http://www.nationalstep.org/images/satellite_globe.jpg LAND ADMINISTRATION http://www.sdnhm.org/exhibits/minerals/ima ges/flu-2.jpg http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/ 02/images/lake.jpg www.redlionstencils.com / great_blue_heron.htm http://www.goodearthgraphics.co m/photo/geology/geology.html www.moorlandschool.co.uk/ earth/struc.htm http://www.chem.ualberta.ca/~jaeg er/research/pics/atmosphere.jpg The Cadastre Definition An information system consisting of two parts, a series of maps showing the size and location of all land parcels, together with text records that describe the attributes of the land. Cadastral Data defines the geographic extent of the past, current, and future rights and interests in real property and the spatial information needed to describe that geographic extent. The availability of good land information = it s success! * Note: a cadastral system is the complete coverage of a country for purposes like taxation, whereas a land registration system is exclusively concerned with ownership Objectives Constraints Assist in administering land and land resources Record and disseminate information about ownership and value Land Registration Documents/Deeds Title Registration Land use and its resources Determines the rights and other attributes of land Surveys and descriptions of ownership Support land markets Legal liability Copyright Data ownership Data protection Data quality Adoption of standards Data pricing Financial justification http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc02/pap 0736/p0736.htm 1
Why GIS? Data Model The need for a reference map and GIS technology To support very large sdbms The availability of digital map data through national map conversion projects Pressure from Value Added Resellers to support map-based services The proliferation of higher network bandwidth Raster-to-vector conversion http://www.eurocadastre.org/ INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe) aims at making available relevant, harmonised and quality geographic information to support formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of Community policies with a territorial dimension or impact MISSION: To create an adequate space in which to promote the full awareness of the activities developed by the European Union and the Member States related with Cadastre and, by means of this information, to develop strategies and propose common initiatives with the aim of achieving greater coordination among the different European cadastral systems and their users. http://inspire.jrc.it/ Surveying Data Acquisition Photogrammetric means Deeds History of Surveying in U.S. Early surveys were metes and bounds 1785 Land Ordinance U.S. rectangular system First rectangular surveys conducted in Ohio. 1812 Congress created General Land Office Public Land Survey System (PLSS) today s rectangular system PLSS controlled by US Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Land Management 3 principles of PLSS survey the land before it is conveyed a mathematically designed plan to be followed throughout the ent ire area of the public domain creation of a standard land unit, the section, of uniform shape and with boundaries physically marked on the ground. 2
History of Surveying in U.S. (From Manual of Surveying Instructions 1973, p. 2) PLSS PLSS Rectangular Survey System Divides land into townships and ranges Geographic Coordinate Database (GCDB) digital form of PLSS. (from Manual Of Surveying Instructions, 1973, p. 62) Data Digital forms of cadastral data are Land Information System (LIS) Data Includes: Cadastral Data Ownership Lease or Permit Holders Parcels corners of parcels lots, blocks PLSS townships, sections and corners GCDB points Tracts Government lots Land Use Zoning Taxation areas Land use rights States, Counties, Cities, Towns Mineral Surveys Indian allotments Transactions Data Socioeconomic Data Utility/Infrastructure Environmental 3
Data Requirements/Concerns Depicting what is on the ground not what is on the map. Know the reliability of your spatial data. Data Sources Bureau of Land Management GCDB USDA Forest Service State Agencies Counties Operations and Functions General queries Calculations Community Development: zoning changes www.geocommunicator.com Operations and Functions Urban and Regional Planning: notifications Planning: feasibility studies Public Works: roadwork surface modeling use of 3D capabilities to make engineering calculations Utilities: hydrologic modeling Schools: population models and districting redistricting to achieve balanced school populations Fire: optimal routing Customer Interactions Many county governments have developed public access applications. 4
Example Effects of Longwall Mining On Real Property Value and the Tax Base of Greene and Washington Counties Pennsylvania Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection Burea of Mining and Reclamation Prepared By: Jeffrey Kern, MRP, ASA David Falkenstern, MS Ronald Stingelin, Ph.D. Resource Technologies Corporation Study period August 1993 August 1998 DEP assesses surface effects of underground mining Act 54 removed rights of surface property owner had to support of the surface www.resourcetec.com Mining Methods Data coverages Room and pillar Longwall mining Trough Subsidence Area Greene County and Washington County, PA Pittsburgh Coalbed GIS looked at relationship of property values to mining, assessed values, and at sales of surface properties. Boundaries of longwallpermit areas Outlines of all longwall panels and dates of completion Boundaries of sewer delivery districts Boundaries of water delivery districts Center lines of paved roads Outlines of all tax maps (1:400 scale tax assessment property maps) Addresses of all properties receiving damage compensation from c oal companies Location of all subsidence insurance claims on file with the DEP Mine Subsidence Insurance program Location of all reported subsidence incidents handled by the U.S.. Office of Surface Mining and Reclamation Boundaries of all closed, abandoned, or depleted mines Boundaries of all surface parcels in Greene County Digital assessment records for both counties ( geocoded to tax maps) Status of Longwall Mining Affected Areas 5
County Value Comparison Control Group Established Longwall mine locations digitized Tax parcels mapped Areas with public sewer and water State highways mapped Sale Comparison Property sales mapped. None of the sales sold for the exact county estimate. No Mining - 63.2% Above, 21.0% Near, 15.8% Below Active Mining 68.6%Above,16.7 Near, 14.7 below Future Direction of LIS National Integrated Land System (NILS) BLM and USFS Develop a common data model and software tools for the collection, management, and sharing of survey data, cadastral data, and land records information. 6
Swedish Land Data Bank System LDBS 1970-computerization of property register & land register Late 1980s-GIS enters market 1997-NLS digitises Land Use Map & Topographic Map Paper maps 1976-implement LDBS begins with pilot county 1984-online information service 1995-implement LDBS finishes with whole country One central database fed from 60 local survey authorities and 93 local land register offices with additional links to other systems Total of 4 million parcels nationwide Current Situation in Sweden Who pays for it? The cost for the build-up of the LDBS: USD $ 80 million The costs for development, implementation and operation of the LDBS is covered by fees charged to those who initiate changes of the registers (applicants for title and mortgages) or request official documents. What does the system provide for users? Strengths The system is: in function, Official documents produced from the system (title deeds, certificates) Lists of properties can be produced which include selected pieces of information concerning the properties, in general the owners Through connection to the population register, population-maps can be produced Output can be delivered on diff. media covers the whole country, certifies the ownership, and the rights to the land The system facilitates: the transfer of land and other land related activities The registers serve important purposes as far as real estate credit, taxation, statistics, planning and population registration 7
Strengths cont. Purpose of property & land registration in Sweden: 99% availability safety system is very secure system is easy to reach, the answers are given very quickly To establish certainty of ownership and rights to land, to give publicity and legal protection for land tenure, to facilitate the transfer of land, and to provide easy access to information about land. Property taxation, agricultural statistics, land surveying, environmental monitoring, urban and regional planning, population registration, and financial sector. Register also Serves Societal Activities: Swedish land admin. Public sector structure post-1996 UK National Land Information Service Ministry of Justice National Courts Administration Swede Survey (international) Land Register Agencies Ministry of Interior National Land Survey (core business) Metria County Survey authorities Metria local offices Initiated 1991 Joint funding by central government departments Online Costs/Savings unknown Potentially 22 million registerable titles of which approximately 15 million registered in 1996 Costs are shared between the public and private sectors UK NLIS As of 2002: 30 percent month-on-month increase in land and property searches Every local authority in England & Wales has received searches via NLIS For a local authority search, the fastest turnaround time recorded so far is 13 minutes The total # of searches processed to date is now well over 125,000 Search requests are 4 to 5 times faster to organize via NLIS, than by using conventional methods 8
Conclusion: References: Land administration systems will enhance the services to the public and to the economy. Online buying and selling already exist, and will be improved. While countries are currently creating their own digital cadastral projects, the future will bring about an interconnecte d, international database that will connect, disseminate, and control land information all over the globe. Dale, P.F. & McLaren, R.A. GIS in Land Administration. Pp. 859-875. 875. http://www.fig7.org.uk/events/delft_seminar_95/paper6.html http://www.survey.ntua.gr/main/labs/photo/research/wg_33/national%20reports/sdi%20- %20Sweden.pdf http://www.nlis.org.uk/docs/index.htm http://www.localegov.gov.uk/nimoi/sites/odmp/resources/briefing%20nlis1.pdf http://www.fairview-industries.com/gismodule/parttwomisplacedboundary.htmlindustries.com/gismodule/parttwomisplacedboundary.html www.technoscene.co.za/ Header.htm References: Cadastral Information For GIS Specialists Presented by the United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management, and the Federal Geographic Data Committee Cadastral Subcommittee May 2002 http://www.fairview-industries.com/gismodule/intro.html Effects of Longwall Mining On Real Property Value and the Tax Base of Greene and Washington Counties Pennsylvania Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Mining and Reclamation Prepared by Jeffrey R. Kern, MRP, ASA, State Certified, General Appraiser DavidFalkenstern, MS, Project Manager RonaldW. Stingelin, Ph.D., Registered Professional Geologist http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/minres/longwall/report02/pp1_15.pdf UNIT 54 - CADASTRAL RECORDS AND LIS Compiled with assistance from Frank Gossette, California State University, Long Beach http://www.geog.u bc.ca/courses/klink /gis.notes/ncgia/u54.html#sec54.6.2 9