Indeed Hiring Lab I July 2014 Where People Search for Jobs: Cross-Border Labor Mobility Report
Economists typically study labor mobility by analyzing how many people have moved to a new location for a job. When mobility declines, this data tells us that people aren t moving, but it doesn t tell us whether this is due to an inability to find work or a disinterest in moving. By examining where people actively look for jobs, we can better understand job seeker intent. People often think of only the local as being competition for local jobs, but if a relatively large number of outsiders are also looking for jobs in that area then the labor market may be tighter than it appears. Significantly, we find that 27.8% of job seekers in the US are willing to make an interstate move and 9.1% of global job seekers are contemplating a cross-border move. The analysis in this report reveals what factors influence people to consider moving and where they re looking to go. Tara M. Sinclair, PhD Indeed Economist All content Indeed Inc. 2014 Indeed Hiring Lab 3
Table of Contents Executive Summary Job Seekers are Responsive to Local Economic Conditions... 8 Worldwide Rankings Key Insights... 12 Global Labor Movement... 14 Drivers of Cross-Border Search... 16 External Competition Index... 17 Location Desirability Index... 18 Movers Index... 19 Country Profiles... 20 Economic & Demographic Statistics Table... 46 State Rankings Key Insights... 52 National Labor Movement... 54 Drivers of Interstate Search... 56 External Competition Index... 57 Location Desirability Index... 58 Movers Index... 59 State Profiles... 60 Economic & Demographic Statistics Table... 80 Data and Methodology Data Sources... 86 Directed Graphs Methodology... 87 Drivers of Cross-Border Search Methodology... 88 Index Methodology... 88 About Us About the Author... 92 About Indeed Hiring Lab... 93 About Indeed... 93 4 Indeed All content Indeed Inc. 2014 Indeed Hiring Lab 5
Executive Summary 6 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 7
Job Seekers are Responsive to Local Economic Conditions As economies grow and change, employment opportunities and job candidates aren t perfectly distributed. Amidst this mismatch of demand and supply, one of the most important questions is whether people are willing to move to places where jobs are available. More broadly, this is a question about whether people respond to local economic conditions when looking for a job. Analyzing Job Seeker Mobility Up until this point, economists have answered this question by measuring rates of realized mobility how many people have moved for a job. In recent years, these rates have been at their lowest recorded rates since the US Census Bureau started keeping track in 1948. The mover rate between 2012 and 2013 was just 11.7%, down from 20.2% in 1985. While these rates indicate that there is some reason people are not moving, they don t tell us whether this is because people are unable to find jobs in other locations or are simply disinterested in moving. The aggregated, anonymized search data on Indeed provides a lens for us to begin answering these questions. Used by 140 million people in over 50 countries, Indeed is the world s largest job site. By examining the direction and volume of searches on Indeed in conjunction with the number of postings and the top search terms, we can gain insight into how many job seekers intend to move for a job and where they re looking to go. For our analysis, we assessed local economic conditions by analyzing the average monthly number of job postings on Indeed for 51 states (including Washington DC) and 55 countries and economies. While we also looked at other economic measures, the number of job postings enabled us to get a forward-looking view of the labor market as opposed to a view of what already happened. Looking at a full year of data from May 2013 to April 2014, we combined data on postings and job searches into and out of each state and country. Based on this analysis, we conclude that job seekers are in fact responsive to local economic conditions, with more people searching in locations where there are jobs available and fewer people searching in locations where they aren t. -1-1 More people search in a state from outside that state when it has more postings -0.53 0 Correlation 0 0.89 A larger share of people search outside their home state when it has fewer postings In the US, we found that 27.8% of people are actively searching for a job in another state. Globally, 9.1% of people are searching for jobs in another country. To get a sense of what s happening in each location, we examined the search activities of people outside a given state or country searching within that locality, as well as the search activity of people inside a given state or country looking to leave. These analyses are respectively divided between our External Competition and Movers Indices. In addition, we focused in on the economic factors that influence labor mobility in 20 states and 26 countries, found in the Country Profiles. Data on the remaining locations can be found in our Economic and Demographic Statistics Table. We know that today s labor market is more global than ever, with more employers offering jobs in locations all over the world. The movement of a global workforce to fill these jobs can help economies confront fluctuations in unemployment, distributing skilled workers where they re needed most. This research adds to our understanding of intended mobility, helping employers target the portions of the global workforce that are relevant to their jobs. 1 1 8 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 9
Worldwide Rankings
Key Insights The number of job postings drives search activity. The top 5 cross-border flows are: 1. US to India 2. India to US 3. US to Japan 4. US to 5. US to UK Searching Externally English (and translations) is the dominant international search term. Of all international job seekers, 50.2% are searching for jobs within the, more than 3 times as many external searchers as the next highest country (India). There is a large, positive correlation between the number of job postings in a country and its number of unique searchers overall. There is a statistically significant correlation of 0.62. More people search for jobs within a country from outside when it has more postings. There is positive and statistically significant correlation of 0.59. One additional average monthly posting is associated with 0.29 additional monthly average external searchers. A larger share of people search outside their home country when it has fewer job postings. There is a negative and statistically significant correlation of -0.31. A decrease of 100,000 average monthly postings is associated with a 0.94 percentage point increase in the mover share. Brazil is the most popular destination in Latin America, ranking 9th for number of postings and 8th for number of external searchers. Oman has a high share of people looking to move (ranking 3rd for share of movers) and ranks last for the number of postings. France is the second most popular destination in the EU (after the UK), ranking 8th for number of postings and 6th for number of external searchers. 12 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 13
Global Labor Movement Global Labor Movement Searches to the US Mexico Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Peru Venezuela Global Labor Movement Outside the US Globally, 9.1% of people search for jobs outside of their current country. Countries that receive the greatest mix of job seekers from other countries: India United Arab Emirates Countries where residents search in the greatest mix of destinations: Bahrain Kuwait Luxembourg Oman Saudi Arabia The US is 1st in total number of external job seekers and also leads as the country with the greatest diversity of outside searchers: people from more locations are searching in the US than any other country. Due to the volume of these searches, we have represented movement to the US on the left of the adjoining graph, while searches across the remaining countries are shown on the right. About This Graph This directed graph show searches among the 53 countries where Indeed has had a site since May 2013. A line is drawn between two countries when more than 2% of job seekers in one country have searched for jobs in the other country. The dot indicates the country where the search originated. Regions are grouped by color North America South America Western Europe Northern Europe Southern Europe Eastern Europe Africa Middle East Indian Subcontinent East Asia South East Asia Oceania 14 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 15 Destination of searches more than 2% of job seekers in one country have searched for jobs in the other country Origin of searches Austria Belgium France Germany Luxembourg Netherlands Switzerland Ireland Denmark Finland Norway Sweden Greece Italy Portugal Spain Czech Republic Hungary Poland Romania Russia South Africa Israel Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Turkey Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates India Pakistan China Hong Kong Japan Korea Taiwan Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Australia New Zealand
Drivers of Cross-Border Search External Competition Index When people conduct a job search on Indeed, they specify the type of job they re looking for and the location in which they d like to search. Our external competition rankings examine the share of people searching in a given country from outside. Luxembourg 67.1% Pakistan 9.4% Qatar 58.1% 9.4% Oman 56.0% Sweden 8.9% Population The larger the of a country, the more people search within that country from outside. At the same time, a large correlates to a smaller share of external searchers. For example, India and the US are large countries. While they receive a large total number of searchers, the share of external searchers in these countries is relatively small. Kuwait Bahrain United Arab Emirates Singapore Hong Kong 52.9% 38.7% 37.2% 34.7% 29.5% Spain Germany Romania Italy 8.4% 8.4% 8.1% 8.1% 7.9% Postings per 1,000 Population The larger the number of job postings per 1,000 people in a country, the larger the total number and share of external searchers. More job postings per 1,000 people also correlates to a smaller number of people looking to move outside the country. Unemployment The higher the unemployment rate in a country, the smaller the percentage of searchers from outside that country. Educational Attainment The larger the share of a country s that has completed tertiary education, the smaller the share of residents searching for jobs in other countries. Saudi Arabia Venezuela Switzerland South Africa New Zealand Norway Malaysia India Austria Ireland Denmark 24.5% 23.4% 22.3% 20.3% 19.5% 18.5% 18.4% 17.9% 17.7% 16.2% 12.7% Netherlands France Colombia Peru Chile Mexico Philippines Hungary Indonesia Greece Poland 6.9% 6.7% 6.2% 6.0% 6.0% 5.9% 5.5% 5.1% 5.0% 4.5% 4.4% GDP Per Capita (PPP) The higher the GDP per capita, the larger the percentage of searches from outside that country. Argentina Republic of Korea 12.2% 11.5% 11.4% Taiwan Brazil Czech Republic 3.7% 3.7% 3.6% Australia 11.3% China 3.0% Belgium 11.0% Turkey 2.5% Japan 10.4% Israel 2.0% Portugal 10.1% Russian Federation 1.9% Finland 9.6% 16 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 17
Location Desirability Index This is a ranking of locations based on the total number of external searchers. The more external searchers a country has, the higher it appears in the desirability rankings. Rankings are based on a normalized scale with the US (our top-ranked country for location desirability) equal to 100. Movers Index In contrast to the previous indices, this index shows the percentage of unique job seekers in each country currently looking for a job outside that country. Saudi Arabia 65.0% Republic of Korea 15.3% 100.0 Venezuela 1.1 Luxembourg 63.7% India 15.2% India 31.3 Portugal 1.1 Oman 53.6% Hungary 14.8% 28.7 Philippines 1.0 Kuwait 50.0% Switzerland 14.7% 17.7 Chile 0.9 Singapore 48.7% Belgium 13.1% Japan 16.0 Hong Kong 0.9 Pakistan 46.9% Czech Republic 12.8% France 9.4 Romania 0.8 Malaysia 45.5% 11.7% South Africa 9.3 Republic of Korea 0.8 Qatar 42.1% Spain 11.6% Brazil 6.8 Malaysia 0.7 Bahrain 41.4% Germany 10.5% Italy 6.4 Turkey 0.7 Hong Kong 40.2% South Africa 10.5% Germany 6.1 China 0.7 Philippines 30.6% Argentina 9.9% United Arab Emirates 6.0 Oman 0.7 Denmark 29.9% 9.0% Australia 4.7 Kuwait 0.6 Ireland 29.6% Switzerland 4.6 Pakistan 0.6 United Arab Emirates 28.4% China 7.6% Netherlands 4.3 Finland 0.5 Sweden 25.7% Netherlands 6.5% Mexico 3.5 Norway 0.5 Norway 25.3% France 6.2% Spain 3.3 Sweden 0.5 Australia 24.9% Poland 5.9% Qatar 2.6 Saudi Arabia 0.5 New Zealand 24.0% Italy 5.9% Belgium 2.6 Hungary 0.4 Indonesia 19.5% Chile 5.3% Poland 2.4 Luxembourg 0.4 Romania 19.3% Colombia 5.0% Ireland 2.1 Bahrain 0.4 Venezuela 18.9% Peru 4.9% Colombia 1.9 Greece 0.3 Greece 18.2% Turkey 4.9% Russian Federation 1.8 Indonesia 0.3 Austria 1 Mexico 4.8% Argentina 1.7 Denmark 0.3 Portugal 17.8% Russian Federation 1.5% Singapore 1.6 Czech Republic 0.2 Taiwan 17.1% Brazil 1.1% Peru 1.3 Taiwan 0.1 Finland 16.9% Japan 0.9% New Zealand 1.3 Israel 0.1 Israel 16.6% Austria 1.2 18 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 19
Argentina #23 for location desirability Argentina ranks 26th for GDP worldwide. Sin experiencia (no experience) and limpieza (cleaning) are top search terms in Argentina from both inside and outside the country. English and marketing are top search terms for US residents searching in Argentina. Argentina is 0.8 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. Argentina Unemployment Rate 7.2% Australia #12 for location desirability Australia ranks 12th for GDP worldwide. Australia is the third most popular destination for searches for oil and mining related jobs. Australia is 2.8 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. Australia Unemployment Rate 5.2% People in these countries are searching in Argentina Argentina Colombia People in Argentina are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 3.3% People in these countries are searching in Australia Australia People in Australia are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 22.4% India Mexico Japan Peru New Zealand Spain 41.49 million 0.9 37 23.20 million 5.3 19 20 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 21
Brazil #8 for location desirability Brazil ranks 7th for GDP worldwide. Engenheiro (engineer) is a top search term for US residents searching in Brazil. The unemployment rate in Brazil is 1.1 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. Brazil Unemployment Rate 6.9% #4 for location desirability ranks 11th for GDP worldwide and is the most popular destination for people searching for nursing jobs. is 0.8 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. Unemployment Rate 7.2% People in these countries are searching in Brazil Brazil People in Brazil are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 5.2% People in these countries are searching in Australia People in are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 2 Germany France Italy India Portugal Philippines 198.29 million 1.6 9 35.11 million 6.6 12 22 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 23
China #37 for location desirability China ranks 2nd for GDP worldwide. English, finance, and marketing are top search terms for US residents searching for jobs in China. People in these countries are searching in China China People in China are searching in these countries The unemployment rate in China is 3.5 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. China Unemployment Rate 4.5% aged 25 and over. 3.9% Czech Republic #51 for location desirability The Czech Republic ranks 51st for GDP worldwide. S ubytováním (with accommodation) is a top search term for those looking for jobs in the Czech Republic from the UK. People in these countries are searching in the Czech Republic Austria People in the Czech Republic are searching in these countries the Czech Republic is 1.0 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. Czech Republic Unemployment Rate 7.0% aged 25 and over. 5.6% Hong Kong Czech Republic Germany Japan Pakistan Taiwan 1.36 billion 2.5 1 Poland 10.52 million 12.1 16 24 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 25
France #6 for location desirability France ranks 5th for GDP worldwide. Comptable (accounting) is the top search term for UK residents seeking jobs in France. France is 1.9 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average. France Unemployment Rate 9.9% Germany #10 for location desirability Germany ranks 4th for GDP worldwide. Teilzeit (part time) is a top search term from both inside and outside of Germany. English is a top search term in Germany from both US and UK residents. Germany is 2.6 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. Germany Unemployment Rate 5.4% People in these countries are searching in France Belgium People in France are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 10.6% People in these countries are searching in Germany Austria Germany People in Germany are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 12.8% Netherlands France Poland Switzerland Switzerland 63.66 million 6.6 8 80.80 million 5.8 7 26 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 27
India #2 for location desirability India ranks 10th for GDP worldwide. India is the most popular destination for people searching for both IT and sales related jobs. India is 4.6 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. India Unemployment Rate 3.4% Indonesia #49 for location desirability Indonesia ranks 16th for GDP worldwide. Driver and operator are the top two search terms used by US residents looking for jobs in Indonesia. Indonesia is 1.4 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. Indonesia Unemployment Rate 6.6% People in these countries are searching in India Australia People in India are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 4.1% People in these countries are searching in Indonesia Australia People in Indonesia are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 1.7% India India Indonesia Qatar Malaysia UAE Pakistan 1.24 billion 0.3 10 Singapore 247.95 million 0.1 40 28 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 29
Ireland #20 for location desirability Ireland ranks 47th for GDP worldwide. Pharmacist is the top job sought by UK residents looking for jobs in Ireland. Ireland is 6.7 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average. Ireland Unemployment Rate 14.7% Israel #53 for location desirability Israel ranks 40th for GDP worldwide. English is the top search term for US residents looking for jobs in Israel. The unemployment rate in Israel is 1.1 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. Israel Unemployment Rate 6.9% People in these countries are searching in Ireland Australia People in Ireland are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 20.2% People in these countries are searching in Israel France People in Israel are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 24.3% France Germany Ireland Israel India Russia 4.78 million 8.7 34 7.87 million 8.2 31 30 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 31
Italy #9 for location desirability Italy ranks 9th for GDP worldwide. Hotel and marketing are popular search terms for UK residents looking for jobs in Italy. Italy is 2.7 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average. Italy Unemployment Rate 10.7% Japan #5 for location desirability Japan ranks 3rd for GDP worldwide. 英 語 (English) is the top search term used by US residents searching for jobs in Japan. Japan is 3.7 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. Japan Unemployment Rate 4.3% People in these countries are searching in Italy France Germany People in Italy are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 6.6% People in these countries are searching in Japan Australia People in Japan are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 24.0% China Italy India Romania Japan Switzerland Korea 59.69 million 3.5 13 Taiwan 127.34 million 12.3 3 32 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 33
Republic of Korea #34 for location desirability The unemployment rate in South Korea is 4.8 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. Netherlands #14 for location desirability The unemployment rate in the Netherlands is 2.7 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. The Republic of Korea ranks 15th for GDP worldwide. MBA is a popular search term for US residents searching for jobs in Korea. Republic of Korea Unemployment Rate 3.2% The Netherlands ranks 18th for GDP worldwide. Administratief (administrative) is a popular search term in the Netherlands from both inside and outside the country. Netherlands Unemployment Rate 5.3% People in these countries are searching in Korea People in Korea are searching in these countries People in these countries are searching in the Netherlands People in the Netherlands are searching in these countries Australia aged 25 and over. Belgium aged 25 and over. 17.9% 16.5% China German Japan Korea Philippines 50.22 million 15.3 6 Netherlands Poland 16.80 million 7.3 18 34 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 35
Russian Federation #22 for location desirability the Russian Federation is 2.5 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. Saudi Arabia #44 for location desirability The unemployment rate in Saudi Arabia is 2.4 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. The Russian Federation ranks 8th for GDP worldwide. водитель (driver) is the top search term in Russia from both inside and outside the country. Russian Federation Unemployment Rate 5.5% Saudi Arabia ranks 19th for GDP worldwide. IT is the top search term in Saudi Arabia from both inside and outside the country. Saudi Arabia Unemployment Rate 5.6% People in these countries are searching in the Russian Federation People in the Russian Federation are searching in these countries People in these countries are searching in Saudi Arabia People in Saudi Arabia are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. India aged 25 and over. Germany 23.3% Pakistan 8.7% Netherlands Poland Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Sweden UAE Turkey 142.93 million 10.3 4 29.99 million 1.7 32 36 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 37
Singapore #24 for location desirability Singapore ranks 36th for GDP worldwide. Director and head are the top two search terms used by Indian residents searching for jobs in Singapore. Singapore is 5.2 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. Singapore Unemployment Rate 2.8% South Africa #7 for location desirability South Africa ranks 29th for GDP worldwide. Driver, general worker, security, and cleaning are popular search terms for people searching for jobs in South Africa. South Africa is 17 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average. South Africa Unemployment Rate 25.0% People in these countries are searching in Singapore India People in Singapore are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 12.2% People in these countries are searching in South Africa Australia People in South Africa are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 0.6% Malaysia Philippines India Poland South Africa Singapore 5.40 million 13.5 28 52.98 million 2.3 17 38 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 39
Spain #16 for location desirability Spain ranks 13th for GDP worldwide. English is the top search term for both US and UK residents looking for jobs in Spain. Spain is 17.2 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average. Spain Unemployment Rate 25.2% Sweden #43 for location desirability Sweden ranks 22nd for GDP worldwide. VD (CEO) is a top search term in Sweden from both inside and outside the country. Sweden is equivalent to the advanced economy average. Sweden Unemployment Rate People in these countries are searching in Spain Argentina Colombia People in Spain are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 16.6% People in these countries are searching in Sweden Finland France People in Sweden are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 16.7% France Germany Norway Mexico Poland Spain 46.61 million 1.5 29 Sweden 9.64 million 4.7 33 40 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 41
Turkey #36 for location desirability Turkey ranks 17th for GDP worldwide. Şoför (driver) is the top search term in Turkey from both inside and outside the country. Turkey is 1.2 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average. Turkey Unemployment Rate 9.2% United Arab Emirates #11 for location desirability The UAE ranks 30th for GDP worldwide. Accountant is a top search term in the UAE from both inside and outside the country. the UAE is 4.2 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. United Arab Emirates Unemployment Rate 3.8% People in these countries are searching in Turkey France People in Turkey are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 5.9% People in these countries are searching in the United Arab Emirates India People in the United Arab Emirates are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 10.1% Germany Pakistan Russia Philippines Turkey Qatar UAE 76.48 million 1.4 21 UAE 9.03 million 7.3 30 42 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 43
#3 for location desirability The UK ranks 6th for GDP worldwide, and is the top source for international searches for flexible jobs. the UK is 0.1 percentage points lower than the advanced economy average. Unemployment Rate 7.9% #1 for location desirability The US ranks first for GDP worldwide. IT-related search terms such as java, oracle, sql, and.net are top search terms for people in India looking for jobs in the US. the US is 0.1 percentage points higher than the advanced economy average. Unemployment Rate 8.1% People in these countries are searching in the France People in the United Kingdom are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 13.6% People in these countries are searching in the Australia People in the United States are searching in these countries aged 25 and over. 31.6% India India Ireland Japan Italy South Africa Philippines Spain 64.09 million 16.6 5 South Africa 316.37 million 9.1 2 44 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 45
Economic and Demographic Statistics Table Country Population in 2013 (thousands) 1 % of Pop in Indeed Countries Unemployment Rate in 2012 2 Number of Job Postings per 1,000 Residents 3 % of Worldwide Indeed Job Postings GDP (PPP) Per Person in Tertiary Education 2013 4 Completion % 5 Country Population in 2013 (thousands) 1 % of Pop in Indeed Countries Unemployment Rate in 2012 2 Number of Job Postings per 1,000 Residents 3 % of Worldwide Indeed Job Postings GDP (PPP) Per Person in 2013 4 Tertiary Education Completion % 5 Argentina (AR) 41,492 0.8% 7.2% 0.9 0.20% $18,749.34 3.31% Australia (AU) 23,207 0.4% 5.2% 5.3 0.80% $43,073.06 22.35% Austria (AT) 8,484 0.2% 4.3% 4.4 0.20% $42,596.55 9.52% Bahrain (BH) 1,174 0.0% 7.4% 4.1 0.00% $34,584.44 4.43% Belgium (BE) 11,162 0.2% 7.5% 10.4 0.70% $37,880.51 20.40% Brazil (BR) 198,000 3.8% 6.9% 1.6 2.00% $12,220.90 5.20% (CA) 35,105 0.7% 7.2% 6.6 1.50% $43,471.73 28.00% Chile (CL) 17,557 0.3% 6.4% 4.0 0.40% $19,067.25 11.65% China (CN) 1,360,763 26.1% 4.5% 2.5 21.40% $9,844.03 3.91% Colombia (CO) 47,151 0.9% 10.4% 2.0 0.60% $11,188.81 8.46% Czech Republic (CZ) 10,516 0.2% 7.0% 12.1 0.80% $27,200.05 5.60% Denmark (DK) 5,591 0.1% 7.5% 4.1 0.10% $37,900.46 12.53% Finland (FI) 5,451 0.1% 7.6% 4.9 0.20% $35,616.55 13.06% France (FR) 63,660 1.2% 9.9% 6.6 2.60% $35,784.00 10.55% Germany (DE) 80,800 1.5% 5.4% 5.8 3.00% $40,006.74 12.77% Greece (GR) 11,063 0.2% 24.2% 1.0 0.10% $24,011.96 22.37% Hong Kong (HK) 7,244 0.1% 3.3% 12.1 0.60% $52,721.97 7.25% Hungary (HU) 9,879 0.2% 10.9% 3.9 0.20% $20,065.08 12.58% India (IN) 1,243,337 23.8% 3.4% 0.3 2.00% $4,077.06 4.07% Indonesia (ID) 247,954 4.8% 6.6% 0.1 0.20% $5,214.06 1.73% Ireland (IE) 4,776 0.1% 14.7% 8.7 0.30% $39,547.35 20.18% Israel (IL) 7,871 0.2% 6.9% 8.2 0.40% $34,770.10 24.31% Italy (IT) 59,685 1.1% 10.7% 3.5 1.30% $30,289.42 6.64% Japan (JP) 127,341 2.4% 4.3% 12.3 9.90% $36,899.36 24.01% Republic of Korea (KR) 50,220 1.0% 3.2% 15.3 4.80% $33,189.06 17.92% Kuwait (KW) 3,890 0.1% 1.5% 1.6 0.00% $39,706.14 4.61% Luxembourg (LU) 542 0.0% 5.1% 14.3 0.00% $78,669.78 10.87% Malaysia (MY) 29,620 0.6% 3.1% 1.2 0.20% $17,747.97 5.03% Mexico (MX) 118,397 2.3% 4.9% 1.1 0.80% $15,562.60 13.91% Netherlands (NL) 16,795 0.3% 5.3% 7.3 0.80% $41,710.70 16.45% New Zealand (NZ) 4,479 0.1% 6.9% 4.4 0.10% $30,493.26 24.40% Norway (NO) 5,096 0.1% 3.2% 6.1 0.20% $54,946.68 14.58% Oman (OM) 3,186 0.1% 8.1% 1.0 0.00% $29,813.16 N/A Pakistan (PK) 182,589 3.5% 5.1% 0.1 0.10% $3,149.42 5.24% Peru (PE) 30,946 0.6% 4.0% 2.8 0.50% $11,123.70 16.56% Philippines (PH) 97,484 1.9% 7.0% 0.8 0.50% $4,681.96 22.37% Poland (PL) 38,533 0.7% 10.1% 4.6 1.10% $21,214.30 9.11% Portugal (PT) 10,613 0.2% 15.6% 2.3 0.20% $23,068.36 3.84% Qatar (QA) 2,020 0.0% 0.6% 7.1 0.10% $98,813.66 11.62% Romania (RO) 21,285 0.4% 7.0% 0.8 0.10% $13,395.90 6.48% Russian Federation (RU) 142,929 2.7% 5.5% 10.3 9.30% $17,884.49 23.28% Saudi Arabia (SA) 29,994 0.6% 5.6% 1.7 0.30% $31,244.74 8.71% Singapore (SG) 5,399 0.1% 2.8% 13.5 0.50% $64,583.63 12.19% South Africa (ZA) 52,982 1.0% 25.0% 2.3 0.80% $11,259.14 0.60% Spain (ES) 46,610 0.9% 25.2% 1.5 0.40% $29,851.10 16.55% Sweden (SE) 9,635 0.2% 4.7 0.30% $41,188.39 16.74% Switzerland (CH) 8,003 0.2% 4.2% 11.6 0.60% $46,430.13 12.38% Taiwan (TW) 23,374 0.4% 4.2% 10.4 1.50% $39,767.01 10.63% Thailand (TH) 68,229 1.3% 0.7% 1.2 0.50% $9,874.51 8.77% Turkey (TR) 76,484 1.5% 9.2% 1.4 0.70% $15,352.61 5.85% United Arab Emirates (AE) 9,031 0.2% 3.8% 7.3 0.40% $30,122.11 10.10% (UK) 64,087 1.2% 7.9% 16.6 6.70% $37,306.60 13.63% (US) 316,373 6.1% 8.1% 9.1 18.20% $53,101.01 31.59% Venezuela (VE) 29,985 0.6% 7.8% 0.4 0.10% $13,604.75 4.09% Vietnam (VN) 89,691 1.7% 2.0% 0.8 0.40% $4,011.51 3.01% 1 Source: World Economic Outlook 2 Advanced Economy average unemployment rate is 8.0 3 Average job postings per 1,000 residents is 3.0 4 Advanced Economy average for 2013 is $41,652.94 (USD $) 5 Average Advanced Economy Average is 20.3% for ages 25 years and older; Source: Barro and Lee 46 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 47
Economic and Demographic Statistics Table Country Rank: Most Incoming Searches Country Rank: Most Outgoing Searches Country Rank: Most Incoming Searches Country Rank: Most Outgoing Searches Country First Second Third Fourth Fifth First Second Third Fourth Fifth Country First Second Third Fourth Fifth First Second Third Fourth Fifth Argentina (AR) US CO MX ES PE US ES CO MX PE Australia (AU) US UK IN NZ CA US IN JP UK CA Austria (AT) DE HU US CH IT DE US CH UK IT Bahrain (BH) IN US PK SA AE US IN AE QA UK Belgium (BE) NL FR US UK DE FR NL US UK CA Brazil (BR) US PT CA UK DE US PT UK CA IT (CA) US UK IN FR PH US UK FR IN AU Chile (CL) US ES PE CO AR US ES CO PE MX China (CN) US HK TW CA UK US JP UK CA HK Colombia (CO) US MX PE ES VE US ES MX PE AR Czech Republic (CZ) US UK DE PL PK US UK DE AT CA Denmark (DK) US UK SE DE PK US UK DE CA NO Finland (FI) US UK CA SE DE US UK CA ZA SE France (FR) US UK BE CA CH US CH UK CA BE Germany (DE) US PL AT UK CH US UK CH PL NL Greece (GR) US UK DE PK NL US UK DE CA AE Hong Kong (HK) US UK CN IN CA US UK CN CA IN Hungary (HU) US DE RO UK AT US UK AT DE CA India (IN) US AU UK AE CA US UK AE CA QA Indonesia (ID) US SG IN PK MY US UK IN CA AU Ireland (IE) UK US CA IN FR UK US CA IN AU Israel (IL) US UK DE FR CA US UK CA RU FR Italy (IT) US UK DE RO CH US UK CH FR DE Japan (JP) US AU CN KR TW US UK CA KR IN Republic of Korea (KR) US JP CA CN AU US JP CA UK PH Kuwait (KW) IN US PK AE SA US IN CA UK AE Luxembourg (LU) FR DE BE US UK FR US BE UK DE Malaysia (MY) US AU IN SG ID US UK SG IN CA Mexico (MX) US CO ES AR PE US CO ES CA PE Netherlands (NL) US BE UK DE CA US BE UK PL DE New Zealand (NZ) US UK AU IN CA US UK AU CA ZA Norway (NO) US SE PL UK DK US UK PL SE CA Oman (OM) IN PK AE US QA US IN AE UK QA Pakistan (PK) US UK IE CA AE US AE UK CA QA Peru (PE) US CO ES MX AR CO US ES MX CL Philippines (PH) US SA CA KR SG US CA UK AE QA Poland (PL) DE UK US NL SG US UK DE CA FR Portugal (PT) US BR UK FR CH BR US UK FR CA Qatar (QA) IN US AE SA UK US AE UK IN CA Romania (RO) US UK IT DE SG US UK IT DE FR Russian Federation (RU) US UK DE SE NL US UK PL TR CA Saudi Arabia (SA) IN US PK AE UK US IN UK QA AE Singapore (SG) IN US MY PH UK US IN UK PL CA South Africa (ZA) US UK IN CA AU US UK CA AU IN Spain (ES) US UK CO MX AR US UK FR MX CO Sweden (SE) US UK NO DE FI US UK PL NO FR Switzerland (CH) FR DE US IT UK US FR DE UK IT Taiwan (TW) US HK CN PK JP US JP CN UK CA Thailand (TH) US IN UK FR CA US UK JP CA AU Turkey (TR) US RU DE UK FR US UK DE CA AE United Arab Emirates (AE) IN US PK UK PH US UK IN CA QA (UK) US IN IE FR ES US FR IT CA ZA (US) IN UK CA PH AU IN JP CA UK ZA Venezuela (VE) US CO MX ES AR CO US ES MX AR Vietnam (VN) US SG CA UK FR US UK JP CA IN 48 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 49
State Rankings Indeed Hiring Lab 51
Key Insights The number of job postings drives search activity. ranks 1st for number of postings and 3rd for number of external searchers. Wyoming has a high share of people looking to move (ranking 2nd for share of movers), and ranks 51st for number of postings. Searching Externally Part time is a top search term used by external searchers. Illinois ranks 5th for number of postings and 10th for number of external searchers. There is a large, positive correlation between the number of job postings in a state and its number of unique searchers overall. The statistically significant correlation is 0.98. More people search for jobs within a state from outside when it has more postings. There is a positive and statistically significant correlation of 0.89. One additional average monthly posting is associated with 1.40 additional monthly average external searchers. A larger share of people search outside their home state when it has fewer postings. There is a negative and statistically significant correlation of -0.53. A decrease of 10,000 average monthly postings is associated with a 0.69 percentage point increase in the mover share. The top 5 interstate flows are: 1. New Jersey to New York 2. Maryland to Washington DC 3. to Texas 4. Missouri to Kansas 5. New Jersey to Pennsylvania Casino is a top search term by people in looking for jobs in Nevada. Entry level is a top search term used by job seekers from New Jersey searching in New York and in Maryland searching in DC. 52 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 53
National Labor Movement (US) Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Delaware District of Columbia Maryland New Jersey New York Pennsylvania Origin of searches more than 3% of job seekers in one state have searched for jobs in the other state Destination of searches Nationally, 27.8% of people search for jobs outside of their current state. States that receive the greatest mix of job seekers from other states: Texas Colorado Massachusetts Washington States where residents search in the greatest mix of destinations: District of Columbia Idaho Mississippi New Mexico South Dakota West Virginia Texas receives the highest total number of searchers from outside the state, but Florida and are both close behind. In general, larger states have more external searchers but a smaller share of job seekers in big states are coming from outside. Washington DC stands out as the location with job seekers looking for jobs in the greatest number of other places. It should be noted that these job seekers are often searching in Virginia and Maryland, within the DC metro area. About This Graph This directed graph shows searches among the 50 states and Washington DC. A line is drawn between two states when more than 3% of job seekers in one state have searched for jobs in the other state. The dot indicates the state where the search originated. Regions are grouped by color 54 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 55 New England Mid Atlantic South Midwest Southwest West Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi Missouri North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Virginia West Virginia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Michigan Minnesota Nebraska North Dakota Ohio South Dakota Wisconsin Arizona New Mexico Oklahoma Texas Alaska Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada Oregon Utah Washington Wyoming
Drivers of Interstate Search External Competition Index When people conduct a job search on Indeed, they specify the type of job they re looking for and the location in which they d like to search. Our external competition rankings examine the share of people searching in a given state from outside. District of Columbia Alaska 65.2% 76.1% Iowa Missouri 31.0% 30.6% Wyoming 63.5% New Mexico 30.6% North Dakota 58.9% Virginia 30.5% Population The larger the of a state, the more people search within that state from outside. At the same time, a large correlates to a smaller share of external searchers. For example, and Texas are large states. While they receive a large total number of searchers, the share of external searchers in these states is relatively small. Hawaii Montana Delaware Vermont Kansas 57.5% 54.7% 51.4% 51.0% 46.0% Nebraska Utah Indiana Arizona Georgia 29.0% 28.4% 28.3% 2 27.9% Postings per 1,000 Population The larger the number of job postings per 1,000 people in a state, the larger the total number and share of external searchers. Unemployment The higher the unemployment rate in a state, the smaller the percentage of searchers from outside that state. Educational Attainment The larger the share of a state s with a bachelor s degree, the larger the share of residents searching for jobs in other states. Idaho Oregon Maine Louisiana Nevada South Dakota New Hampshire Colorado Tennessee South Carolina 42.5% 41.2% 39.3% 38.8% 37.4% 37.1% 36.9% 36.9% 35.3% 35.2% Florida Massachusetts Oklahoma Alabama Connecticut North Carolina New York Wisconsin Pennsylvania Texas 27.5% 27.1% 27.1% 27.1% 26.6% 26.6% 25.5% 23.5% 23.4% 22.8% Median Household Income & Median Home Value The higher the median household income, the larger the percentage of searchers from outside that state. The higher the median home value in a state, the larger the percentage of searchers from outside that state. Kentucky Washington West Virginia Rhode Island 35.1% 34.7% 34.5% 34.4% New Jersey Minnesota Illinois Ohio 22.4% 22.1% 21.4% 19.1% Arkansas 31.3% Michigan 17.1% Mississippi 31.3% 17.0% Maryland 31.2% 56 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 57
Location Desirability Index This is a ranking of locations based on the total number of external searchers. The more external searchers a state has, the higher it appears in the desirability rankings. Rankings are based on a normalized scale with Texas (our top-ranked state for location desirability) equal to 100. Movers Index In contrast to the previous indices, this index shows the percentage of unique job seekers in each state currently looking for a job outside that state. District of Columbia 56.0% Kentucky 30.1% Texas Florida New York Georgia District of Columbia North Carolina Virginia Pennsylvania Illinois Tennessee Colorado Massachusetts Washington Maryland Ohio Arizona South Carolina Missouri Louisiana New Jersey Oregon Indiana Kentucky Kansas 65.4 56.0 55.9 53.3 51.8 47.8 43.2 43.2 40.8 40.3 36.8 34.8 31.2 30.1 29.7 28.8 27.9 27.9 26.3 24.6 24.5 100.0 99.2 97.1 85.1 Connecticut Minnesota Nevada Alabama Wisconsin Hawaii Delaware Iowa Mississippi Oklahoma Utah Arkansas Maine Alaska Idaho New Hampshire Montana West Virginia Nebraska North Dakota New Mexico Vermont Wyoming Rhode Island South Dakota 21.3 20.9 20.6 20.6 19.8 15.5 12.6 12.4 12.3 11.8 11.2 10.7 9.9 9.7 9.3 9.0 8.6 7.4 7.2 7.1 6.8 6.5 6.2 5.5 3.2 Wyoming West Virginia North Dakota New Hampshire Rhode Island South Dakota Maryland New Jersey Vermont Delaware Virginia Alaska Kansas Montana Missouri Idaho New Mexico Mississippi Iowa Nebraska Washington Arkansas South Carolina Indiana Alabama 47.8% 46.8% 46.5% 44.6% 44.3% 42.4% 42.3% 41.9% 40.6% 39.8% 39.1% 37.5% 36.8% 36.0% 35.8% 35.6% 35.5% 34.1% 34.0% 32.9% 32.9% 32.0% 31.1% 30.8% 30.2% Tennessee Connecticut Wisconsin Oregon Maine Illinois Oklahoma Utah Colorado Pennsylvania New York Minnesota Massachusetts Louisiana North Carolina Nevada Arizona Hawaii Ohio Georgia Michigan Florida Texas 30.0% 29.9% 29.4% 29.1% 28.5% 28.2% 28.2% 27.8% 27.2% 27.2% 26.8% 26.5% 25.8% 25.7% 25.6% 25.3% 25.1% 25.1% 23.9% 23.2% 22.2% 22.2% 19.3% 18.8% Michigan 24.3 58 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 59
Alaska #40 for location desirability Alaska ranks 47th in and 46th in GDP. Top search terms by people in other states searching in Alaska include fishing, construction, summer, and seasonal. Alaska is 0.9 percentage points lower than the national average. Alaska Unemployment Rate 6.5% #3 for location desirability ranks 1st in both and GDP. is the most popular destination for people searching for IT, nursing, and sales positions. is 1.5 percentage points higher than the national average. Unemployment Rate 8.9% 7.4% 7.4% People in these states are searching in Alaska Alaska People in Alaska are searching in these states The percentage of the in Alaska with a bachelor's degree is 1.0 percentage points lower than the national average. People in these states are searching in Arizona People in are searching in these states The percentage of the in with a bachelor's degree is 2.0 percentage points higher than the national average. Bachelor s Degree Attainment 27.5% Bachelor s Degree Attainment 30.5% Colorado 28.5% Florida 28.5% Florida Illinois Oregon New York Texas Washington 0.54 million 19.1 42 Texas Washington 29.68 million 11.0 1 60 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 61
Colorado #12 for location desirability Colorado ranks 22nd in and 19th in GDP. Colorado is the third most popular destination for people searching for oil and mining jobs. Colorado is 0.6 percentage points lower than the national average. Colorado Unemployment Rate 6.8% 7.4% District of Columbia #6 for location desirability DC ranks 50th in and 35th in GDP. For a place with such a small, DC is a notably popular place to search, ranking 6th in the Location Desirability Index. DC is 0.9 percentage points higher than the national average. District of Columbia Unemployment Rate 8.3% 7.4% People in these states are searching in Colorado Arizona People in Colorado are searching in these states The percentage of the in Colorado with a bachelor's degree is 8.2 percentage points higher than the national average. People in these states are searching in the District of Columbia People in the District of Columbia are searching in these states The percentage of the in DC with a bachelor's degree is 22.7 percentage points higher than the national average. Colorado Florida Bachelor s Degree Attainment 36.7% 28.5% District of Columbia Maryland Bachelor s Degree Attainment 51.2% 28.5% New York Illinois New York Texas Washington 4.06 million 14.2 17 Pennsylvania Virginia Washington 0.54 million 48.3 32 62 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 63
Florida #2 for location desirability Florida ranks 4th in both and GDP. Customer service is a top job search in Florida both by residents of Florida as well as residents of nearby states. Florida is 0.2 percentage points lower than the national average. Florida Unemployment Rate 7.2% Hawaii #32 for location desirability Hawaii ranks 42nd in and 39th in GDP. Hotel is a top search term by people from other states looking for jobs in Hawaii. Hawaii is 2.6 percentage points lower than the national average. Hawaii Unemployment Rate 4.8% 7.4% 7.4% People in these states are searching in Florida People in Florida are searching in these states The percentage of the in Florida with a bachelor's degree is 2.3 percentage points lower than the national average. People in these states are searching in Hawaii People in Hawaii are searching in these states The percentage of the in Hawaii with a bachelor's degree is 1.1 percentage points higher than the national average. Florida Georgia Bachelor s Degree Attainment 26.2% 28.5% Florida Hawaii Nevada Bachelor s Degree Attainment 29.6% 28.5% New York New York North Carolina Texas Virginia 15.67 million 10.0 4 Oregon Texas Washington 1.07 million 8.1 47 64 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 65
Illinois #10 for location desirability Illinois ranks 5th in both and GDP. Human resources is a top job sought in Illinois by people from Indiana. Illinois is 1.8 percentage points higher than the national average. Illinois Unemployment Rate 9.2% Indiana #23 for location desirability Indiana ranks 16th in and 17th in GDP. Human resources is a top job sought in Indiana by people from Illinois, and by people in Illinois in Indiana. Indiana is 0.1 percentage points higher than the national average. Indiana Unemployment Rate 7.5% 7.4% 7.4% People in these states are searching in Illinois People in Illinois are searching in these states The percentage of the in Illinois with a bachelor's degree is 2.6 percentage points higher than the national average. People in these states are searching in Indiana People in Indiana are searching in these states The percentage of the in Indiana with a bachelor's degree is 5.5 percentage points lower than the national average. Illinois Bachelor s Degree Attainment 31.1% Florida Bachelor s Degree Attainment 23.0% Indiana 28.5% Illinois 28.5% Mississippi Indiana Missouri Kentucky Texas Wisconsin 10.02 million 13.0 5 Michigan Ohio 5.07 million 11.3 19 66 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 67
Kansas #25 for location desirability Kansas ranks 33rd in and 32nd in GDP. Part time and customer service are popular search terms in Kansas from both inside and outside the state. Kansas is 2.0 percentage points lower than the national average. Kansas Unemployment Rate 5.4% 7.4% Kentucky #24 for location desirability Kentucky ranks 26th in and 28th in GDP. Accounting, human resources, and RN are three top search terms in Kentucky by people both inside and outside the state. Kentucky is 0.9 percentage points higher than the national average. Kentucky Unemployment Rate 8.3% 7.4% People in these states are searching in Kansas People in Kansas are searching in these states The percentage of the in Kansas with a bachelor's degree is 1.5 percentage points higher than the national average. People in these states are searching in Kentucky People in Kentucky are searching in these states The percentage of the in Kentucky with a bachelor's degree is 7.5 percentage points lower than the national average. Colorado Illinois Bachelor s Degree Attainment 30.0% 28.5% Florida Illinois Indiana Bachelor s Degree Attainment 21.0% 28.5% Kansas Kentucky Missouri Oklahoma Texas 2.18 million 12.9 30 Ohio Tennessee Texas 3.40 million 9.5 26 68 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 69
Michigan #26 for location desirability Michigan ranks 8th in and 13th in GDP. Part time and customer service are popular search terms in Michigan from both inside and outside the state. Michigan is 1.4 percentage points higher than the national average. Michigan Unemployment Rate 8.8% Mississippi #35 for location desirability Mississippi ranks 31st in and 36th in GDP. Part time and customer service are popular search terms in Mississippi from both inside and outside the state. Mississippi is 1.2 percentage points higher than the national average. Mississippi Unemployment Rate 8.6% 7.4% 7.4% People in these states are searching in Michigan People in Michigan are searching in these states The percentage of the in Michigan with a bachelor's degree is 3.0 percentage points lower than the national average. People in these states are searching in Mississippi Alabama People in Mississippi are searching in these states The percentage of the in Mississippi with a bachelor's degree is 8.5 percentage points lower than the national average. Florida Bachelor s Degree Attainment 25.5% Bachelor s Degree Attainment 20.0% Illinois 28.5% Georgia 28.5% Indiana Louisiana Michigan Mississippi Ohio Texas 7.81 million 9.5 13 Tennessee Texas 2.26 million 6.8 38 70 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 71
New Jersey #21 for location desirability New Jersey ranks 11th in and 7th in GDP. New Jersey is the third most popular destination for searches for both accounting and sales jobs. New Jersey is 0.8 percentage points higher than the national average. New Jersey Unemployment Rate 8.2% New York #4 for location desirability New York ranks 3rd in both and GDP. People outside of New York search for flexible jobs, accounting jobs, and teaching jobs in the state. New York is 0.3 percentage points higher than the national average. New York Unemployment Rate 7.7% 7.4% 7.4% People in these states are searching in New Jersey People in New Jersey are searching in these states The percentage of the in New Jersey with a bachelor's degree is 6.9 percentage points higher than the national average. People in these states are searching in New York People in New York are searching in these states The percentage of the in New York with a bachelor's degree is 4.3 percentage points higher than the national average. Florida Bachelor s Degree Attainment 35.4% Connecticut Bachelor s Degree Attainment 32.8% New Jersey 28.5% Florida 28.5% New York Pennsylvania New Jersey Texas Virginia 7.01 million 11.7 12 New York Pennsylvania 15.66 million 10.7 3 72 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 73
North Dakota #46 for location desirability North Dakota ranks 48th in and 50th in GDP. Oil and oil field are two top external search terms for North Dakota. The unemployment rate in North Dakota is 4.5 percentage points lower than the national average. North Dakota Unemployment Rate 2.9% 7.4% Ohio #16 for location desirability Ohio ranks 7th in and 8th in GDP. Part time and customer service are popular search terms in Ohio from both inside and outside the state. Ohio is equivalent to the national average. Ohio Unemployment Rate 7.4% 7.4% People in these states are searching in North Dakota People in North Dakota are searching in these states The percentage of the in North Dakota with a bachelor's degree is 1.4 percentage points lower than the national average. People in these states are searching in Ohio People in Ohio are searching in these states The percentage of the in Ohio with a bachelor's degree is 3.8 percentage points lower than the national average. Colorado Florida Bachelor s Degree Attainment 27.1% Florida Kentucky Bachelor s Degree Attainment 24.7% Minnesota 28.5% Michigan 28.5% Montana New York North Dakota Texas Washington 0.56 million 16.0 44 Ohio Pennsylvania Texas 9.06 million 11.7 7 74 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 75
Pennsylvania #9 for location desirability Pennsylvania ranks 6th in both and GDP. It is the third most popular destination for people searching for teaching jobs. Pennsylvania is equivalent to the national average. Pennsylvania Unemployment Rate 7.4% 7.4% Texas #1 for location desirability Texas ranks 2nd in both and GDP. Texas is the top destination for searches for oil and mining jobs. The unemployment rate in Texas is 1.1 percentage points lower than the national average. Texas Unemployment Rate 6.3% 7.4% People in these states are searching in Pennsylvania People in Pennsylvania are searching in these states The percentage of the in Pennsylvania with a bachelor's degree is 1.5 percentage points lower than the national average. People in these states are searching in Texas People in Texas are searching in these states The percentage of the in Texas with a bachelor's degree is 2.2 percentage points lower than the national average. Delaware Florida Bachelor s Degree Attainment 27.0% Colorado Florida Bachelor s Degree Attainment 26.3% Maryland 28.5% Georgia 28.5% New Jersey Illinois New York Pennsylvania Virginia 10.18 million 11.3 6 Louisiana New York Texas 19.65 million 13.0 2 76 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 77
Virginia #8 for location desirability Virginia ranks 12th in and 9th in GDP. IT is a top search term for people in other states searching in Virginia. Virginia is 1.9 percentage points lower than the national average. Virginia Unemployment Rate 5.5% Washington #14 for location desirability Washington ranks 13th in and 14th in GDP. People from Oregon seek entry-level positions in Washington. Washington is 0.4 percentage points lower than the national average. Washington Unemployment Rate 7.0% 7.4% 7.4% People in these states are searching in Virginia People in Virginia are searching in these states The percentage of the in Virginia with a bachelor's degree is 1.4 percentage points higher than the national average. People in these states are searching in Washington People in Washington are searching in these states The percentage of the in Washington with a bachelor's degree is 5.7 percentage points higher than the national average. District of Columbia Florida Bachelor s Degree Attainment 29.9% Florida Idaho Bachelor s Degree Attainment 34.2% Maryland 28.5% Maryland 28.5% North Carolina Oregon Texas Virginia West Virginia 6.39 million 15.0 8 Texas Virginia Washington 5.44 million 12.2 15 78 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 79
Economic and Demographic Statistics Table State Population in 2013 (thousands) 1 % of National Population Unemployment Rate in 2013 2 Number of Job Postings per 1,000 Residents 3 % of National Indeed Job Postings Median Home Value 4 Median Household Income 5 % with a Bachelor s Degree 6 Alaska (AK) 537 0.20% 6.5% 19.1 0.4% $237,900 $69,917 27.5% Alabama (AL) 3767 1.50% 6.5% 8.5 1.1% $122,300 $43,160 22.3% Arkansas (AR) 2276 0.90% 7.5% 8.2 0.7% $106,300 $40,531 19.8% Arizona (AZ) 5077 2.10% 12 2.1% $175,900 $50,256 26.6% (CA) 29683 12.10% 8.9% 11 11.5% $383,900 $61,400 30.5% Colorado (CO) 4063 1.70% 6.8% 14.2 2.0% $236,800 $58,244 36.7% Connecticut (CT) 2855 1.20% 7.8% 13.2 1.3% $285,900 $69,519 36.2% District of Columbia (DC) 535 0.20% 8.3% 48.3 0.9% $443,000 $64,267 51.2% Delaware (DE) 728 0.30% 6.7% 13.6 0.3% $241,100 $60,119 28.5% Florida (FL) 15669 6.40% 7.2% 10 5.5% $170,800 $47,309 26.2% Georgia (GA) 7567 3.10% 8.2% 12 3.2% $156,400 $49,604 27.8% Hawaii (HI) 1070 0.40% 4.8% 8.1 0.3% $517,000 $67,492 29.6% Iowa (IA) 2404 1.00% 4.6% 11.5 1.0% $123,000 $51,129 25.3% Idaho (ID) 1209 0.50% 6.2% 7.2 0.3% $167,100 $47,015 24.7% Illinois (IL) 10020 4.10% 9.2% 13 4.6% $190,800 $56,853 31.1% Indiana (IN) 5066 2.10% 7.5% 11.3 2.0% $123,400 $48,374 23.0% Kansas (KS) 2184 0.90% 5.4% 12.9 1.0% $127,400 $51,273 30.0% Kentucky (KY) 3403 1.40% 8.3% 9.5 1.1% $120,000 $42,610 21.0% Louisiana (LA) 3525 1.40% 6.2% 9.1 1.1% $137,700 $44,673 21.4% Massachusetts (MA) 5387 2.20% 7.1% 17.4 3.3% $335,500 $66,658 39.0% Maryland (MD) 4642 1.90% 6.6% 14.4 2.3% $304,900 $72,999 36.3% Maine (ME) 1086 0.40% 6.7% 11.3 0.4% $175,600 $48,219 27.3% Michigan (MI) 7813 3.20% 8.8% 9.5 2.6% $128,600 $48,471 25.5% Minnesota (MN) 4225 1.70% 5.1% 13.6 2.0% $194,300 $59,126 32.2% Missouri (MO) 4693 1.90% 6.5% 10.5 1.7% $138,400 $47,333 25.8% Mississippi (MS) 2262 0.90% 8.6% 6.8 0.5% $100,200 $38,882 20.0% Montana (MT) 801 0.30% 5.6% 8.9 0.2% $183,000 $45,456 28.5% North Carolina (NC) 7590 3.10% 11.2 3.0% $153,600 $46,450 26.8% North Dakota (ND) 560 0.20% 2.9% 16 0.3% $123,900 $51,641 27.1% Nebraska (NE) 1424 0.60% 3.9% 11.9 0.6% $126,700 $51,381 28.1% State Population in 2013 (thousands) 1 % of National Population Unemployment Rate in 2013 2 Number of Job Postings per 1,000 Residents 3 % of National Indeed Job Postings Median Home Value 4 Median Household Income 5 % with a Bachelor s Degree 6 New Hampshire (NH) 1072 0.40% 5.3% 12.7 0.5% $245,600 $64,925.00 33.4% New Jersey (NJ) 7008 2.90% 8.2% 11.7 2.9% $337,900 $71,637.00 35.4% New Mexico (NM) 1595 0.60% 6.9% 10.7 0.6% $161,500 $44,886.00 25.6% Nevada (NV) 2163 0.90% 9.8% 10.3 0.8% $190,900 $54,083.00 22.2% New York (NY) 15661 6.40% 7.7% 10.7 5.9% $295,300 $57,683.00 32.8% Ohio (OH) 9059 3.70% 7.4% 11.7 3.7% $133,700 $48,246.00 24.7% Oklahoma (OK) 2921 1.20% 5.4% 11.6 1.2% $110,800 $44,891.00 23.2% Oregon (OR) 3133 1.30% 7.7% 10.2 1.1% $246,100 $50,036.00 29.2% Pennsylvania (PA) 10182 4.10% 7.4% 11.3 4.0% $164,900 $52,267.00 27.0% Rhode Island (RI) 847 0.30% 9.5% 10.3 0.3% $259,400 $56,102.00 30.8% South Carolina (SC) 3707 1.50% 7.6% 9.8 1.3% $137,400 $44,623.00 24.6% South Dakota (SD) 641 0.30% 3.8% 10.7 0.2% $129,800 $49,091.00 26.0% Tennessee (TN) 5067 2.10% 8.2% 9.9 1.8% $138,700 $44,140.00 23.5% Texas (TX) 19652 8.00% 6.3% 13 9.0% $128,000 $51,563.00 26.3% Utah (UT) 2067 0.80% 4.4% 9.8 0.7% $181,400 $53,046.00 28.5% Virginia (VA) 6385 2.60% 5.5% 15 3.4% $217,800 $58,164.00 29.9% Vermont (VT) 513 0.20% 4.4% 12.7 0.2% $249,700 $63,636.00 34.7% Washington (WA) 5442 2.20% 7.0% 12.2 2.3% $215,800 $54,168.00 34.2% Wisconsin (WI) 4511 1.80% 6.7% 11.3 1.8% $272,900 $59,374.00 31.6% West Virginia (WV) 1487 0.60% 6.5% 8.7 0.5% $169,000 $52,627.00 26.4% Wyoming (WY) 450 0.20% 4.6% 11.7 0.2% $97,300 $40,400.00 17.9% 1 Source: BLS 2 US national unemployment rate in 2013 was 7.40% 3 Average job postings per 1,000 US residents is 12.2 4 US Median Home Value is $184,000 5 US Median Household Income is $53,046 6 US Average of with a Bachelor s Degree is 28.5% 80 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 81
Economic and Demographic Statistics Table State Rank: Most Incoming Searches State Rank: Most Outgoing Searches State Rank: Most Incoming Searches State Rank: Most Outgoing Searches State First Second Third Fourth Fifth First Second Third Fourth Fifth Alaska (AK) CA TX WA FL CO WA CA TX OR CO Alabama (AL) GA FL TN MS TX GA FL TN TX MS Arkansas (AR) TX OK MO CA TN TX TN MO OK MS Arizona (AZ) CA TX IL NY WA CA TX CO NV WA (CA) NY TX IL AZ FL TX NY FL AZ WA Colorado (CO) CA TX IL FL NY CA TX FL AZ WA Connecticut (CT) NY MA NJ CA RI NY MA FL CA TX District of Columbia (DC) MD VA NY CA PA MD VA CA WA NY Delaware (DE) PA MD NJ NY VA PA MD NJ NY FL Florida (FL) NY GA CA TX VA GA TX CA NY NC Georgia (GA) FL AL NC SC CA FL TN AL TX NC Hawaii (HI) CA TX WA NY FL CA WA TX NV OR Iowa (IA) IL MN NE CA WI IL MN NE WI TX Idaho (ID) CA WA OR UT TX WA OR UT CA TX Illinois (IL) IN CA WI MO MI IN MO CA TX WI Indiana (IN) IL OH MI KY CA IL KY MI FL OH Kansas (KS) MO CA TX IL OK MO TX CO CA OK Kentucky (KY) IN OH TN CA IL OH TN IN FL TX Louisiana (LA) TX CA WI MS FL TX MS FL GA CA Massachusetts (MA) NY NH CA CT RI NY CT NH CA FL Maryland (MD) VA DC PA NY CA DC VA PA FL NY Maine (ME) MA NH NY CA FL MA NH FL NY CA Michigan (MI) CA IL OH IN TX FL IL OH CA TX Minnesota (MN) WI CA IL IA ND WI CA TX FL ND Missouri (MO) KS IL TX CA AR KS IL TX FL CA Mississippi (MS) TN AL LA TX CA TN LA TX AL GA Montana (MT) CA WA CO TX IL WA CA CO ID OR North Carolina (NC) SC VA NY CA GA SC VA GA FL TN North Dakota (ND) MN CA TX FL WA MN CO TX CA MT Nebraska (NE) IA CA CO MO TX IA CO TX KS MO State First Second Third Fourth Fifth First Second Third Fourth Fifth New Hampshire (NH) MA ME VT NY CT MA ME VT FL NY New Jersey (NJ) NY PA CA VA FL NY PA FL CA TX New Mexico (NM) TX CA AZ CO FL TX CO AZ CA FL Nevada (NV) CA AZ TX IL NY CA TX AZ WA FL New York (NY) NJ CA CT PA FL FL NJ CA CT PA Ohio (OH) KY CA PA MI NY FL PA KY CA TX Oklahoma (OK) TX CA KS AR MO TX AR MO CO CA Oregon (OR) CA WA TX AZ NY WA CA ID TX AZ Pennsylvania (PA) NJ NY MD CA VA NJ NY MD FL DE Rhode Island (RI) MA CT NY CA NJ MA CT NY FL CA South Carolina (SC) NC GA VA NY FL NC GA FL TN TX South Dakota (SD) MN IA NE CA ND MN IA CO NE ND Tennessee (TN) GA MS KY NC CA GA FL TX KY NC Texas (TX) CA NY FL IL LA CA FL LA CO GA Utah (UT) CA TX CO ID AZ CA CO TX ID AZ Virginia (VA) MD NC WV DC CA DC MD NC FL TX Vermont (VT) NY NH MA CT CA NH MA NY FL CA Washington (WA) CA OR TX MD VA OR CA TX FL ID Wisconsin (WI) IL MN CA MI IA IL MN LA CA FL West Virginia (WV) OH PA VA MD CA VA PA OH MD NC Wyoming (WY) CO CA TX UT MT AL AR AZ CA CO 82 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 83
Data & Methodology 84 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 85
one of these places but conducts at least one search using Data Sources an Indeed site for another country. An international home searcher is defined as someone who searches the Indeed site The focus of this report is on job seeker interest in crossborder job moves. Our main source of information included for the same country as their IP address location. aggregated and anonymous search data from Indeed If the same searcher looks in more than one state or country, sites in 55 countries and economies. 1 Our analysis of the we count them once for each state or country in which they (US) included the 50 states and the District search (including their own), but we only count one search of Columbia. For the US analysis, we define a cross-border per locality per IP address per month. We conducted our searcher as someone who, based on their IP address location, main analysis on the average monthly count of searchers is currently located in one state but enters a different state within each locality over the period of May 2013 through April name in the where box in at least one Indeed search. A 2014. Focusing on a full year of data allows us to smooth out home searcher was defined as someone who searches in the seasonal movements in job seeker behavior. same state as their IP address location. In addition to the location of the job seeker and the job Our international analysis focused on 55 countries and search, we also examined the top keywords entered by job economies with Indeed sites (excluding Antarctica). For this seekers. We considered the actual search terms used by analysis, we define a cross-border searcher as someone who, people outside a location searching within that location, and based on their IP address location, is currently located in then grouped common search terms by field, as defined below. Field query word in Oil, Gas, or Mining oil, gas, mining, petroleum Nurse, or RN, or Nursing nurse, nursing, rn, lpn, cna, lvn java, software, developer, IT, engineer, analyst, computer, sql, web, information, oracle, network, Java, Software, Developer, or IT engineering, gis, programmer, intelligence, javascript, html, python, database Accountant accountant, accounting, accounts, cpa, controller, payroll Sales sales, salesperson Teacher or Teaching teacher, teaching, preschool, school, education In addition to studying searches, we examined the data from job postings on Indeed, which include millions of jobs from thousands of sources. The number of job postings on Indeed does not reflect a precise number of available jobs. A posting might refer to an unspecified number of job openings, it may be listed in numerous places, and it may remain online for a period after it has been filled. Job postings do offer, however, a gauge of the broad share of job openings in the economy. We used the average number of monthly job postings over one year (May 2014 through April 2014), which were considered for searchers in each of the 51 states and each of the 55 economies analyzed. This report also includes the latest available labor market data gathered by several external sources. For the US, we relied on data from the US Department of Labor s Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the US Census Bureau, and the US Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). The BLS collects data from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program to produce state-level unemployment rates based on the same concepts and definitions as those used for the official national estimates obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a sample survey of households that is conducted for the BLS by the U.S. Census Bureau. The LAUS program measures employment and unemployment on a place-of-residence basis. 2 We also used data from the BLS that provides estimates for 2013 based on data provided from the US Census Bureau. We used state-level Gross Domestic Product (GDP) data from the BEA for 2012. The remaining data for the US comes from the US Census Bureau based on the period 2008-2012, and it includes the percentage of the 25 years and older with a bachelor s degree or higher, the median household income, and the median value of owner-occupied housing units in each state. For the 55 countries and economies considered in this study, we supplemented the Indeed data sources with data from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the Barro-Lee dataset. From the World Bank, we used the 2012 unemployment rates for each location based on the standardized International Labour Organization (ILO) definition. From the IMF s April 2014 World Economic Outlook, we obtained estimates from 2013 regarding the Gross Domestic Product based on GDP purchasing-power-parity (PPP) per capita and the of each country. To collect data on the percentage of the aged 25 and over who have completed tertiary education, we relied on data from the Barro-Lee dataset. 3 Directed Graphs Methodology The directed graph for the US shows the flow between states. A line is drawn between two states when at least 3% of searchers from the originating state search in the receiving state. The international directed graph shows the flow between countries, where each line represents at least 2% of the searchers from the originating country searching in the receiving country. The directed graphs reported in the country and state profiles identify the top five countries and states in terms of searches to and from each locality, regardless of the share of searchers. Flexible Jobs internship, intern, summer, temporary, part time Visa or Sponsorship visa, sponsorship Interpreter interpreter, translator, language 86 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 87
Drivers of Cross-Border Search Methodology In order to explore the relationship between cross-border job seeker behavior and economic indicators, we reported correlations and estimates from simple linear regressions of our various index values as well as the economic and postings data discussed above. We acknowledge that the term drivers is being used loosely here, and it is based on correlations rather than strictly identified causal connections. Index Methodology jobs in that area, the labor market may be tighter than it first appears. It is important to keep in mind that this index is based on where the searchers are looking for jobs, not on where the searchers are currently located. Location Desirability Index Our location desirability rankings are based on the total number of external searchers (as opposed to being based on the share of external searchers from our External Competition Index). The more external searchers a country has, the higher it appears in the desirability rankings. Rankings are based on a normalized scale, with the US (our top-ranked country for location desirability) equal to 100. External Competition Index Our external competition rankings examine the share of job seekers who search in a particular country or state from outside that country or state. We consider this a measure of external competition because people often think of only the local as being competition for local jobs. However, if a relatively large number of outsiders are also looking for Movers Index In contrast to the previous indices, our movers rankings show the percentage of unique job seekers in each state or country currently looking for a job outside that state or country. The key difference here is that we are now focusing on where job seekers are currently located rather than where they are looking to move. 1 We have search data from more than 230 IP locations worldwide and could have included all of these locations in our analysis. We limited the sample to countries with Indeed sites, and further limited it by excluding Thailand and Vietnam from our rankings. These are Indeed s newest sites. Because they were launched in June 2013, we do not have complete search data for the entirety of the sample year. 2 Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2014). Regional and State Unemployment -- 2013 Annual Averages. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/srgune.pdf 3 Barro, R. and Lee, J. (2013). A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950 2010. Journal of Development Economics, [online] Volume 104, September 2013, pp.184 198. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/s0304387812000855 [Accessed 10 June. 2014]. 88 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 89
About Indeed 90 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 91
About the Author Tara M. Sinclair, PhD, is an associate professor of economics and international affairs at The George Washington University and an economist at Indeed. Her research focuses on examining historical patterns in data to understand both the current and past structure of the labor market and to forecast future movements. As Indeed Economist, Tara is developing original research using proprietary Indeed data to uncover exclusive insights into the labor market. In addition to her research, Tara is frequently invited to brief the media on economic and labor trends as well as offer commentary. She has been quoted in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and the Washington Post, and she has appeared on CNN, C-Span, NPR, Fox Business, Bloomberg Radio and TV, and many other local and international news programs. About Indeed Hiring Lab The Indeed Hiring Lab is a global research institute committed to advancing the knowledge of human resource and talent management professionals worldwide. Led by Dr. Tara Sinclair, Indeed Economist and an associate professor of economics and international affairs at The George Washington University, the Indeed Hiring Lab research agenda includes large-scale labor research projects, ongoing tracking and analysis of employment trends, and surveys of industry professionals. Contributors Nayna Ahmed, Zak Cocos, Steven Fazzio, Chris Hadley, Eleanor Hooker About Indeed More people find jobs on Indeed than anywhere else. Job seekers can search millions of jobs on the web or mobile in over 50 countries. More than 140 million people each month search for jobs, post resumes, and research companies on Indeed, and Indeed is the #1 source of external hires for thousands of companies. For more information, visit indeed.com. 92 Indeed Indeed Hiring Lab 93