Springer Geophysics
The Springer Geophysics series seeks to publish a broad portfolio of scientific books, aiming at researchers, students, and everyone interested in geophysics. The series includes peer-reviewed monographs, edited volumes, textbooks, and conference proceedings. It covers the entire research area including, but not limited to, applied geophysics, computational geophysics, electrical and electromagnetic geophysics, geodesy, geodynamics, geomagnetism, gravity, lithosphere research, paleomagnetism, planetology, tectonophysics, thermal geophysics, and seismology. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10173
Marilena Cozzolino Elisa Di Giovanni Paolo Mauriello Salvatore Piro Daniela Zamuner Geophysical Methods for Cultural Heritage Management 123
Marilena Cozzolino University of Molise Campobasso Elisa Di Giovanni ITABC (CNR) Monterotondo Salvatore Piro ITABC (CNR) Monterotondo Daniela Zamuner ITABC (CNR) Monterotondo Paolo Mauriello University of Molise Campobasso ISSN 2364-9127 ISSN 2364-9119 (electronic) Springer Geophysics ISBN 978-3-319-74789-7 ISBN 978-3-319-74790-3 (ebook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74790-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018934911 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents 1 Management of Cultural Heritage: Contribution of Applied Geophysics... 1 1.1 Introduction... 2 2 Geophysical Methods... 5 2.1 The Geophysical Prospections: Passive and Active Methods... 5 2.1.1 Passive Methods... 6 2.1.2 Active Methods... 6 3 Geophysical Methods for Cultural Heritage... 9 3.1 Geoelectrical Method... 10 3.1.1 Introduction... 10 3.1.2 Basic Theory... 10 3.1.3 Instrumentation... 15 3.1.4 Field Work... 16 3.1.5 Processing and Representation... 17 3.2 The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Method... 22 3.2.1 Introduction... 24 3.2.2 Basic Theory... 25 3.2.3 Instrumentation... 30 3.2.4 Field Work... 31 3.2.5 Processing and Representation... 32 3.3 Magnetic Surveying... 34 3.3.1 Introduction... 36 3.3.2 Basic Theory... 36 3.3.3 Instrumentation... 40 3.3.4 Field Work... 41 v
vi Contents 3.4 Electromagnetic Method... 48 3.4.1 Introduction... 48 3.4.2 Basic Theory... 49 3.4.3 Instrumentation... 52 3.4.4 Field Work... 54 3.4.5 Processing and Representation... 55 References... 57 4 Case Histories: Application of Geophysical Prospection to Cultural Heritage... 67 4.1 Monuments... 68 4.1.1 ERT surveys at the Royal Residence of San Leucio (Caserta, )... 68 4.1.2 GPR investigation at the Royal Palace of Naples ()... 76 4.2 Historical Buildings... 83 4.2.1 ERT surveys at the Castle of Zena (Carpeneto Piacentino, Piacenza, )... 83 4.2.2 ERT surveys at the Castle of Shawbak (Jordan)... 97 4.2.3 GPR Investigations to Study the Area of S. Giovanni in Laterano Basilica (Rome, )... 104 4.2.4 GPR investigations at the Cathedral of Termoli (Campobasso, )... 111 4.2.5 GPR investigations at the Capua s Castle, Gambatesa (Campobasso, )... 113 4.3 Urban Centres... 115 4.3.1 ERT and GPR surveys in the historical centre of Nicosia (Cyprus)... 115 4.3.2 ERT surveys in the historical centre of Alife (Caserta, )... 120 4.3.3 High Resolution GPR Surveys in Urban Areas: The Case of Palatine Hill (Roma, )... 125 4.3.4 High Resolution GPR Surveys in the Medieval Town of Prato (Florence, )... 130 4.4 Archaeological Parks... 139 4.4.1 ERT surveys in the Park of Pratolino (Vaglia, Florence, )... 139 4.4.2 ERT surveys in the Cuma (Naples, )... 142 4.4.3 ERT surveys at Norba (Latina, )... 148 4.4.4 Extensive Ground Remote Sensing Investigations in Aquinum Roman Site (Castrocielo, Frosinone, )... 151
Contents vii 4.5 Preventive Archaeology... 161 4.5.1 GPR Surveys in the Territory of Ancient Tarquinia (Viterbo, Central )... 161 4.5.2 ERT surveys in the territory of Petroio (Valdarno Inferiore, Florence, )... 168 4.6 Ancient Viability... 171 4.6.1 Remote sensing, EMI and ERT surveys for the studying the Road Network of Egnazia site (Fasano (Brindisi), )... 171 4.7 Integration of 3D Metric Survey and Geophysical Prospection... 182 4.7.1 Photogrammetric survey and ERT at the Treasury Tomb, Archaeological Park of Petra, Jordan... 182 4.7.2 Laser scanning, photogrammetric survey and GPR investigations at the Abbey of Santa Maria a Mare, San Nicola Island, Tremiti (Foggia, )... 186 4.8 Geographical Information System Implemented with Geophysical Prospections the case of Molise Region ()... 199 References... 208