Physics PHYS 1. Physical Reasoning and Calculation. Introduction to the analytical skills needed for the study of Physics. The focus is to prepare students to take PHYS 11A, however, PHYS 1 is also suitable as preparation for PHYS 5A. Emphasis is on reasoning and problem-solving, including conceptualization, visualization, and interpretation of written descriptions of physical situations, and on the connection of physical laws to the mathematical techniques used in their solution. Units: 2.0. PHYS 2. Topics in Elementary Physics. One semester introductory physics course including a laboratory. Covers the fundamental concepts of physics with an emphasis on everyday life situations and applications. The range of material includes mechanics, waves, electricity and optics. One hour lecture, two hour discussion, and a three hour laboratory session. Prerequisite: A recent one year course in high school algebra and one year of plane geometry or a college course in algebra (MATH 9). Units: 4.0. PHYS 5A. General Physics: Mechanics, Heat, Sound. Physics 5A-B sequence is a two-semester course in introductory physics in which fundamental concepts are emphasized including some physiological applications. These courses satisfy the requirement for pre-medical and pre-dental students and biology majors. Lecture one hour; quiz two hours; laboratory three hours. Prerequisite: Recently completed three years of high school algebra and geometry; and a college course in algebra and trigonometry (MATH 9 recommended) for those having an inadequate mathematics background. Units: 4.0. PHYS 5B. General Physics: Light, Electricity and Magnetism, Modern Physics. Lecture one hour; quiz two hours; laboratory three hours. Prerequisite: PHYS 5A or instructor permission. Units: 4.0. PHYS 10. Physics in Our World. Introductory course designed for non-science students completing general education requirements. Students will be introduced to basic concepts in Physics through the study of astronomy, atomic nature of matter, electromagnetic waves, energy, sound and earthquake waves, current electricity, magnetism, and nuclear processes. Development of reasoning and quantitative skills and applying them to scientific and technological topics of current importance will be emphasized. Units: 3.0. PHYS 10L. Physics in Our World Laboratory. Laboratory course complements PHYS 10 and satisfies the general education science lab requirement. Emphasis is placed on the nature of scientific observation and measurement and their relationship to general physical concepts. Students will be given a concrete, hands-on sense of observing and interpreting data from a variety of experimental environments. Prerequisite: PHYS 10; may be taken concurrently. Units: 1.0. PHYS 11A. General Physics: Mechanics. PHYS 11A, 11B, 11C sequence is a three semester course in introductory physics requiring elementary calculus. This sequence satisfies the lower division physics requirement for a major in physics, physical science, chemistry, geology, or engineering. Lecture two hours; quiz two hours; laboratory three hours. Prerequisite: MATH 30, MATH 31; or equivalent certificated high school courses. MATH 31 may be taken concurrently. Units: 4.0. PHYS 11B. General Physics: Heat, Light, Sound. Lecture one hour; quiz two hours; laboratory three hours. Prerequisite: MATH 31, PHYS 11A. Units: 4.0. PHYS 11C. General Physics: Electricity and Magnetism, Modern Physics. Lecture one hour; quiz two hours; laboratory three hours. Prerequisite: MATH 31, PHYS 11A. Units: 4.0. PHYS 30. Science and Pseudoscience. Examination of the methodology of science. Comparison of legitimate investigations with others that do not meet high scientific standards, including both science poorly done and nonsense posing as science. Examples will be drawn primarily from the physical sciences. Analyzes will require study of basic skills of reasoning, types of logical argument, structure and validity of arguments, common reasoning fallacies, critical evaluation of evidence, and understanding of the scientific thinking process. Units: 3.0. PHYS 99. Special Problems. Individual projects or directed reading. Note: Open only to students who appear competent to assume individual work on the approval of the instructor. For students with lower division status. Up to 4 units may be taken for grade. Graded: Graded (CR/NC Available). Units: 1.0-3.0. Upper Division Courses Physical Science PHSC 107. History of the Physical Sciences. Study of the development of the major physical laws presently used in describing our physical world. Some considerations of the influences of these developments on other areas of knowledge and on society in general. Cross-listed: HIST 107; only one may be counted for credit. Units: 3.0. PHSC 196. Experimental Offerings in Physical Science. When a sufficient number of qualified students apply, one of the staff will conduct a seminar in some topic in one of the physical sciences. Units: 1.0-3.0. PHSC 199. Special Problems. Individual projects or directed reading. Note: Open only to students who appear competent to assume individual work on the approval of the instructor. Up to 4 units may be taken for grade. Graded: Graded (CR/NC Available). Units: 1.0-3.0. California State University, Sacramento Physics and Astronomy / 581

P Physics and Astronomy Physics PHYS 105. Mathematical Methods in Physics. Linear algebra and linear vector spaces, linear transformations and eigenvectors, differential and integral vector calculus, with applications to physical problems. Prerequisite: MATH 32; PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C or PHYS 5A, PHYS 5B. Units: 3.0. PHYS 106. Introduction to Modern Physics. Basic concepts of special relativity and quantum theory of matter. Phenomenological study of atomic and molecular energy states and spectra. Elements of solid-state and nuclear physics. Prerequisite: MATH 31; PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C or PHYS 5A, PHYS 5B. Units: 3.0. PHYS 107. Conceptual Physics and Scientific Inquiry. Concepts include matter, waves and energy, force and motion, electricity and magnetism, and scientific inquiry. Emphasizes hands on cooperative learning engaging students in scientific inquiry by posing testable scie ntific questions, conducting experiments, and analyzing and presenting findings to their peers. Appropriate for Liberal Studies and Blended Multiple Subject Credential students. Two activity sessions per week. Prerequisite: BIO 7, CHEM 106, GEOL 8, MATH 17. Units: 4.0. PHYS 110. Classical Mechanics. Fundamental principles of statics and dynamics, including Newton s equations and conservation laws, damped and forced oscillations, central force motion, accelerated coordinate systems, coupled oscillations, normal modes, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian methods, introduction to nonlinear systems and chaos theory. Prerequisite: MATH 45, PHYS 11C, PHYS 105. Units: 3.0. PHYS 115. Electronics and Instrumentation. Linear and nonlinear circuits, operational amplifiers, transducers, basics of digital circuitry, and an introduction to computerized data acquisition. Lecture two hours; laboratory six hours. Prerequisite: PHYS 11C or PHYS 5B with instructor permission. Units: 4.0. PHYS 116. Advanced Electronics and Instrumentation. Noise reduction techniques, signal recovery, frequency analysis, computerized instrument control, and instrument development. Lecture one hour; laboratory six hours. Prerequisite: PHYS 115. Units: 3.0. PHYS 124. Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics. Basic concepts and laws of thermodynamics and thermal properties of matter; kinetic theory of gases; use of distribution functions and ensembles in statistical mechanics; connection of probability and entropy; quantum statistics; applications to various systems. Prerequisite: MATH 45, PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C. Units: 3.0. PHYS 130. Acoustics. Theoretical and experimental study of sound sources, sound waves and sound measurement. Basic properties of waves in continuous media; spectral analysis of vibrations; use of acoustic impedance and circuit analogies; applications to environmental noise analysis, room acoustics, and loudspeaker and microphone design and use; experience with acoustic instrumentation. Lecture two hours; laboratory three hours. Prerequisite: MATH 45, PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C. Units: 3.0. PHYS 135. Electricity and Magnetism. Development of electromagnetic theory from basic experimental laws; electrostatics, electric currents, magnetostatics, electric and magnetic properties of matter, induction, Maxwell s equations, conservation laws, introduction to electromagnetic waves. Prerequisite: MATH 45, PHYS 11C, PHYS 105. Units: 3.0. PHYS 136. Electrodynamics of Waves, Radiation, and Materials. Electromagnetic waves, wave propagation in material media, reflection and refraction, polarization, cavities and waveguides, optical fibers, simple radiating systems, radiation from an accelerated charge and special relativity. Introduction to plasma physics and electromagnetic properties of superconductors. Prerequisite: PHYS 135. Units: 3.0. PHYS 142. Applied Solid State Physics. Elementary treatment of crystal structure and lattice and electron dynamics. Physics of semiconductor junctions, diodes, transistors and MOSFETS, solar cells, lasers, electro-optic and acousto-optic devices. Introduction to basic physical properties such as electrical conduction of selected amorphous solids and their applications. Laboratory experience. Prerequisite: MATH 45, PHYS 106. Units: 3.0. PHYS 145. Optics. Theoretical and experimental treatment of wave optics; interference, diffraction, absorption, scattering, dispersion, polarization. Selected topics from contemporary optics: Fourier optics, coherence theory, lasers, holography. Lecture two hours; laboratory three hours. Prerequisite: MATH 45, PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C. Units: 3.0. PHYS 150. Quantum Mechanics. Foundations of wave mechanics, including wave packets, superposition, and the uncertainty principle. The Schroedinger equation and its relation to operators and eigenstates. Symmetric systems and conserved quantities. Introduction to matrix mechanics, spin, scattering, and perturbation theory. Prerequisite: MATH 45, PHYS 106, PHYS 110. Units: 3.0. PHYS 151. Advanced Modern Physics. Structure of matter including basic elements of atomics, molecular, solid state, nuclear and particle physics. Topics will also include photon and electron gases, lasers, superconductivity, Bose-Einstein condensation and superfluidity. Prerequisite: PHYS 150. Units: 3.0. PHYS 156. Classical and Statistical Mechanics. Review of classical mechanics, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations, rigid body motion, small vibrations and normal modes, nonlinear dynamics and chaos. Review of the laws of thermodynamics, principles of classical statistical mechanics, ensemble formulations and applications, principles of quantum statistical mechanics, ideal quantum gases, applications to Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein systems. Prerequisite: PHYS 110, PHYS 124. Units: 3.0. PHYS 162. Computational Physics. Study of methods and development of skills for application of computers in solution of physical problems. Calculation techniques, modeling and simulation, data acquisition and manipulation, and use of programming resources. Practical experience in methods. Prerequisite: Two semesters of calculus; PHYS 5A and PHYS 5B or two of the following: PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, or PHYS 11C. Ability to program in a language such as BASIC, PASCAL, FORTRAN or C. Units: 3.0. PHYS 175. Advanced Physics Laboratory. Advanced experiments chosen from several of the major areas of physics, performed usually on an individual basis. Laboratory six hours. Prerequisite: 12 units of upper division physics, including PHYS 106 and either PHYS 115 or PHYS 145 and satisfaction of the Advanced Writing requirement. Units: 2.0. PHYS 186. Musical Acoustics: Science and Sound. Physical principles of vibration and wave motion, with illustrations involving musical instruments and concert hall acoustics; principles of electronic synthesis, recording, and reproduction of sound; operation of the human ear and brain in receiving and analyzing sound; relation of the harmonic series to sound quality, harmony and scales; proper roles for science in explaining music as an artistic activity. Note: No technical background required; course cannot be used to meet Physics BS program requirements. Cross-listed: MUSC 186; only one may be counted for credit. Units: 3.0. 582 / Physics and Astronomy California State University, Sacramento

PPhysics and Astronomy PHYS 190. Physics Seminar. Special lecture series on announced topics by local and visiting speakers, emphasizing current research developments, with related reading assignments. May be taken twice for credit. Units: 1.0-2.0. PHYS 191. Senior Project. Research Project under faculty supervision. Project may consist of laboratory or theoretical research project, instrumentation/demonstration development, or literature research project. Projects require written and oral reports. Note: May be taken twice for credit in sequential semesters for a maximum of two units total. Grade assigned upon completion of the project. Prerequisite: Department chair permission. Units: 1.0-2.0. PHYS 194. Physics Related Work Experience. Supervised employment in a physics or astronomy related company or agency. Placement is arranged through the department and the Cooperative Education Program office. Requires completion of a threeto-six month work assignment and a written report. Note: PHYS 194 may not be used to meet major requirements in Physics. Prerequisite: Upper-division status and Department Chair permission. Graded: Credit / No Credit. Units: 6.0-12.0. PHYS 196. Experimental Offerings in Physics. To be offered in the various fields of physics in response to student demand. Prerequisite: Appropriate upper division course work and instructor permission. Units: 1.0-3.0. PHYS 198. Co-Curricular Activities. Students may provide special tutoring to students taking physics courses, participate in community oriented projects, assist in activity sessions for teacher training courses, or engage in activities related to the subject matter and concerns of the Physics and Astronomy Department. Up to 4 units may be taken. Graded: Credit / No Credit. Units: 1.0-3.0. PHYS 199. Special Problems. Individual projects or directed reading. Open only to students who appear competent to assume individual work on the approval of the instructor. Up to 4 units may be taken for grade. Graded: Graded (CR/NC Available). Units: 1.0-3.0. California State University, Sacramento Physics and Astronomy / 583

a Astronomy Astronomy College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Minor PROGRAM DESCRIPTION Astronomy has played an important role in the development of modern science. Recent advances in technology and space exploration have made possible many remarkable new discoveries in astronomy. For both these reasons, the study of astronomy is an excellent way for the liberal arts student to gain an appreciation of scientific knowledge and methods, and is especially recommended for students who are preparing for a teaching career. Those interested in graduate study in astronomy or astrophysics, or who wish to prepare for a career in this field, should obtain information about these possibilities from advisors in the Department of Physics and Astronomy. Special Features Observation sessions are held in our facility on the roof of Amador Hall with a 14-inch Schmidt-Cassegrain instrument. Portable 8-inch and 5-inch Schmidt-Cassegrain telescopes, as well as an 8-inch Newtonian reflector and a 4-inch refractor, are also available for use in courses. Mounting attachments for astrophotography are available, and darkroom facilities in the Department of Physics and Astronomy can be used for developing and printing. Occasional off-campus sessions make use of observatory and planetarium facilities at neighboring institutions. Faculty Hossein Partovi, Gary Shoemaker, Christopher Taylor Contact Information Gary Shoemaker, Department Chair Rachel Lyman, Administrative Support Coordinator Sequoia Hall 230 (916) 278-6518 www.csus.edu/physics/ Requirements Minor Units required for Minor: 18 Courses in parentheses are prerequisites. A. Required Courses (12 units) (3) ASTR 4 Introduction to Astronomy (one year high school geometry or instructor permission) (1) ASTR 6 Astronomical Observation Laboratory (ASTR 4; may be taken concurrently) (3) ASTR 131+ The Solar System and Space Exploration (3) ASTR 132+ Stars, Galaxies and Cosmology (2) ASTR 199* Special Problems B. Elective Courses (6 units) (4) CHEM 142 Introduction to Physical Chemistry (CHEM 1B, CHEM 24, PHYS 5A, PHYS 5B, MATH 31) (3) CSC 25 Introduction to C Programming (3) GEOG 107 Remote Sensing (GEOG 103; Passing score on ELM recommended) (3) GEOG 113 Climate (Knowledge of general world distribution of climatic elements as given in an introductory physical geography course.) (3) GEOG 116 Global Climate Change (GEOG 1 or instructor permission) (3) GEOL 114 Volcanology (GEOL 10 or instructor permission) (3) GEOL 170* Geology of the Planets (An introductory Geology course or instructor permission) (3) PHIL 125 Philosophy of Science (3) PHSC 107* History of the Physical Sciences (Crosslisted with HIST 107) (3) PHYS 136 Electrodynamics of Waves, Radiation, and Materials (PHYS 135) (3) PHYS 145 Optics (MATH 45, PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B, PHYS 11C) (3) PHYS 162 Computational Physics (two semesters of calculus; PHYS 5A and PHYS 5B or two of the following: PHYS 11A, PHYS 11B or PHYS 11C. Ability to program in a language such as BASIC, PASCAL, FORTRAN or C) (4) STAT 50 Introduction to Probability and Statistics (MATH 26A, MATH 30, or appropriate high school based AP credit) (3) STAT 115A Introduction to Probability Theory (MATH 31; STAT 1 or STAT 50 recommended) *Substitutions of up to 4 units of Physics and Physical Science courses are possible; consult a Department of Physics and Astronomy advisor. + Prerequisites: ASTR 4, passing score on WPE. 134 / Astronomy California State University, Sacramento