Institutionen för Systemteknik. Department of Electrical Engineering

Institutionen för Systemteknik Department of Electrical Engineering Examensarbete Upgrading and Performance Analysis of Thin Clients in Server Based Scientific Computing Master Thesis in ISY Communication System By Rizwan Azhar LiTH-ISY-EX - - 11/4388 - - SE Linköping 2011 Department of Electrical Engineering Linköpings universitet SE-581 83 Linköping, Linköpings Tekniska Högskola Linköpings universitet Sweden 581 83 Linköping, Sweden

Upgrading and Performance Analysis of Thin Clients in Server Based Scientific Computing Master Thesis in ISY Communication System at Linköping Institute of Technology By Rizwan Azhar LiTH-ISY-EX - - 11/4388 - - SE Examiner: Dr. Lasse Alfredsson Advisor: Dr. Alexandr Malusek Supervisor: Dr. Peter Lundberg

Presentation Date 04-02-2011 Publishing Date (Electronic version) Department and Division Department of Electrical Engineering Language X English Other (specify below) 55 Number of Pages Type of Publication Licentiate thesis X Degree thesis Thesis C-level Thesis D-level Report Other (specify below) ISBN (Licentiate thesis) ISRN: LiTH-ISY-EX - - 11/4388 - - SE Title of series (Licentiate thesis) Series number/issn (Licentiate thesis) URL, Electronic Version http://www.ep.liu.se Publication Title Upgrading and Performance Analysis of Thin Clients in Server Based Scientific Computing Author Rizwan Azhar Abstract Server Based Computing (SBC) technology allows applications to be deployed, managed, supported and executed on the server and not on the client; only the screen information is transmitted between the server and client. This architecture solves many fundamental problems with application deployment, technical support, data storage, hardware and software upgrades. This thesis is targeted at upgrading and evaluating performance of thin clients in scientific Server Based Computing (SBC). Performance of Linux based SBC was assessed via methods of both quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative method used benchmarks that measured typical-load performance with SAR and graphics performance with X11perf, Xbench and SPECviewperf. Structured interview, a qualitative research method, was adopted in which the number of openended questions in specific order was presented to users in order to estimate user-perceived performance. The first performance bottleneck identified was the CPU speed. The second performance bottleneck, with respect to graphics intensive applications, includes the network latency of the X11 protocol and the subsequent performance of old thin clients. An upgrade of both the computational server and thin clients was suggested. The evaluation after the upgrade involved performance analysis via quantitative and qualitative methods. The results showed that the new configuration had improved the performance. Keywords SBC, Performance analysis, Xbench, X11perf, SPECviewperf,

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Abstract Server Based Computing (SBC) technology allows applications to be deployed, managed, supported and executed on the server and not on the client; only the screen information is transmitted between the server and client. This architecture solves many fundamental problems with application deployment, technical support, data storage, hardware and software upgrades. This thesis is targeted at upgrading and evaluating performance of thin clients in scientific Server Based Computing (SBC). Performance of Linux based SBC was assessed via methods of both quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative method used benchmarks that measured typical-load performance with SAR and graphics performance with X11perf, Xbench and SPECviewperf. Structured interview, a qualitative research method, was adopted in which the number of open-ended questions in specific order was presented to users in order to estimate user-perceived performance. The first performance bottleneck identified was the CPU speed. The second performance bottleneck, with respect to graphics intensive applications, includes the network latency of the X11 protocol and the subsequent performance of old thin clients. An upgrade of both the computational server and thin clients was suggested. The evaluation after the upgrade involved performance analysis via quantitative and qualitative methods. The results showed that the new configuration had improved the performance.

Acknowledgement In the beginning, unlimited thank to Almighty ALLAH, THE most Merciful and Beneficent, without Whom I would not be able to complete this thesis. I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Alexandr Malusek, for his guidance and magnificent technical support. Many thanks for his availability even on weekends and for his effort to make this thesis more interesting. In addition, I also want to thank Dr. Peter Lundberg for providing this opportunity in a very professional and competitive environment. Also, I would like to thank my examiner Dr. Lasse Alfredsson, who explained to me the skills of technical writing. I also like to thank Mr. Shehryar Khan for proof reading of the thesis report. Last but not the least, tremendous gratitude to my parents for the support, love and prayers. I dedicate this thesis to my parents, especially the daily motivation that I have received via Skype, without which I would not be able to complete this thesis.

Acronyms API DDI DNS DRI DXPC GDI GUI GNOME ICA IceWM IOSTAT IPC ISAG KDE NFS NIS NTC-O NTC-T OpenGL OTC-O RDP RFB SAR SBC SPEC SSH TCC TCP TLCOS VNC VMSTAT XCB XDMCP Application Programmable Interface Device Driver Interface Domain Name System Direct Rendering Infrastructure Differential X Protocol Compressor Graphics Device Interface Graphical User Interface GNU Network Object Model Environment Independent Computing Architecture Ice Window Manager Input Output Statistics Inter Process Communication Interactive System Activity Grapher K Desktop Environment Network File System Network Information Service New Thin Client with original software New Thin Client with ThinLinc Software Open Graphics Library Old Thin Client with original software Remote Desktop Protocol Request Frame Buffer System Activity Report Server based Computing Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation Secure Shell Thin Client Computing Transport Communication Protocol ThinLinc Client Operating System Virtual Network Computing Virtual Memory Statistics X Protocol C Language Binding X Display Manager Control Protocol

Table of contents Chapter1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction...1 1.2 Aims..2 1.3 Layout...3 Chapter2: Background 2.1 Introduction.....5 2.2 Advantages of SCB...6 Manageability...6 Security...7 Scalability...7 Availability...7 Cost reduction......7 2.3 SBC Implementation.7 2.3.1 Hardware Implementation..7 Thin client.. 7 Workstation...7 2.3.2 Software Implementation...8 RDP...8 ICA 9 NX...9 VNC.10 X Window system...11 X client libraries and extensions...12 Mesa3D....12 DRI...12 XSync...12 XFT2...12 XCB...12 ThinLinc...13 Chapter3: Performance analysis tools and benchmarks 3.1 Introduction...15 3.2 Performance analysis tools...15 IOSTAT...15 VMSTAT...16 SAR...17 ISAG.18 SPEC CPU...18 3.3 Graphics Benchmarks...18 X11perf...18 Xbench.18 SPECviewperf...19

Chapter4: Typical-load performance analysis 4.1Introduction.. 21 Old computing environment....22 New computing environment.....24 4.2 Methods...24 4.3 Results...24 CPU Utilization...25 Paging statistics...26 IO transfer rate.....27 4.4 Discussion...28 4.5 Conclusion..29 Chapter5: Graphics performance analysis 5.1 Introduction.31 5.2 Methods...32 5.3 Results...34 5.3.1Xbench. 34 Effect of desktop environment........37 Effect of remote display...38 5.3.2 X11perf...39 5.3.3 SPECviewperf...42 5.4 Discussion...43 5.5 Conclusion..43 Chapter6: User perceived performance analysis 6.1 Introduction.45 6.2 Methods......45 6.3 Results.46 User interviewing before upgrade.......46 User interviewing after upgrade.........47 6.4 Discussion...47 6.5 Conclusion.47 Chapter7: Conclusion 7.1 Conclusion..49 Appendix A...50 Appendix B...52 Appendix C...53 Bibliography..55

List of Figures Figure1: Thin client computing model...2 Figure2: SBC Environment...6 Figure3: RDP Architecture...8 Figure4: NX Architecture...10 Figure5: VNC......10 Figure6: X Architecture...11 Figure7: IOSTAT command output...16 Figure8: VMSTAT command output 16 Figure9: SAR command output...17 Figure10: Schematic view of network configuration 23 Figure11: CPU utilization graph on a) nestor and b) tintin...25 Figure12: Paging statistics graph on a) nestor and b) tintin..26 Figure13: IO transfer rate graph on a) nestor and b) tintin...27 Figure14: Xbench performance on a) KDE b) Gnome and c) IceWM...35 Figure15: Xbench performance ratio on a) KDE b) Gnome and c) IceWM.36 Figure16: Desktop environment performance on NTC-O 37 Figure17: Remote display performance 38 Figure18: X11perf performance on a) KDE b) Gnome and c) IceWM...40 Figure19: X11perf performance ratio on a) KDE b) Gnome and c) IceWM 41 Figure20: SPECviewperf performance on nestor,tintin and NTC-T...42

List of Tables Table1: IOSTAT parameters.16 Table2: VMSTAT parameters..16 Table3: Old Server and workstations configuration....22 Table4: Old Thin clients configuration.22 Table5: New server configuration.24 Table6: New thin client configuration...24 Table7: SPECint results....28 Table8: SPECfp results......28 Table9: Experimental design for X11 and Xbench...32 Table10: Experimental design for remote display 32 Table11: Desktop environment versions...33 Table12: Experimental design for SPECviewperf 33 Table13: Ratio of average performance of Desktop environment 37 Table14: SPECviewperf results on Desktop environment 42 Table15: Performance evaluation based on user experience before upgrade... 46 Table16: Performance evaluation based on user experience after upgrade......47 Table17: Xbench tests...51 Table18: Thin client technical specification comparison..53 Table19: Considered alternatives for computational server......53 Table20: Configuration alternatives for thin clients.....54

1 Introduction Concepts presented in this section come from an article by Yu et al [1]. Computing technology can be divided in to the three distinct phases of evolution: 1. Mainframe Computing: Mainframe computing involves processing power to be condensed in a centralized system with all functionalities and resources. This type of architecture was popular during the 1960s up to the 1970s. Drawbacks: Slow link speed, simple terminal and high cost-performance ratio. 2. Standalone Computing: Standalone computing consisted of PCs and workstations in a client-server configuration through a PC LAN interface. These systems were equipped to handle a wide range of applications as more processing power and independent storage units were invested in the client. This reduced the load on the server which was used for additional file and print services. This type of architecture was popular during the 1980s. Drawbacks: Maintenance cost has increased, as applications were installed and executed on the client. 3. Network-centric Computing: Network centric computing is a decoupled clientserver configuration that enabled machines to access applications and data on the servers. This type of architecture was developed in the 1990s. Dominant form of a network centric computing is an Internet computing, which has changed the way applications were developed. Advantage: No applications have to be installed on the client. Disadvantages: Applications have to be reconfigured or redeveloped for the network architecture. 1

As applications have to be reconfigured for an Internet computing, the thin client computing models were developed to resolve the compatibility issues of data intensive applications with the widely popular internet computing architecture. Client/Server Model Web-based Model SBC Model Figure 1: Thin client computing models Figure 1 illustrates the Client server model, the Internet computing model and the Server Based Computing (SBC) model. The overall architecture of the three models is similar as all the application code is executed on the server side and the client devices are used to display screen updates. However the models use different protocols and data compression techniques for the communication between the client and the server. The models differ with respect to the functionality partitioning where the effort has been made to make the client layer thin. This impacts the networking protocol and data compression demands to reduce the network traffic and the client side processing. The SBC model is the thinnest model as it is only used to display screen updates. 1.2 Aims of this thesis Scientific calculations at the MR-unit were CPU intensive and required large amount of computer memory. Powerful computational servers were used for scientific calculations and Unix workstations were used for data processing. Up to three students worked in a small computer room at the MR-unit. Heat and noise produced by the workstations would have made working conditions in this room difficult. Therefore only monitors, keyboards and mice were placed in the computer room; the workstations were placed in a separate "machine" room and connected via long (about 18 m long) cables. This configuration worked well for Sun workstations with display resolutions up to 1280 x 1024 pixels. For higher resolutions, however, either very expensive DVI extenders or a solution based on thin clients were needed. The latter was implemented in 2007 using thin clients in an SBC configuration. This infrastructure worked well for several years. It became obsolete in 2010 as the server operating system was no longer supported by the manufacturer and the speed of the thin clients was not sufficient for new, graphics intensive applications. An update of the IT infrastructure was needed. 2

The purpose and scope of this thesis is to (i) analyze the current computer configuration at the MR-unit of the Department of Radiological Science (ii) propose an upgrade (iii) implement the proposed changes and (iv) analyze the new computer configuration at the MR-unit. 1.3 Layout This section defines the layout and a brief introduction of the thesis. Chapter1: Introduction This chapter describes the evolution phases of computing technology, the thin client computing models, and aims of the thesis. Chapter 2: Background This chapter introduces the SBC, its advantages, components and various protocols based on SBC. Chapter 3: Performance analysis tools and benchmarks This chapter defines the performance analysis in general, tools and benchmarks used for the performance analysis of the SBC environment. Chapter 4: Typical-load performance analysis This chapter briefly presents the load performance analysis, the methods and the results, discussion and conclusion. Chapter 5: Graphics performance analysis This chapter describes the graphics performance analysis of the implemented SBC, the methods and the results, discussion and conclusion. Chapter 6: User perceived performance analysis This chapter presents the results and discussion on the performance analysis based on user experience via qualitative research method. Chapter 7: Conclusion This chapter describes the summary of the thesis work. 3

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2 Background 2.1 Introduction Concepts described in sections 2.1 and 2.2 are based on information provided in [2]. Serverbased computing (SBC) is a technology whereby applications are deployed, managed, supported and executed on the server and not on the client. Only the screen information is transmitted between the server and the client. SBC is also known as Thin Client Computing (TCC) and typically consist of the three components: a terminal server, one or more thin clients, and a communication protocol. The terminal server runs an operating system that supports a multi user environment. The thin client runs a stripped-down version of an operating system that is capable of running a program that connects the thin client to the server. The last component is the protocol which allows the communication between thin clients and the terminal server by sending keystrokes, mouse clicks and screen updates via network. In larger deployments, more than one terminal server may be used; load balancing software then distributes workload across the servers. 5

Figure 2: Server based computing environment SBC implements a centralized computing model, in which users share software and hardware resources of the dedicated servers via thin clients. In this way SBC minimizes administration costs and also increases the utilization of resources, some advantages of SBC are discussed in section 2.2. 2.2 Advantages of SCB Advantages of server based computing are manageability, security, availability, scalability and cost reduction which are discussed in this section. Manageability An SBC environment implements a centralized computing model in which the data deployment and the management is more convenient as most of the work is performed on the servers only. 6

Security In SBC, all the data is kept on secure servers. Data security is covered from the perspectives of both the physical security and the technical security. The physical security in the sense that server normally resides in a server room, in which only authorized persons are allowed to enter. The technical security is provided by the use of protocols to keep the data integrity and confidentiality. Scalability In an SBC environment, new thin clients can be added to the system to support more users without changing the architectural design of the system. Similarly new servers can be added to balance the load of the system without changing the architecture of the system. Availability Servers can support fault tolerance. For instance features like redundant disk drives, redundant power supplies etc. Moreover they can run special applications to manage the load and monitor the performance. In case of a server failure, the user is redirected to a different server. Cost Reduction Server based computing reduces costs on account of hardware, software, maintenance, administrator staffing and training etc. 2.3 SBC Implementation There are two aspects of an SBC implementation: SBC Hardware implementation and SBC Software implementation. 2.3.1 SBC Hardware Implementation There are two ways of SBC hardware implementation namely (i) thin client and (ii) workstation or personal computer (PC). Thin Client A thin client is a computing device which totally relies on a server for computing. All application logic is executed on the server. A thin client comprises of a display screen, a mouse and a keyboard combine with the adequate processing capabilities and memory for the graphical rendering and the network communication with a server. It has no long-term user state and requires no disk. Workstation An ordinary workstation or Personal Computer (PC) can also be used for an SBC. The workstation has to be installed with an SBC supportive operating system like the TLCOS [27]. Alternatively, if a full OS is not feasible at the workstation then a client side application 7

of the SBC supporting software being used at the server, has to be installed on the workstation. 2.3.2 SBC Software Implementation The most important component of the SBC is a software protocol which is used to facilitate the communication between a thin client and a server. There are several protocols for SBC some of them are discussed in this section. RDP Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a protocol developed by Microsoft which provides remote access services.at the server side, RDP utilizes a virtual display driver to render the display information. After creating the local display information, this information is pushed in network packets with the help of RDP protocol and then forwarded across the network to the client side. At the client side, RDP receives the packet via network and transforms these network packets into appropriate Graphics Device Interface (GDI) Application Programmable Interface (API) calls. In this way, GUI is displayed on the client side. Upon displaying the GUI the user response is activated on the input path. User responses consisting of mouse clicks and keyboard events are then forwarded to the server. On the server side, RDP takes an advantage of its own keyboard and mouse driver to collect the screen updates. RDP uses sixty four thousand virtual channels for the data communication with multipoint transmission [28]. Key strokes, Mouse ops Cache Bitmaps, Colour tables, Ordering ops, Drawing Ops, etc Client Figure 3: RDP Architecture Server Performance of the RDP is affected by display encoding, encoding compression, display update policy and client caching. For the display encoding, RDP uses graphics primitives just like Windows DDI video driver interface. The encoding mechanism uses higher-level semantics and potentially differentiates between various graphic primitives including boxes, glyphs, fills etc. The higher-level semantics saves bandwidth but requires an additional processing at the client side. RDP uses the combination of run-length encoding and other compression schemes for the compression of display encoding. For the display update policy, buffers are used at the server side. On the client side, contents are flushed at a varying rate which depends on the input from the client side and the graphical output produced at the server side. RDP also uses client side caching to accelerate the display of graphical objects. RDP 4.0 and 5.0 clients uses 1.5 MB of RAM for graphical objects including glyphs, bitmaps etc. RDP 5.0 also uses 10 MB persistent disk cache for caching just like paging system [5]. 8

The RDP uses RC4 encryption algorithm to secure the data communication which provides three different levels of security namely low, medium and high. The RC4 low level security provides unidirectional encryption with the help of a 56 or 40 bit key encryption. RC4 medium level security uses bidirectional encryption with the same key length used in low level security. RC4 uses high level security and provides bidirectional encryption with 128 bit key encryption [6]. ICA Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) is a protocol developed by Citrix to provide remote access service. On the server side, ICA uses a local device driver to render graphics. For encoding the graphical information, it uses a graphic primitive which is similar to a Windows video driver interface and RDP. The encoded ICA packet is then compressed with a combination of run length coding and other compression techniques. The TCP protocol encapsulates the compressed ICA packet and forwards it to the network layer, for creating the session between the client and the server side. On the client side, the ICA client software intercepts the server message via the TCP protocol and fetches the screen from the server. As a result, the session is created and the ICA client software in return sends the screen updates to the server. On the server side, ICA uses a screen update policy with the help of buffers. The contents of the buffer flushed with changing rate according to the user input in the form of key strokes, mouse events and the amount of display output being generated. To observe buffered display an evaluator named Speed-screen is used. On the client side, it uses a queuing mechanism for sending and receiving updates form the server. The data transmission rate can be changed in the client software. The ICA client uses a caching mechanism before downloading updates from the server, which increases the transport performance. The cache is first checked for updated information and if the update is true it downloads from cache instead of downloading from server, across the network [5]. Just like RDP, the ICA performance also depends on display encoding, encoding compression, display update policy and client caching. The display encoding, encoding compression and display update policy characteristics are similar to RDP. However, for client caching, ICA uses 3.0 MB of RAM for graphical objects and it also uses a disk for persistent caching [5]. NX G.F Pinzari of NoMachine originally developed an NX which uses the SSH protocol to securely connect and display the remote access services. The NX was derived from the Differential X Protocol Compressor (DXPC). It uses a two way proxy system to provide the data communication between the local system and the remote system with the help of the NX protocol based on the X window system. The remote proxy communicates with the remote X11 applications and uses the X11 protocol. The remote proxy incorporates a kind of X server, named nxagent, that becomes the X server of all the remote X clients. The nxagent translates the X11 protocol into the NX protocol, receiving X11 requests as drawing commands and sending them to the local proxy. Thus the remote NX proxy poses itself to the X clients as if it is the X server. All the roundtrips take place at this point and since they happen on the same host machine, they are quickly resolved through the UNIX domain sockets. The local NX proxy communicates with the local X server and interprets the NX protocol back to X11. Both the local and the remote proxy keep their own cache of 9

transferred data. These two sets of cache are synchronized to be useful for saving all transmission of pixmaps, icons etc between the local and the remote proxies [9]. Figure 4: NX Architecture NX also has a potential to run over slow network connections with the help of compression mechanism which reduces the round trip time and increases the drawing speed of the X window system. When NX receives a new X request, it evaluates the checksum and tries to find the request in the message-store. The Message-store is a cache for holding the lasts X messages sent to the main memory. After searching, if the message exists in the message store, the NX sends the status information combined with the position information of message store and disparity encoding of all the fields except the checksum. In this way NX achieves the compression boost [9]. VNC Virtual Networking Computing (VNC) is used to provide the remote desktop sharing with the help of Request Frame Buffer (RFB) protocol. It mainly comprises of the three components: a VNC viewer, a VNC server and a RFB protocol. A VNC viewer resides on the user side which transmits the keyboard strokes and the mouse events on a network. The VNC server sends a remote display as the rectangular bitmap images to the VNC viewer. VNC uses different encoding methods to control the bandwidth utilization. The most undemanding method is a raw encoding, in which the VNC server sends the data in left-to-right scanline arrangement, until the full-screen transmission of the display, and after that only transfer those pixels that varies on the keyboard and the mouse events. This encoding scheme is effective for a small portion of screen changes on every updates and suffers a lot for large variation in screen positions. RFB protocol works with the TCP protocol on port 5900+N; where N is the number which is used for every remote display attached. The protocol is platform independent, as it runs on frame-buffer level, which allows it to executing on different operating systems for example Unix, Linux, MAC and Windows. Figure 5: VNC 10

X Window System The X window system is a network-transparent window system, which was developed at the MIT in 1984. It provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for both the local users as well as the network based users. The X window system is based on the client server model. The reference view in an X window system is the application and not the end user and this change in reference causes an inversion of the client server model with respect to the traditional sense. The user's terminal now acts as the server and the application acts as the client, as applications are now end users of services therefore behave as the clients. There are two scenarios; if the client and the server reside on the same system they interact with the Inter Process Communication (IPC) but if the client and the server reside on the different system a network connection is used. Simultaneous multiple connections are supported for two cases, a single client can open several connections to a server and several clients can open several connections to various servers at the same time. The X-server manages the display and the clients; it multiplexes requests from the clients to the display and supports the reverse by de-multiplexing the keyboard and the mouse inputs back to the appropriate clients. Typically, the server is implemented as a single sequential process, using round robin scheduling among the clients [10]. Figure 6: X windows architecture The X server communicates with different X client programs by calling Xlib. The Xlib is an X window system protocol client library written in the C programming language. The Xlib forwards a request from the client to the server by accumulating the request in a buffer known as the Request buffer. The buffer is flushed when all the requests are forwarded to the server. The Xlib not only stores the send requests in a buffer but also accumulates received events in a queue. This queue is used by the client application to examine and retrieve events. The client application may also flush the request buffer incase of the queue blocking [11]. 11

X Client Libraries and Extensions The X window system consists of various libraries and extensions. Libraries and extensions related to graphics performance are discussed in this section. MESA3D Mesa is an open source implementation of OpenGL for rendering the interactive 3D graphics. The rendering can be performed purely in the software but if the graphic card supports hardware acceleration of 3D graphics then the Mesa can utilize these functions too [14]. DRI DRI is an acronym for Direct Rendering Infrastructure, which enables the hardware acceleration by accessing video hardware without requiring data to be passed through the X server [29]. XSYNC X Synchronization is an extension which provides primitives that allows the synchronization between the clients to take place entirely within the X server [30]. This extension eliminates network errors and provides the real time synchronization for the multimedia applications. XFT2 Xft2 is a freetype2 library which is used for rendering fonts. It uses render extension for the accelerated text drawing. However if the render extensions are not available then it uses the core protocol to draw the client-side glyphs [14]. XCB XCB is the C language library for an X window system. It is an alternative to Xlib, designed to solve the issues of the Xlib by providing latency hiding, threaded applications compatibility and small platform compatibility. The latency hiding issue is solved by redesigning the network layer protocol from synchronous to an asynchronous interface. The small platform compatibility is solved by having an XCB as a binding instead of trying to reduce the large Xlib code. The XCB is designed keeping threaded applications in mind; Xlib API was errorprone. In addition, the XCB provides a basis for toolkit implementation, direct protocol-level programming, and lightweight emulation of commonly used portions of the Xlib API. Toolkits provide user interface elements, examples are GTK+, Qt, Motif, Intrinsics, etc [13]. GTK+ is a rich toolkit in features, which is initially designed for the GUI of X window system. The toolkit is written in C language which supports various languages like Python, C++, etc. It uses an Xlib to display graphics on the screen. GTK+ implementation comprises of the three libraries Glib, Pango and ATK. Glib provides a low level portability layer and common functions which is used by GTK+ and Gnome, the Pango provides an internationalized text layout and the ATK deals with the accessibility. Versions of GTK+ are available as GTK+1.1, GTK+1.2, GTK+2.0, etc and the latest stable release is GTK+ 2.20 [12]. 12

Qt is a toolkit for creating the GUI and the Non-GUI programs. The toolkit is widely used because it supports many platforms (X11, Windows, Mac OS X etc) and has APIs that are tailored for tasks such as file handling, process handling threading etc. The toolkit is written in C++ and also supports many different languages with the help of language bindings. Qt also provides an internationalized text and the unicode support. Versions of Qt are available as Qt1, Qt2 etc and the latest Qt4 has most accessibility support [12]. The X protocol does not use any compression mechanism for the transport of the graphical objects on the remote display. The important factor in the performance of X protocol is a transport latency which depends on the round trip time; from the X-server to the X-client and back to the X-server. The Xlib increases the transport latency as it mostly uses the synchronous operation; however, the design of XCB reduces the latency by introducing the asynchronous interface in the X protocol 14]. ThinLinc ThinLinc is a software based implementation of an SBC, developed by Cendio AB. Thinlinc not only enhances the mechanism of an SBC but also provide various add-ons which include encryption, single sign-on, clustering, smartcard support, and integrates different systems and services [26]. On the server side graphic is generated with the local video device driver which transfers it on the network to the ThinLinc client by the graphical desktop sharing system known as Virtual Network Computing (VNC). VNC uses the Request Frame Buffer (RFB) protocol which transmits mouse clicks, keyboard events and graphics updates from the VNC server to the VNC viewer. Thinlinc provides both the software and the hardware acceleration for 3D graphics. Software based acceleration is provided by the rapid integration of the OpenGL with the 3D graphic library Mesa. Hardware based acceleration is provided with the combination of TightVNC and the virtualgl. TightVNC is a slightly modified version of VNC which uses Junior Picture Expert Group (JPEG) codec for the tight encoding; which gives intense graphics performance and extends streaming video encoding in the real time. VirtualGL allows remote access applications like tightvnc to execute the OpenGL commands with the full 3D hardware acceleration. Rendering of 3D data is performed on the application server with the 3D graphics accelerator. The rendered 3D images are sent on the network to the user side with the help of the TightVNC. A user use thinlinc-client to log on to the thinlinc server; in this process the thinlinc-client creates a secure shell (SSH) tunnel to the thinlinc-server. The client then attempts to authenticate with the VNC session manager known as VSM server. If the authentication succeeds, the client then again creates a SSH tunnel to the VSM agent. After the connection establishment with the VSM agent the tunnel for VNC viewer is then created to start the VNC viewer [26]. 13

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3 Performance analysis tools and benchmarks 3.1 Introduction Performance analysis is the process of evaluating and measuring the software/hardware behaviour, with the help of information gathered, when the specific program/hardware operates. Performance analysis not only evaluates the performance metric, but also indicates and predicts the future requirements of the system. 3.2 Performance analysis tool There are various tools and techniques to analyze the performance of Linux based SBC. Some of the tools are discussed in this section. IOSTAT IOSTAT acronym means Input Output Statistics. IOSTAT is used to monitor the system performance with respect to the CPU and the disk utilization. The tool records the number of blocks read and written per second to each disk connected to the given system. It also calculates the time spent by the system in user, system, idle, steal, iowait, and nice mode [17]; see figure 7 and table 1. 15

rizwan.azhar@tintin:/> iostat Linux 2.6.31.5-0.1-default (tintin) 09/13/10 _x86_64_ (8 CPU) avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 3.40 0.19 0.91 0.16 0.00 95.34 Device: tps Blk_read/s Blk_wrtn/s Blk_read Blk_wrtn sda 1.00 7.03 21.52 25166094 77090737 sdb 0.23 4.35 78.12 15588060 279827257 scd0 0.00 0.26 0.00 936216 0 Figure 7: IOSTAT command output Table 1: Quantities reported by IOSTAT. CPU Disk I/O VMSTAT %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle Tps blk_read/s blk_wrtn/s blk_read blk_wrtn Percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the user level. Percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the user level with nice priorities. Percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the kernel level. Percentage of time that CPU was idle during which the system had an outstanding disk I/O request. Percentage of time spent in involuntary wait by the virtual CPU while the hypervisor serves another virtual processor Percentage of time spent by CPU in which do not have any process to execute Input/Output transfers per second to the device Number of blocks read from the device per second Number of blocks written to the device per second total number of blocks read from the device total number of blocks written to the device VMSTAT acronym means Virtual Memory Statistics. VMSTAT is used to determine the resource utilization with respect to processes, virtual memory, paging activity, disk transfers and CPU activity. The tool uses kernel tables and counters to evaluate the resource utilization with the help of files like /proc/meminfo, /proc/stat, /proc/*/stat and then presents the result [18], see figure 8 and table 2 for more information. rizwan.azhar@tintin:/> vmstat procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- -----cpu------ r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st 0 2 60124 525984 258968 38071688 0 0 1 6 0 1 4 1 95 0 0 Figure 8: VMSTAT command output 16

Table 2: Quantities reported by VMSTAT R Number of processes waiting for run time Process B Number of processes in uninterruptable sleep Swpd Virtual memory used (in kibibytes) Free Virtual memory idle (in kibibytes) Memory Buff Memory (in kibibytes) used for buffering Cache Memory (in kibibytes) used for caching Si Amount of memory swapped in from disk (per second) Paging So Amount of memory swapped to disk (per second) Bi Blocks (per second) receive from block device IO Bo Blocks (per second) send to block device In Total number of interrupts (per seconds) including clock System Cs Total number of context switches (per second) Us Percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the user level CPU Sy Percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the kernel level. Id Percentage of time spent by CPU in which do not have any process to execute Wa Percentage of time that CPU was idle during which the system had an outstanding disk I/O request. St Percentage of time spent in involuntary wait by the virtual CPU while the hypervisor serves another virtual processor SAR SAR acronym means System Activity Report. SAR collects data reports and records the system activity information. The activity information includes CPU utilization, IO statistics, memory statistics, paging statistics, system statistics, network statistics etc. For data collection, the system activity data collector (sadc) command is used which samples data from kernel tables and counters. The sa2 command is used to write a daily report activity generated from the sadc. As a result, the tool monitors major system resources see figure 9 for more information. The tool writes to a standard output, the contents of selected cumulative activity counters in the operating system. The accounting system, based on the values in the count and interval parameters, writes information in the specified number of times spaced at the specified intervals in seconds [19]. rizwan.azhar@tintin:~> sar -u 2 5 Linux 2.6.31.5-0.1-default (tintin) 11/09/2010 _x86_64_ (8 CPU) 03:32:45 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 03:32:47 PM all 0.92 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.00 98.67 03:32:49 PM all 0.06 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 99.72 03:32:51 PM all 0.09 0.03 0.09 0.06 0.00 99.72 03:32:53 PM all 0.06 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 99.81 03:32:55 PM all 0.06 0.00 0.28 0.06 0.00 99.60 Average: all 0.24 0.01 0.23 0.03 0.00 99.51 Figure 9: SAR command output 17

ISAG ISAG acronym means Interactive System Grapher. ISAG does not evaluate the performance, however, it helps in the performance analysis, because ISAG displays the system activity information graphically. The data being generated from SAR are transformed in to tabular form and the tabular form is then plotted with the gnuplot [20]. SPEC CPU The SPEC CPU is designed to provide performance measurements that can be used to compare the computing intensive workloads on different servers [25]. It includes two benchmark sets namely CINT and CFP. The CINT benchmark is used for measuring and comparing computing intensive integer performance, The CFP measures floating point performance. 3.3 Graphic benchmarks There are various graphic benchmarks for the Linux based SBC. Some of the graphic benchmarks are discussed in this section. X11perf The X11perf is a graphic benchmark, which is used to analyze the performance of the X server. The benchmark executes various performance tests on the X server and reports the performance for executed tests. X11perf is a comprehensive benchmark which performs 384 tests to calculate the performance, for instance drawing of lines, circles, rectangles, copyplane, scrolling, stipples, tiles etc. The benchmark not only measures the traditional graphic performance, but also measures the window management performance. X11perf tests measures the time to initialize an application, mapping of windows from already existence window to new windows, reorganizing the windows in different positions, mapping of bitmaps in to pixels etc. In addition, it also explores the particular strengths and weaknesses of servers, to analyze and improve a server performance. X11perf benchmark when executed, it firstly calculates the round trip time to the server, and parts this out of the final timing reported. It makes sure that the server has really executed the task requested by fetching a pixel back from the test window [21]. X11perfcomp is a utility of X11perf which helps in the graphics performance analysis, as it compares the different X11perf result files and represents the result in a tabular form. As a result, the X11perfcomp is used to compare the performance of different platforms. X-bench X-bench is a graphical benchmark which is used to analyze the performance of the X server. To analyze the performance it executes 40 tests which include drawing of lines, circles, windows etc on the X server. The X-benchmark measures the performance by calculating the time it takes to complete each and every individual test on the X server. Each test sends the instructions with awaiting known time interval normally ten seconds. Xbench remain silent till the server executed the given instruction with the help of XSync, then the server interacts with a graphic-controller using another instruction via fifo/pipe/buffer. In the end, Xbench examines back part of the screen. Examining back part of the screen assures that each pixel is 18

displayed on the X server and does not reside in the instruction queue of server. The Xbench execute tests in three levels which can be set via command line interface, however, if no level is defined the default level is used. Each test executes three times and the best evaluation is taken. As a result, it removes or reduces the effects of daemons or other background processes [22]. SPECviewperf The SPECviewperf is a benchmark developed by the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC) that evaluates an OpenGL graphic performance. It is a software program written in C language which is used to evaluate system performance in higher-quality graphics modes and also measure the scalability of graphics subsystems while running multithreaded graphics content. SPECviewperf performs various tests and measures the performance in frames per second. It renders the data set in the predefined frame numbers, with animation between the frames displayed on the output screen. The benchmark use viewset to characterize the graphics representation of an application. Viewset comprises of tests, data sets and weights which are grouped with independent software vendors (ISV) that provide weight-age for each test through which performance is reported in the output. Viewset include cataia, ensight, maya, pro, maya, solid works, ugx-nx, 3ds-max. For Detailed viewset description see [23]; however we have only discussed Ensight, Maya and Proe viewset. Ensight is a viewset which is used to evaluate display list and immediate mode paths with the help of OpenGL API. Maya viewset uses a blend of the immediate mode and the OpenGL to transfer the data through an OpenGL API. Proe viewset uses two models and three rendering modes for evaluating the graphics. It also uses gradient background for the efficient modeling of workload [23]. SPECviewperf measures the performance for the following entities: 3D primitives, including points, lines, line_strip, line_loop, triangles, triangle_strip, triangle_fan, quads and polygons Attributes per vertex, per primitive and per frame Lighting Texture mapping Alpha blending Fogging Anti-aliasing Depth buffering Alpha blending is used for combining a transparent foreground color with a background color, as a result creates a new blended color. Fogging is a process which is used to improve the acuity of distance. Anti-aliasing refers to a process that reduces the appearance of aliased or jagged edges, produced due to fixed resolution of the computer display. 19

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4 Typical-load performance analysis 4.1 Introduction Performance analysis of a load is described in chapter 3; the main ideas can be summarized as follows: Load measurement refers to the practice of assessing a system s behavior under the load. The Load measurement may be performed during design, development, integration, and quality assurance phase. Performance analysis of a load evaluates the functional and performance problems of a system under the load. Performance problems include those scenarios in which the system experience low throughput or long response time. Functional problems include bugs in the system and deadlocks situations. Load is applied on the system with the help of the programs or the applications which utilizes system resources. The load of the system is measured by means of logs and reports generated by the monitoring application, which is already installed in the system. The monitoring application uses operating system kernel tables and counters to calculate the system resource usage information which includes CPU utilization, memory consumption, Disk I/O requests, paging activity etc. This chapter describes the old and new computer system configurations at MR unit and performance analysis of typical load in these two configurations. 21

Old computer environment at the MR-unit The computer environment at the MR-unit consisted of servers, workstations and thin clients, see tables 3 and 4 and figure 10. Nestor and milou were computational servers, anka was a file server, abdallah and tchang were workstations. Three thin clients were connected to nestor via a private network; they were not assigned any DNS names. Table 3: Servers and workstations at the MR-unit (old computer environment) Host name Architecture CPU RAM Operating System milou 64 bit 2 x Opteron 1.8 GHz abdallah 64 bit Pentium D 2.8 GHz 4 GiB opensuse 10.3 1 GiB opensuse 10.3 tchang 32 bit Intel Pentium 4 2 GHz 1 GiB opensuse 10.3 nestor 64 bit Quad core Xeon 5150 2.66 GHz 32 GiB opensuse 10.3 Table 4: Old thin clients at the MR-unit Machine CPU RAM CPU cache Network IGEL-2110 LX Smart Via Eden 400 MHz 236 MiB 128 KiB Ethernet, 100 Mbps 22

Figure 10: Schematic view of the network configuration at the MR-unit Nestor was the main computational server at the MR-unit. It was used to run applications like jmrui, Spm8, Idl, Analyze, Lcmodel, Sage, and Matlab. Thin client users used the XDMCP protocol to connect to the nestor. Workstation users used SSH to run commands remotely on nestor. Milou had been the main computational server at the MR-unit before 2007. In the beginning of 2007, it was replaced in this role by the nestor. Since then it was used as a secondary computational server. Thin clients were connected to the Gigabit Ethernet switch, see figure 10. A remote session via the XDMCP protocol was automatically opened on the nestor when the thin client was turned on. Anka provided file services at CMIV and the MR-unit; nestor, milou, tchang and abdallah mounted user home directories via NFS version 3. It also provided the database of unix users via the NIS service. Hostnames were resolved via DNS; the master and slave servers at the MR-unit were nestor and milou, respectively. 23

New computer environment at MR unit In the new computer environment the computational server nestor was replaced with tintin, see table 5. The new server was selected as the fastest server-class machine that fitted in to the limited budget see table 19 in Appendix C for considered alternatives. Table 5: New server configuration at the MR-unit Host name Architecture CPU RAM Operating System tintin 64 bit 2 x Intel Xeon Quad core E5560 2.8 GHz 48 GiB opensuse 11.2 The new thin clients were selected according to a recommendation by Peter Ästrand from Cendio AB, for having good price-performance ratio and software support from the manufacturer; see table 20 in Appendix C for available models and table 6 for the parameters of the chosen system. Table 6: New thin client at the MR-unit Machine CPU RAM CPU cache Network Fujitsu S550 AMD Sempron 200U, 1 GHz 1 GiB 256 KiB Ethernet, 1 Gbps 4.2 Methods To evaluate the performance of a typical load, SAR was used. The ISAG utility was used to display the data graphically. To create a typical load on both the servers, a MATLAB script was used. The script comprised of numerous calculations based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of brain and different parts of the human body. The load tests were executed on the nestor and the tintin during a weekend to eliminate the users influence on the system load. 4.3 Results Results generated by SAR and visualized by ISAG are presented in this section. 24

CPU Utilization Figure 11a shows the CPU utilization during the load test. The process was started at 16.30 and took 2.12 hours to execute. The utilization of 35% indicates that the one CPU core was fully loaded while another one was loaded up to 50% only. We theorize this was caused by the inner working of how Matlab executed the script. The script put a low demand on network and disk resources. Therefore the task was mainly CPU intensive. Similar results were obtained for tintin, see figure 11b. The test started at 18:30 and took 1.32 hours to execute. The process fully utilized one core and 18% of another core. The speed up in total run time was 2.12 1.32 1.6. (a) (b) Figure 11: CPU utilization as a function of time for server nestor (a) and server tintin (b). 25

PAGING STATISTICS Figure 12a shows paging and fault statistics obtain during the load test on nestor. The amount of paging and major faults was negligible. The rate of minor faults reflected the activity of a data processing job. For tintin, the rate of minor faults was substantly lower compared to the nestor, see figure 12b. The physical memory size was sufficient to meet the dynamic memory requirements of the load test. (a) (b) Figure 12: Paging activity as a function of time for server nestor (a) and server tintin (b). 26

I/O Transfer Rate Figure 13a shows the Input Output transfer rate during the load test on nestor. Substantly low disk IO requests were reflected. On the average, the network IO requests transmitted and received per second during the load test were 208.03 and 150 Kbps. For tintin, the similar results were obtained, see figure 13b. The disk IO requests were slightly reduced compared to the nestor. The average network IO request transmitted and received per seconds during the load test were 313.15 and 271.21 Kbps. (a) (b) Figure 13: Number of IO operations as a function of time for server nestor (a) tintin (b). 27

4.4 Discussion The overall throughput of the new system was higher compared to the old system for the following reasons: (i) individual cores of the new system were faster than cores of the old system. (ii) The new system had 8 cores while the old one had only four cores. The load test showed that tintin was 1.6 times faster than nestor. This result did not match with the standard test result of SPEC-CPU 2006 because the SPECcint and SPECfp benchmarks evaluates the integer and floating-point performance, however, the Matlab load test was the combination of integer and floating-point. Some benchmark results were closer to the result which includes hmmer, xalancbmk, gcc in SPECcint and tonto benchmark in SPECfp, see table 7 and 8 for SPECcint and SPECfb benchmarks result respectively. Table 7: Ratio of SPECcint benchmark results on nestor and tintin SPECcint benchmarks Performance Pt int in P Perlbench 1.26 bzip2 1.25 Gcc 1.54 Mcf 2.40 Gobmk 1.24 Hmmer 1.57 Sjeng 1.52 Libquantum 12.11 h264ref 1.25 Omnetpp 1.77 Astar 1.35 Xalancbmk 1.55 Table 8: Ratio of SPECfp benchmark results on nestor and tintin nestor SPECfp benchmarks Performance Pt int in Bwaves 4.37 Games 1.29 Milc 3.44 Zeusmp 2.12 Gromacs 1.40 Cactusadm 9.26 leslie3d 2.45 Namd 1.34 Dealii 1.38 Soplex 2.34 P nestor 28

Povray 1.54 Calculix 1.94 Gemsfdtf 3.90 Tonto 1.73 Ibm 3.68 Wrf 2.42 sphinx3 2.23 4.5 CONCLUSION The results showed that the load test was mainly CPU intensive. The range of load at the MR unit is very wide. Some applications are purely CPU intensive and some of them only perform mathematical operations on large number of files. The results generated from SAR and visualized by ISAG indicated that the new computer system of the MR unit is 1.6 times faster than the old one. 29

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5 Graphic performance analysis 5.1 Introduction Graphics performance may affect the overall performance of applications. This aspect is especially important in the server based computing, because the speed of the server, thin clients, network has to be properly balanced. One way of measuring the overall graphics performance is the usage of benchmark programs, which evaluate the performance of both the hardware and the software implementations of visualization routines. It is well known that desktop environment may play a significant role in the graphical performance; the more visually rich the environment is the slower the response of applications may be. On Linux, typically used desktop environments are KDE and Gnome. The X window system, however, does not require the usage of a full desktop environment; a full featured window manager like IceWM may be used instead. To keep the discussion in this chapter simple, we use the term desktop environment for IceWM also. List of all tested desktop environments is in table 11. 31

5.2 Methods Graphics performance was evaluated using graphics benchmarks X11perf, Xbench and SPECviewperf, refer to chapter 3 for more information about the benchmarks. Xbench and X11perf simulations were executed from KDE, Gnome and IceWM on the old thin client with the original software (OTC-O), new thin client with the original software (NTC-O), new thin client with the Thinlinc (NTC-T), the computational servers were nestor and tintin. In the case of Xbench, the AWK programming language was used to process the output files. For X11perf, the X11perfcomp was used to merge the output data in a tabular form. Additionally, an R script (see appendix A and B) was written to visualize the data. Table 9: Experimental design for benchmark tests with Xbench and X11perf. Values in the table give the number of repetition for each test. Desktop Environment Xbench X11perf OTC-O NTC-O NTC-T OTC-O NTC-O NTC-T KDE 3 3 3 2 2 2 Gnome 3 3 3 2 2 2 IceWM 3 3 3 2 2 2 To estimate the effect of remote display i.e how the network transfer slows down the graphics device performance, the Xbench benchmark was also used in the configuration described in table 10. Table 10: Experimental design for the estimation of remote display. Values in the table give the number of repetition for the Xbench test. X server/ Display device Server Tintin Nestor Nestor 2 2 32

Table 11: Desktop environments at MR unit. Server KDE version Gnome version IceWM version Tintin 4.3 2.28 1.12 Nestor 4.0 2.20 1.00 SPECviewperf benchmarks were executed on computational servers tintin and nestor. The benchmark failed to execute on NTC-O, OTC-O because some OpenGL extensions were missing. However it successfully ran on NTC-T and it was also executed on tintin with KDE, Gnome and IceWM to compare the three desktop environments. Table 12: Experimental design for SPECviewperf benchmark. Values in the table give the number of repetition for each test. NTC-T did not run IceWM because ThinLinc didn t support it. SPECviewperf Desktop Environment Nestor Tintin NTC-T KDE 2 2 2 Gnome 2 2 2 IceWM 2 2 - As each benchmark was executed several times see table 9, 10 and12. The average R R 1 n avg R i n i 1, (1) of resulting values was taken to evaluate the performance of these benchmarks. Where R i is the time taken by each test of the benchmark to execute on the X server. The performance, P, was defined as the natural logarithm of the mean number of graphical objects plotted during one second interval. It was evaluated as P ln Ravg, (2) where R avg is the average number of graphical objects plotted per unit time and s stands for one second (the unit of time). The performance was evaluated in terms of natural logarithm to scale down the variability of results of individual test. Uncertanity of the average value was calculated with the standard deviation as n 1 ( R Ravg ), (3) R n( n 1) i 1 i avg 33

Since each of the benchmarks executed tests multiple times the resulting uncertainties of averages were low (0.01%). They are not reported here. 5.3 Results The results of the graphic benchmarks Xbench, X11perf and SPECviewperf are discussed in this section. 5.3.1 Xbench The Xbench simulation executed from KDE environment revealed that the best performance was achieved with NTC-T. NTC-O had slightly higher performance compared to OTC-O, see Figure 14 (a). The average performance of NTC-O relative to the average performance of OTC-O was 12 times higher. The average performance was taken as the average of individual test performances. For NTC-T this ratio was 25. NTC-T was the fastest, followed by NTC-O and OTC-O in this order, see Figure 15(a). The NTC-T had highest performance, when Xbench simulations were executed from Gnome. NTC-O had higher performance than OTC-O except for five tests 29, 30, 31, 35 and 38 out of forty-one tests executed in the simulation, see Figure 14 (b). The ratio of the average performances of NTC-T to OTC-O was 22. The same quantity for NTC-O and OTC-O was 10, see Figure 15 (b). The OTC-O had slightly improved performance for IceWM as compared to KDE and Gnome. NTC-O had better performance except for ten tests 8, 9, 20, 22, 25, 29, 30, 31, 34 and 38 out of forty-one tests executed in the simulation, see Figure 14 (c). The ratio of average performance of NTC-O to OTC-O was 8, see Figure 15 (c). 34

performance 8 10 12 14 16 performance 8 10 12 14 16 18 performance 8 10 12 14 16 18 (a) NTC-O NTC-T OTC-O 0 10 20 30 40 test number (b) NTC-O NTC-T OTC-O 0 10 20 30 40 test number (c) NTC-O OTC-O 0 10 20 30 40 Figure 14: Xbench performance on the old thin client (blue circles) and on the new thin client with (green circles) and without (red circles) the ThinLinc software installed. The 40 Xbench tests are ordered so that the performance of the old thin client as a function of test number does not decrease in KDE (a), Gnome (b), and IceWM (c). 35 test number

performance relative to OTC-O 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 performance relative to OTC-O 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 performance relative to OTC-O 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 NTC-O NTC-T OTC-O (a) 0 10 20 30 40 test number NTC-O NTC-T OTC-O (b) 0 10 20 30 40 test number NTC-O OTC-O (c) 0 10 20 30 40 Figure 15: Xbench performance relative to that of OTC-O for the old thin client (blue circles) and for new thin client with (green circles) and without (red circles) the ThinLinc software installed. The 40 Xbench tests are ordered so that the performance ratio of the old thin client as a function of test number does not decrease in KDE (a), Gnome (b), and IceWM (c). 36 test number

performance 8 10 12 14 16 18 Effect of desktop environment The Xbench benchmark executed with the NTC-O using KDE, Gnome and IceWM showed that KDE had the highest performance compared to the Gnome and the IceWM. Gnome had slightly lower performance than the KDE, however, the IceWM had lowest performance in the entire three desktop environments, see figure 16 and table 13. KDE Gnome IceWm 0 10 20 30 40 test number Figure 16: KDE, Gnome and IceWM performance graph on NTC-O Table 13: Ratios of average performances for KDE, Gnome and IceWM desktop environments. Desktop environment Performance ratio A B P A P B KDE Gnome 1.7 KDE IceWM 10.3 Gnome IceWM 5.7 37

performance 10 12 14 16 18 Effect of Remote Display The effect of the remote display for the Xbench test is plotted in figure 17. The average performance of Xbench ran locally compared to Xbench ran remotely was 2.36 times higher. The average performance was taken as the average of individual test performances. The slowdown was due to the network latency and bandwidth of the 100Mbit/s twisted pair Ethernet. Tintin Nestor 0 10 20 30 40 test number Figure 17: Display performance as a function of Xbench test number. Xbench was started locally on nestor and remotely on tintin. 38

5.3.2 X11perf The X11perf benchmark ran from the KDE environment indicated that the highest performance was achieved with the NTC-T. The NTC-O had slightly higher performance compared to the OTC-O, see figure 18(a). The average performance of the NTC-O relative to the average performance of OTC-O was 26 times higher. The average performance was taken as the average of individual test performances. For NTC-T this ratio was 12. NTC-T was the fastest, followed by NTC-O and OTC-O in this order, see figure 19(a). The NTC-T had the highest performance, when X11perf benchmarks were executed from the Gnome. NTC-O had higher performance than OTC-O except for some tests, see figure 18 (b). The ratio of average performances of NTC-T to OTC-O was 20. The same quantity for NTC- O and OTC-O was 9, see Figure 19(b). Just like Xbench, the OTC-O had slightly improved performance for IceWM as compared to the KDE and the Gnome. The NTC-O had better performance except for some tests, see Figure 18 (c). The ratio of average performance of NTC-O to OTC-O was 11, see Figure 19 (c). 39

performance 0 5 10 15 performance 0 5 10 15 performance 0 5 10 15 (a) NTC-O NTC-T OTC-O 0 100 200 300 test number (b) NTC-O NTC-T OTC-O 0 100 200 300 test number (c) NTC-O OTC-O 0 100 200 300 Figure 18: X11perf performance on the old thin client (blue circles) and on the new thin client with (green circles) and without (red circles) the ThinLinc software installed. The 380 X11perf tests are ordered so that the performance of the old thin client as a function of test number does not decrease in KDE (a), Gnome (b), and IceWM (c). 40 test number

performance relative to OTC-O -2-1 0 1 2 performance relative to OTC-O -3-2 -1 0 1 2 performance relative to OTC-O -2-1 0 1 2 (a) NTC-O NTC-T OTC-O 0 100 200 300 test number b) NTC-O NTC-T OTC-O 0 100 200 300 test number (c) NTC-O OTC-O 0 100 200 300 test number Figure 19: X11perf performance relative to that of OTC-O for the old thin client (blue circles) and for the new thin client with (green circles) and without (red circles) the ThinLinc software installed. The 380 X11perf tests are ordered so that the performance of the old thin client as a function of test number does not decrease in KDE (a), Gnome (b), and IceWM (c). 41

performance 2 3 4 5 5.3.3 SPECviewperf The results of SPECviewperf benchmark when displayed in the KDE environment on tintin, nestor and NTC-T are in figure 20. The average and median performance ratios of tintin relative to NTC-T were 45 and 20, respectively. The average was highly affected by the snx test for which the ratio was 222. The average performance was taken as the average of individual test performances. For nestor corresponding ratios were 7.7 and 7.11. Tintin was the fastest, followed by the nestor and the NTC-T in this order. Tintin/NTC-T Nestor/NTC-T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 test number Figure 20: Performance ratios as a function of the SPECviewperf test number, cf. table 14. Performance of the SPECviewperf displayed on KDE, Gnome and IceWM is in table 14. KDE had the highest performance; Gnome and IceWM were slower in this order. Table 14: SPECviewperf results for KDE, Gnome and IceWM desktop environment. KDE Gnome IceWM SPECviewperf Test Number (Frames/second) (Frames/second) (Frames/second) Tests 4.19 4.07 4.19 Catia Test 1 2.28 2.2 2.27 Ensight Test 2 12.57 12.85 9.07 Lightwave Test 3 2.24 1.8 2.16 Maya Test 4 3.84 3.75 3.79 Proe Test 5 5.29 5.29 5.24 Sw Test 6 1.19 1.17 1.19 Tcvis Test 7 2.22 2.19 2.23 Snx Test 8 42

5.4 Discussion The remote display slowed down the performance by a factor of approximately 2.36. For office applications (word processors, spread sheets, etc) this is typically not an issue. If however the graphics performance is critical then the usage of remote displays should be considered carefully. Some OpenGL applications in the SPECviewperf benchmark suits did not execute on thin clients with the original software. The Thinlinc software can be used as a workaround in this case. The performance is however limited. For some applications a performance increase in the order of several magnitudes may be achieved by using specialized graphics accelerators; these are, however, not available for thin clients. For thin clients, solutions like the VirtualGL can be used. In this work, no experiments with VirtualGL were performed. From the three desktop environment considered, KDE was fastest followed by Gnome and IceWM in this order. A personal experience shows that IceWM is fastest for almost all the applications including word processing, Matlab calculation etc. This contradiction is most likely caused by the fact that the Xbench, X11perf and SPECviewperf benchmarks test only a subset of graphics operations while user applications like web browsers often use alpha blending or other operations that degrade the performance of thin clients. The ThinLinc on new thin client had improved the performance for most of the applications, however, the performance of NTC-O for some applications were higher than NTC-T for example reorganizing windows on NTC-O is faster than NTC-T. 5.5 Conclusion The experiments compared the graphics performance of selected Linux SBC solutions. The effects of factors like KDE, Gnome, IceWM desktop environments, visualization devices like NTC-O, NTC-T, OTC-O, and computational servers (tintin, nestor and milou) were evaluated. The result showed that the performance of the deployed software solution NTC-T had higher performance than OTC-O. After NTC-T, the performance of deployed hardware solution NTC-T had higher performance compared to OTC-O. Hence, the new hardware and software have increased computer performance at the MR unit. 43

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6 User-perceived performance analysis 6.1 Introduction Performance of the Linux based SBC at the MR-unit was assessed via methods of both qualitative and quantitative research. Structured interview, a qualitative research method, was adopted in which the number of questions in the specific order was presented to a focus group; the answers were collected to yield an estimate of the user experience. The format used for the questions type was open-ended in order to get a broad answer range from the users. 6.2 Methods The questions were posed in two stages; before and after the upgrade of computer infrastructure at the MR unit. The set of questions differed, in the first stage; the questions presented were structured to learn more about the need for an upgrade. Six users used the computing environment at the MR-unit on a regular basis. Of those, three users used thin clients to connect to nestor in the period from 2008 to 2010. These three users were asked a set of pre-selected questions, see table 15. The second set of questions was asked to reveal, whether the upgrade process had resolved the significant problems witnessed before by the end users. Again, three users which directly 45

connected with the newly upgraded server based computing environment at the MR unit were interviewed with a pre-set of selected questions see table 16. 6.3 Results The results of open ended structured questions are discussed in this section. User interviewing before upgrade The table 15 shows questions used in the structured interview and corresponding answers. Table 15: Performance evaluation based on user experience before upgrade QUESTIONS ANSWERS (i) In which way was the response of the server slow? Sometimes a listing of files in a directory took 10 seconds or more. Times about 2 or 3 seconds had been expected. Sometimes a text typed on a keyboard to a field in a web browser appeared on the screen after a delay of several seconds. (ii) Did the server performance degradation appear randomly during the day or was there a regular pattern? In the beginning, the degradation was more or less random. Later, however, the performance degradation was observed on a regular basis. (iii) At which time of the day was the performance degradation worst? What were the symptoms? Performance degradation was mostly observed during office hours. The system was less responsive than at other times. Once, the performance degradation was also observed during a weekend. 46

User interview after upgrade Table 16 shows questions used in the structured interview and corresponding answers. Table 16: Performance evaluation based on user experience after the upgrade QUESTIONS ANSWERS (i) Do you feel the server performance is slow? No (3 users) (ii) How much time does it take to list the files? 1 second (2 users) 2 second (1 user) (iii) Does it perform slowly in the Internet browser too? No (3 users) (v) Has the performance improved? Yes (3 users) 6.4 Discussion The interviews showed that the performance deterioration was not a result of a sudden change of system settings or a system failure. The deterioration happened gradually over several years due to software updates installed over the years. The new software provided more graphically rich environment but, on the other hand, consumed more system resources. 6.5 Conclusion The qualitative research method of structure interviewed with open ended question revealed that the performance of Linux based SBC at the MR unit has improved after the upgrade. 47

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7 Conclusion 7.1 Conclusion The first objective of the thesis work was to evaluate the performance of the existing computing infrastructure at the MR unit. The performance of the system was measured via benchmarks and user interviews. The first bottleneck identified was the CPU speed. Applications installed at MR unit were also graphics-intensive. The second bottleneck, with respect to the graphics intensive applications, includes the network latency of the X11 protocol and the subsequent performance of the old thin clients. An upgrade of both the computational server and the thin clients were suggested. The second objective of the thesis work was to upgrade the IT infrastructure at the MR unit. Upgrade involved the selection and setup of the new server and the thin clients. The analysis of the new system performance showed that the objective to increase the performance of the IT infrastructure has been reached. The evaluation after the upgrade involved performance analysis via quantitative and qualitative methods. For the former benchmarks were used while for the latter structured interviews with open-ended questions were performed. The results showed that the new configuration had improved the performance. 49

Appendix A Xbench code R script used to extract information from Xbench output files type = $2; for (i =1; i <=4; i++) getline; rate = $3; printf ( %e, \ %s\n, rate, type); R script to plot figures # Reading data file in R df <- read.csv("xb_kde_data.csv", header=true); # Fujitsu computation yf <- as.real(log(df[, 1])) # Igel computation yi <- as.real(log(df[, 2])) # Thinlinc computation yt <- as.real(log(df[, 3])) # Plotting ii <- sort(yi, index.return=t)$ix par(tck=1) plot (yf[ii], type="p", pch=19, col="red", xlab="test number", ylab="performance") points (yi[ii], type="p", pch=19, col="blue") points (yt[ii], type="p",pch=19, col="green"); Performance ratio graph # Reading data file in R df <- read.csv("xb_kde_data.csv", header=true); # Fujitsu computation yf <- as.real(log(df[, 1])) # Igel computation yi <- as.real(log(df[, 2])) # Thinlinc computation yt <- as.real(log(df[, 3])) # Plotting rf <- yf / yi ri <- yi / yi rt <- yt / yi ii <- sort(rf, index.return=t)$ix par(tck=1) plot(rf,type="p",pch=19, col="red", xlab="test number", ylab="performance relative to Igel TC") points(ri, type="p",pch=19,col="blue") points(rt, type="p",pch=19 col="green"); 50

Table 17: Xbench test indexes for figure 16 and 17. The 40 Xbench tests were ordered with the performance of the OTC-O as a function of test numbers for KDE, Gnome and IceWM, figure 14 and 15. Xbench tests indexes for figure16 and 17 Xbench tests indexes for Kde Xbench tests indexes for Gnome Xbench tests indexes for Icewm Test Test Test Test name Test Test name Test Test name number Name number number number Test1 lines10 Test1 fillrectangle10 Test1 fillrectangle10 Test1 fillrectangle10 Test2 lines100 Test2 fillrectangle100 Test2 fillrectangle100 Test2 fillrectangle100 Test3 lines400 Test3 fillrectangle400 Test3 fillrectangle400 Test3 fillrectangle400 Test4 dashlines10 Test4 tilledrectangel10 Test4 tilledrectangel10 Test4 tilledrectangel10 Test5 dashlines100 Test5 tilledrectangel100 Test5 tilledrectangel100 Test5 tilledrectangel100 Test6 dashlines400 Test6 tilledrectangel400 Test6 tilledrectangel400 Test6 tilledrectangel400 Test7 widelines10 Test7 stiplerectangle10 Test7 stiplerectangle10 Test7 stiplerectangle10 Test8 widelines100 Test8 stiplerectangle100 Test8 stiplerectangle100 Test8 stiplerectangle100 Test9 widelines400 Test9 stiplerectangle400 Test9 stiplerectangle400 Test9 stiplerectangle400 Test10 rectangle10 Test10 invertedreactangle10 Test10 invertedreactangle1 0 Test10 dashlines10 Test11 rectangle100 Test11 invertedreactangle10 0 Test11 invertedreactangle1 00 Test11 dashlines100 Test12 rectangle400 Test12 invertedreactangl400 Test12 invertedreactangl40 0 Test12 dashlines400 Test13 fillrectangle10 Test13 lines10 Test13 filledpoly100 Test13 widelines10 Test14 fillrectangle100 Test14 lines100 Test14 screencopy10 Test14 widelines100 Test15 fillrectangle400 Test15 lines400 Test15 screencopy100 Test15 widelines400 Test16 tilledrectangel10 Test16 arcs10 Test16 screencopy400 Test16 rectangle10 Test17 tilledrectangel100 Test17 arcs100 Test17 lines10 Test17 rectangle100 Test18 tilledrectangel400 Test18 arcs400 Test18 lines100 Test18 rectangle400 Test19 stiplerectangle10 Test19 filledarcs10 Test19 lines400 Test19 invertedreactangle10 Test20 stiplerectangle100 Test20 filledarcs100 Test20 arcs10 Test20 invertedreactangle100 Test21 stiplerectangle400 Test21 filledarcs400 Test21 arcs100 Test21 invertedreactangl400 Test23 invertedreactangle 10 Test23 filledpoly100 Test23 arcs400 Test23 filledpoly100 Test24 invertedreactangle 100 Test24 screencopy10 Test24 filledarcs10 Test24 screencopy10 Test25 invertedreactangl4 00 Test25 screencopy100 Test25 filledarcs100 Test25 screencopy100 Test26 arcs10 Test26 screencopy400 Test26 filledarcs400 Test26 screencopy400 Test27 arcs100 Test27 dashlines10 Test27 dashlines10 Test27 lines10 Test28 arcs400 Test28 dashlines100 Test28 dashlines100 Test28 lines100 Test29 filledarcs10 Test29 dashlines400 Test29 dashlines400 Test29 lines400 Test30 filledarcs100 Test30 widelines10 Test30 widelines10 Test30 arcs10 Test31 filledarcs400 Test31 widelines100 Test31 widelines100 Test31 arcs100 Test32 filledpoly100 Test32 widelines400 Test32 widelines400 Test32 arcs400 Test33 screencopy10 Test33 rectangle10 Test33 rectangle10 Test33 filledarcs10 Test34 screencopy100 Test34 rectangle100 Test34 rectangle100 Test34 filledarcs100 Test35 screencopy400 Test35 rectangle400 Test35 rectangle400 Test35 filledarcs400 Test36 Scroll Test36 bitmapcopy10 Test36 bitmapcopy10 Test36 bitmapcopy10 Test37 bitmapcopy10 Test37 bitmapcopy100 Test37 bitmapcopy100 Test37 bitmapcopy100 Test38 bitmapcopy100 Test38 bitmapcopy400 Test38 bitmapcopy400 Test38 bitmapcopy400 Test39 bitmapcopy400 Test39 image_string Test39 image_string Test39 image_string Test40 image_string Test40 complex1 Test40 complex1 Test40 complex1 Test41 complex1 Test41 Scroll Test41 Scroll Test41 Scroll 51

Appendix B X11perf code R script to plot figures # Reading data file in R df <- read.csv("x1-kde-data.csv", header=true); # Fujitsu computation yf <- as.real(log(df[, 1])) # Igel computation yi <- as.real(log(df[, 2])) # Thinlinc computation yt <- as.real(log(df[, 3])) # Plotting ii <- sort(yi, index.return=t)$ix par(tck=1) plot (yf[ii], type="p", pch=19, col="red", xlab="test number", ylab="performance") points (yi[ii], type="p", pch=19, col="blue") points (yt[ii], type="p",pch=19, col="green"); Performance ratio graph # Reading data file in R df <- read.csv("x1-kde-data.csv", header=true); # Fujitsu computation yf <- as.real(log(df[, 1])) # Igel computation yi <- as.real(log(df[, 2])) # Thinlinc computation yt <- as.real(log(df[, 3])) # Plotting rf <- yf / yi ri <- yi / yi rt <- yt / yi ii <- sort(rf, index.return=t)$ix par(tck=1) plot(rf,type="p",pch=19, col="red", xlab="test number", ylab="performance relative to Igel TC") points(ri, type="p",pch=19,col="blue") points(rt, type="p",pch=19 col="green"); 52

Appendix C Table 18: Technical specification of new and old thin clients at the MR unit. Specification Fujitsu S550 IGEL-2100 LX Smart CPU 1GHz 400 MHz RAM 1 GiB 236 MiB Cache 256 KiB 128 KiB Network 1000 Mb/s 100 Mb/s Graphics card AMD Radeon X1250 VGA CHIPSET VIA CLE266 Table 19: Considerd alternatives for the computational server. Product Description HP Z800 HP ProLiant DL380 G6 Fujitsu Primergy TX Type Workstation Server Server Processor 2 x Intel Xeon Quad core E5560 2.8 GHz 2 x Intel Xeon Quad core X5550 2.6 GHz 2 x Intel Xeon Quad core E5530 2.4 GHz Cache 8 MB L3-cache 16 MB L3 cache 8 MB L3 cache RAM 6 GB (installed) / 192 GB (max) - DDR3 SDRAM - ECC - 1333 MHz 12 GB (installed) / 144 GB (max) - DDR3 SDRAM - 1333 MHz - PC3-10600 12 GB (installed) / 96 GB (max) - DDR3 SDRAM - Advanced ECC - 1066 MHz - PC3-10600 Disks drives 2 x 500 GB - standard - Serial ATA-300 1 x 1 TB - standard - Serial ATA-300 1 x 1 TB - standard - Serial ATA-300 Graphics controller Nvidia Quadro NVS 295 ATI ES1000 ATI 53

Communicat ion Network adapter - PCI Express - Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet - Ethernet Ports: 2 x Gigabit Ethernet Network adapter - PCI Express - Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet - Ethernet Ports: 4 x Gigabit Ethernet Network adapter - Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet - Ethernet Ports: 2 x Gigabit Ethernet Table 20: Considered alternatives for thin clients. S450 S550 S500 Processor 800 MHz 1 GHz 1 GHz RAM 1 SODIMM 1 DIMM 1 FLASH Maximum supported RAM 1 GiB 2 GiB 2 GiB Graphics 1920 x 1200 Pixel 2048 x 1536 Pixel 2048 x 1536 Pixel Internal HDD module Yes Yes No PCI Slot Yes Yes No 54

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