Electrical Technologies for the Aviation of the Future

Superconducting Power Applications for Aviation Electrical Technologies for the Aviation of the Future S. Yamaguchi Chubu University, CASER, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan

Today s Talk 1. Introduction of DC Superconducting Power Transmission Project in Chubu Univ. & Japan 1. Individual R&D Subjects for Superconducting Power Transmission line Special thanks to all members of CASER, Chiyoda Corp., Sumitomo Electric and SAKURA Internet

DC Superconducting Power Transmission 1) Low Loss, 2) Environmental Friendly, 3) (maybe) Low cost, 4) Ultra Long Transmission, 5) High Security from HP of American Superconductor (AMS

AC & DC Power Transmission Loss Heat leak is 1 W/m & COP of refrigerator is 0.1 at 70K 120 1.2GW Transmission Line 100 LOSS [MW] 80 60 40 Al-cable AC Al-cable DC 20 SC-DC Trans. 0 Inverter Loss 0 200 400 600 800 1 10 3 1.2 10 3 Distance [km] 120MW Loss for 10,000km in DC-SC transmission line 10% loss of Transmission Power by ABB & my Estimations.

Why we use Superconducting Transmission? Environmental Friendly Transmission line from Canada Nelson River to USA Logged Tree area From AREVA(logged area of HVDC < the area of HVAC)

Why we use Superconducting Transmission? Underground cable has high security compared with Overhead line in China 1) Iron Towers are destroyed by Wind & Snow, and induces Blackout of wide areas in City 2) Weak for terrorists Underground cable like Oil pipeline

20mDC-SC Cable Facility (CASER-1) Photo by Sept. 2006 Laboratory @Oct. 2006 Cable ~ 500KUS$ / 20meter Construction from 2005 to 2006 The first HTS DC cable test facility in the World

Main subjects of CASER-1 1. Heat leak reduction by Peltier current lead [1, 2] 2. Prevention of current imbalance of HTS tape conductors by current lead resistance method [3, 4, 5] 3. Measurement of HTS tape conductor after the installation of the SC cable [2] 4. Usage of straight tube for cryogenic pipe, and absorption of the thermal shrinkage by the bellows pipe. [5] 5. Correspondence of thermal expansion of cable [4] References [1] M. Hamabe, A. Sasaki, T. Kasukabe, M. Oue, K. Nakamura, S. Yamaguchi, A. Ninomiya, H. Okumura, K. Kawamura, and I. Aoki: IEEE Trans Appl. Supercond., 16 (2006) 465-468. [2] S. Yamaguchi, M. Hamabe, I. Yamamoto, T. Famakinwa, A. Sasaki, A. Iiyoshi, J. Schultz, J. Minervini, T. Hoshino, Y. Ishiguro, and K. Kawamura: J. Appl. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 97 (2008) 012290. [3] S. Yamaguchi, T. Kawahara, M. Hamabe, H. Watanabe, Yu. Ivanov, J. Sun, and A. Iiyoshi: Proc. of ICEC23 and ICMC2010 (2011) Wroclaw, Poland, 1041-1047. [4] S. Yamaguchi, T. Kawahara, M. Hamabe, H. Watanabe, Yu. Ivanov, J. Sun, and A. Iiyoshi: Physica C 471 (2011) 1300-1303. [5] S. Yamaguchi, K. Seo, M. Morita, Cryogenics 38, (1998) 875-880.

Low Heat Leak Current Lead (PCL) Heat leak from the current lead is major for short distance, larger current (low voltage) applications. No frozen of electrode Low heat leakage PCL Frozen of electrode High heat leakage Conventional CL cable electrode cable electrode measurement cable port FRP flange FRP flange measurement cable port The Principle: Low thermal conductivity and Peltier effect S. Yamaguchi et al, Research activities of DC Superconducting Power Transmission Line in Chubu University, J. Physics: Conference Series, 97(2008)012290.

Low heat leak current lead (PCL) Test Stand for the measurement of Heat leak Rods plates Flexible tube Top flange Vacuum tank LN2 tank1 LN2 tank2 Cu shield Cu block PCL (P type, outside) PCL (N type) Insulation plate vacuum Current Lead Heater Bottom flange caster TC (T type) TC (T type) For high accurate measurement, two LN2 tank system is used to cancel the heat conduction from the support rods. One pair of PCL (incluede P & N types) are made to measure the heat leak as a function cover PCL (N type) PCL (P type)

Experimental Result of PCL Heat Leak [W] 10 9 8 7 6 5 Heat Leak & HL/current for pair Heat Leak Heat Leak per current 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 current [A] 60 50 40 30 20 Heat Leak/current [W/kA] Temperature [K] 340 320 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 Temperature of PCL _N-type high temperature_n-type BiTe Low temperature_n-type BiTe 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 current [A] 100K Heat Leak for Copper Lead 50W/kA PCL 30W/kA 25W/kA Rate current of PCL = 143 [A] Short Circuit Experiment_1 Peak Current = 675 [A] Duration = 18 [ms] For aviation application, low heat leak @ terminal is needed

Terminal connection@20m & 200m cable systems We should test the electric insulation voltage and the impluse experiment avoid the current imbalance of HTS tape for longer cable (> several km) Reduction of HTS tape cost for longer cable, Splicing will be used. N. Koizumi et al, Experimental results on instability caused by non-uniform current distribution in the 30 ka NbTi demopoloidal cpo; )DPC-U) conductor, Cryogenics, 34(1994)155-162. S. Yamaguchi et al, A small-scale experiment demonstrating the current lead resistance method of preventing a current imbalance, Cryogenics, 38(1998)875-880.

200mDC-SC Cable Facility (CASER-2) Terminal cryostat Terminal cryostat Construction Completed @May, 2010 Refrigerator and Pump system Cryogenic pipe Construction at site: Aug. 2009 to Jan. 2010 1 st cooling down: Jan. 2010 2 nd cooling down: Aug. 2010 3 rd cooling down: Jan., 2011 4 th cooling down: Aug. 2012 5 th cooling down; Aug. 2013 6 th cooling down; July 2014 Insulation = ±10kV Current = 2 ka @77K Power = 40MW Cryo-cooler = ~1kW@77K Circulation = ~10L/min Monitor ~ 600CH S. Yamaguchi et al, DESIGN and CONSTRUCTION of 200-meter HTS DC Power Cable Test Facility in Chubu University, CEC-23/ICMC 2010, Poland July 2010. Cable ~ 1MUS$ / 200meter

Main subjects of CASER-2 1. Absorption system for SC cable shrinkage [3] 2. Scale law of circulation of Liquid nitrogen [7] 3. Thermal syphon effect of LN2 circulation [7] 4. Vacuum pumping and keeping vacuum of Cryogenic pipe [8] 5. Iron pipe for cryogenic pipe and Electric power storage [9] 6. Heat leak reduction of cryogenic pipe [10] References [6] S. Yamaguchi, Yu. Ivanov, J. Sun, H. Watanabe, M. Hamabe, T. Kawahara, A. Iiyoshi, M. Sugino, and H. Yamada: Proc. of SCC 2011 (to be published). [7] Yu.V. Ivanov, H. Watanabe, M. Hamabe, J. Sun, T. Kawahara, and S. Yamaguchi: Physica C 471 (2011) 1308-1312. [8] H. Watanabe, M. Hamabe, T. Kawahara, S. Yamaguchi: Proc. of ICEC23 and ICMC2010 (2011) Wroclaw, Poland, 649-652. [9] S. Yamaguchi, T. Fujii, M. Sugino, M. Hamabe, H.Watanabe, T. Kawahara, and A. Iiyoshi: IEEE Trans Appl. Supercond., 21 (2011) 1046-1049. [10] M. Sugino, M. Hamabe, H. Watanabe, T. Kawahara, S. Yamaguchi, Y. Ishiguro, and O. Shinshi: Proc. of ICEC23 and ICMC2010 (2011) Wroclaw, Poland, 639-643.

Low cost straight iron pipe for Cryo-pipe 200-meter cable 20-meter cable Iron straight pipe for outer pipe SS straight pipe for inner pipe for 1) low pressure drop 2) low heat leak 3) high strength 4) cheap & much more as compared with corrugated pipe S. Yamaguchi et al, DESIGN and CONSTRUCTION of 200-meter HTS DC Power Cable Test Facility in Chubu University, CEC-23/ICMC 2010, Poland July 2010.

Movable Terminal for thermal contraction Thermal contraction ~ 3 m for 1km cable M. Sugano, K. Shikimachi, N. Hirano and S. Nagaya, Supercond. Sci. Technol., 23(2010)085013. Extendable Bellows Terminal Cryostat terminal support Fixed pipe cryogenic pipe movable cryostat SC cable 200m cable system Absorb the thermal contraction and expansion of SC cable, Movable cryostat & Extendable bellows are used. S. Yamaguchi et al, DESIGN and CONSTRUCTION of 200-meter HTS DC Power Cable Test Facility in The the same for the Chubu design University,is CEC-23/ICMC 2010, Poland July500 2010. m and the 2000 m cables

Helical Deformation of Cable for thermal contraction Cable stays around the outer side of the pipe at RT, and around the inner side of the pipe at 77K S. Yamaguchi et al, Experiment of 200- meter Superconducting DC cable system in Chubu University, Physica C 471 (2011)1300-1303. @RT @77K H. Watanabe et al, Thermomechanical Behavior of the Superconducting cable of CASER2 at Chubu University, Proc. ICEC24-ICMC2012, pp. 711-714 (2013). Helical deformation is found and the thermal contraction is shorten by the deformation Helical deformation is used to reduce the thermal stress of the cable 17

Vision of City of Ishikari 1. DC power transmission & distribution 2. Renewable Energy (Wind Power ++) 3. Superconductivity Offshore Wind (depth of sea ~20m) Gas Power Plant LNG 基 地 Substation 2 Mega Solar Substation 1 1)DC (SC) power distribution 2) LNG cold 3)Green idc 4)Wind Power + PV 5)Battery of idc

Construction in Ishikari Line 1: Installing Cryogenic Pipe Line 1: SC cable 2014 年 10 月 9 日 2014 年 7 月 26 日 2014 年 7 月 26 日 Line 2: installing Cryogenic Pipe 2014 年 10 月 26 日 diameter : 42 Power : 100MW 2014 年 7 月 26 日 1 9

Construction in Ishikari Line 1: Installing Terminal Cryostat Line 1: Diagonostics 2014 年 7 月 26 日 Line 1: Circulation system 2015 年 2 月 9 日 2014 年 7 月 26 日 2015 年 1 月 21 日 2015 年 3 月 3 日 2 0

@Hokkaido / Ishikari Demonstration of DC Superconducting Power Transmission Line from 2013 Line 1, underconstruction DC SC Cable Total length1.5km DC-SC cable Line 1: Experiment will start in June, 2015 for Internet Data Center 21 Ishikari Project Line 2: be completed around Nov., 2015

Designs of Cryogenic Pipe H. Watanabe et al, ICEC25 ICMC2014, Tue Af P1, 3 18 Design Concepts Return pipe (50A) for circulation of LN2, New MLI & different configuration to roll up, Radiation Shield, Vacuum pumping during the operation at terminal Without a radiation shield

New Refrigerator 2 for 2km 1 for 0.5km 2 for 2km 1 for 0.5km Sterling Refrigerator Cold power: 1kW@77K Electric power Consumption: 15KW, 200V3 Long life time Turbo Brayton Refrigerator Cold power: 2kW@77K COP is low because of small size Maintenance for every 3 years Relatively high COP Maintenance for every year Refrigeration: 6kW@77K for 2km Power Converter and load is under consideration as the experiments Refrigerator consume electricity much, and is heavy!

Major Technical Targets of Ishikari Project 1. Thermal contraction and expansion of SC cable Thermal contraction and expansion will be important problem for longer cable, and we should find actual answer in Engineering, and we try two methods 2. Low Heat Leak System for longer cable Loss of SC cable depends on the heat leak of the system mainly, and it is the most important to minimize the heat leak of the whole system. 3. Circulation of Cryogen for longer cable Low pressure circulation is an actual subject for longer cable, and we adopt the straight pipe system for cable pipe and return pipes. These are the necessary conditions to realize the HTS power cable in Engineering 24

Prof. Kitazawa s Dream Global GRID & Renewable Energy H. Koinuma et al, Shara Solar Breeder Project (SSB), JICA/JST satrepes (2011). Y. Kuwano, Progress of Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells, Proc. of the Intl. PVSEC 4, Sydney, pp. 557 564 (1989).

New Peace Keeper, DC_SC Transmission Now we have ~500 Nuclear Stations in the World, we will make ~2000 Nuclear Stations in 2050 before Fukushima Europe (mid night) Japan (day time) Europe (day time) Japan (mid night) We can save Nuclear Reactors & Lifetime > 10 centuries? DC Superconducting Power Transmission PV Nuclear Stations In Europe Gas Power Station And connect PV Energy in Desert & Coal/Gas/Oil around the center areas of Eurasia Continent Nuclear Stations In Aisia

Sahara to Europe/ Project Desertec Power transmission will start in 2020 Desertec was started July, 2009 Alaska Canada US China, Korea Japan New Scientist 2009/March

Conflict between Russia & Europe in 2005-2006 < Process > In 2005, Russian gas company asked the Ukraine government to change the price of NG from 50 $ to 160$ for 1,000m 3, the negotiation was complicated. Jan. 1 st, 2006, the Russian company stopped to send the gas to Ukraine. Jan. 4 th ; Reach a settlement of 95US$ http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ファイル:rugaspipesmap.jpg It is a Security problem if the energy will be transferred one direction. My German friend told me, It was cold winter in 2006. Energy should be sent bi directionally and RE has good characteristics.

Thank you for Attention Special thanks to all members of CASER, Chubu University, and Chiyoda Corp., Sumitomo Electric and SAKURA Internet