Environmental Engineering. Series Editors: U. Forstner, R.J. Murphy, W.H. Rulkens

Environmental Engineering Series Editors: U. Forstner, R.J. Murphy, W.H. Rulkens

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

R. K. J ain. Y. Aurelle. C. Cabassud. M. Roustan. S. P. Shelton (Eds.) Environmental Technologies and Trends International and Policy Perspectives With 202 Figures Springer

Series Editors Prof. Dr. U. Fărster prof. Robert J. Murphy prof. Dr. ir. W. H. Rulkens Editors prof. Dr. Ravi K. Jain Prof. Dr. Yves Aurelle Dr. Corinne Cabassud Dr. Michel Roustan prof. Dr. Stephen P. Shelton Arbeitsbereich Umweltschutztechnik Technische Universităt Hamburg-Harburg Ei15endorfer Stra15e 40 D-21073 Hamburg, Germany Dept. of Civil Engineering and Mechanics College of Engineering University of South Florida 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ENG 118 Tampa, FL 33620-5350, USA Wageningen Agricultural University Dept. of Environmental Technology Bomenweg 2, P. O. Box 8129 NL-6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands University of Cincinnati, OH, USA INSA, Toulouse, France INSA, Toulouse, France INSA, Toulouse, France University of New Mexico, USA ISBN 978-3-642-63913-5 Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek - Cip-Einheitsaufnahme Environmental technologies and trends: international and policy perspectives I R. K. Jain... - Berlin; Heidelberg ; New York; Barcelona ; Budapest ; Hong Kong ; London ; Milan; Paris; Santa Clara; Singapore; Tokyo: Springer, 1996 (Environmental engineering) ISBN 978-3-642-63913-5 ISBN 978-3-642-59235-5 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-59235-5 NE: Jain, Ravi K. This work is subject to copyright. Ali rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are Iiable for prosecution act under German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997 Ursprilnglich erschienen bei Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1997 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1997 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use Production: ProduServ GmbH Verlagsservice, Berlin Typesetting: Data-conversion by Fotosatz-Service Kiihier OHG, Wiirzburg SPIN: 10514881 61/3020-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper

Preface This manuscript was made possible by the exceptional support provided by INSA (Institut National des Sciences Appliquees) Toulouse, the University of New Mexico and the University of Cincinnati College of Engineering. The authors, as listed in this book, took the time to prepare excellent manuscripts focusing on scientific and technical areas relevant to emerging environmental issues. These manuscripts were rigorously reviewed and refereed by scientists and engineers before inclusion in this book. An introductory chapter was prepared to summarize and integrate technical issues covered and the last chapter was written to present policy perspectives. The editors are most grateful to the contributors, sponsor organizations, and many colleagues who were kind enough to assist us in making this manuscript possible. Background information about the editors, principal authors and other contributor:s to this manuscript follows.

Editors Professor Dr. Ravi K. Jain Associate Dean for Research and International Engineering College of Engineering University of Cincinnati Mail Location 0018 Cincinnati OH 45221-0018 U.S.A. Ravi K. Jain received B. S. and M. S. degrees in Civil Engineering from California State University and a Ph. D. in Civil Engineering from Texas Tech. He studied Public Administration and Public Policy at Harvard, earning an M.P.A. degree. Dr. Jain has directed a staff of over 200 engineers and scientists conducting interdisciplinary research for the US Army, and was the Founding Director of the Army Environmental Policy Institute (AEPI). He has held research and faculty appointments at the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has been a Littauer Fellow at Harvard University and a Fellow, Churchill College, Cambridge University. He has been a consultant to federal agencies, international organizations, and private industry. Dr. Jain has served on numerous National Task Forces and Advisory Councils for the Department of Defense, NSF, Navy, Army, EPA and NAS. He has published ten books and numerous journal articles and technical reports. His two most recent books include: Environmental Assessment (McGraw Hill, 1993); and Management of Research and Development Organizations-Managing the Unmanageable (Wiley, 1991).

VIII Editors Professor Dr. Yves Aurelle INSA Toulouse Directeur du Departement G.P.I Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse Cedex France Dr. Aurelle is a Professor of Chemical Engineering at the National Institute of Applied Sciences of Toulouse, France, and Head of the Department of Industrial Process Engineering. He has been an engineer in Industrial Chemistry (1967), Engineer Doctor (1974) and State Doctor (1980). Over his career, he has performed research in chemistry at the Societe National des Petroles d' Aquitaine, Research Center of Lacq and later in water and wastewater treatments at the National Institute of Applied Sciences. He is currently Research Team Manager in physical chemical treatment of water in the Laboratoire d'ingenierie des Pro cedes de l'environment (L. I. P. E.). Specializing for more than twenty years in the treatment of hydrocarbon pollution, he has developed with ELF Company many new treatment processes. He has published over 150 reports and journal articles in environmental engineering literature. He received the Chevalier grade of Academic Palms in 1994. Dr. Corinne Cabassud INSA Toulouse Departement Genie des Procedes Industriels Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil 31 077 Toulouse Cedex France Dr. Cabassud is an Associate Professor in Chemical Engineering in the Department of Genie des Pro cedes Industriels at the Engineer School INS A Toulouse, France. She graduated with a degree in Chemical Engineering from the Engineer School ENSIC Nancy, France (1983) and received a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering in 1986 after a research study concerning membrane biological reactors applied to water denitrification. From 1986 to 1993 she was Research Engineer and then Research Team Leader in the Membrane Laboratory of the Lyonnaise des Eauz Company. Specializing in membrane processes, she participated in research and development of new ultrafutration modules and processes for drinking water production. Dr. Cabassud joined INSA in 1993 and she is now in charge of research on membrane separations for environmental applications.

Editors IX Professor Dr. Michel Roustan INSA Toulouse Department Genie des Pro cedes Industriels Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil 31 077 Toulouse Cedex France Michel Roustan, Ph.D., is a Professor of Chemical Engineering in the Department of Industrial Engineering Processes ("Genie des Procedes Industriels" - GPI) at the Engineer School INSA Toulouse (France). He received his engineer diploma in Chemical Engineering (INSA). He obtained his Ph.D. in 1978 after a research concerning mixing in the gas-liquid reactors. From 1986-1993 he was Head of the Department of GPI-INSA and currently he is Director of the Research Laboratory"Laboratoire d'ingenierie des Pro cedes de l'environnement" (LIPE EA 833) at INSA and in charge of the Doctoral Studies Programme. Dr. Roustan works in the field of multiphasic reactors (gas-liquid-solid) applied to the wastewater or drinking water processes. He contributed to the conception and development of several new processes operating now in full scale. He is the author of nearly 180 papers in chemical engineering (journal articles, oral communications and book chapters) and has directed 27 Ph. D. Dissertations. Professor Dr. Stephen P. Shelton Department of Civil Engeneering University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 U.S.A. Stephen P. Shelton, Ph.D., is a Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico USA. During his tenure at UNM, he held numerous administrative positions including Department Chair, Technical Lead for Research for the New Mexico Hazardous Waste Consortium, and Interim Director of the Army Environmental Policy Institute. He formally has been on faculties at the University of South Carolina and the University of Texas. A graduate of the University of Tennessee, Dr. Shelton is registered as a professional engineer in six states and a Diplomat in the American Academy of Environmental Engineers. Over his career, he has performed research for government and industry in many areas related to environmental engineering and policy. He has published over 100 reports and journal articles in the environmental science, engineering and policy literature.

Principal Authors Gerard Antonini, Professor, Universite de Technologie de Compiegne, Division Genie des Transferts et Energetique, Departement Genie Chimique, B. P. 64206 Compiegne Cedex - France Philippe Aptel, Universite Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire de Genie Chimique et electrochimie - URA CNRS - 192,118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex - France Michel Astruc, Professor, Universite de Pau et Pays de l' Adour, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Avenue de l'universite, 64000 Pau - France Jean-Marc Audic, Senior Research Engineer, Centre International de Recherche sur I'Bau et l'environnement (Research Center of Lyonnaise des Eaux) 38, Rue du President Wilson, 78230 LePecq - France Dominique Bastoul, Associate Professor, Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse (INSA), Laboratoire d'ingenierie des Pro cedes de l'environnement, Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex - France Nouredine Bel Hadj Tahar, Ph.D. Student, Groupe Genie des Procecies de Separation et Membranes, Laboratoire de Genie Chimique et Electrochimie - URA CNRS - 192, Universite Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex - France Vincent Boisdon, Research Engineer (Research Center of Compagnie Generale des Eaux), Anjou Recherche, Chemin de la Digue, BP 76, 78603 Maisons Laffitte - France Christophe Bonnin, Group Manager, Anjou Recherche (Research Center of Compagnie Generale des Eaux), Chemin de la Digue, BP 76,78603 Maisons Laffitte - France Richard C. Brenner, Environmental Engineer, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Mail Stop 420, Cincinnati, OH 45268, U.S.A. Bernard Capdeville, Professor, Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse (INSA), Laboratoire d'ingenierie des Procecies de l'environnement, Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex - France Michael Clifton, Senior Scientist, Groupe Genie des Procecies de Separation et Membranes, Laboratoire de Genie Chimique et Electrochimie - URA CNRS - 192, Universite Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex - France

XII Principal Authors Hubert Debellefontaine, Professor, Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse (INSA), Laboratoire d'ingenierie des Pro cedes de l'environnement, Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex - France Geraldine Deiber, Ph. D. Student, Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse (INSA), Laboratoire d'lngenierie des Pro cedes de l'environnement, Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex - France Bernard Delanghe, Associate Professor, Universite de Pau et Pays de l'adour, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, Avenue de 1 'Universite, 64000 Pau - France John D. Ditmars, Manager, Environmental Sciences and Engineering Group, Environmental Assessment Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Ave. - EAD/900, Argonne, IL, 60439, U.S.A. Christian Fonade, Professor, Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse (INSA), Departement GBA - URA CNRS 544, Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex - France Jean-Noel Foussard, Associate Professor, Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse (INSA), Laboratoire d'ingenierie des Procecies de l'environnement, Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex - France Donald J. Freeman, P.E., Environmental Engineer, U.S. Army Armament Research Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC), Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey 07806-5000, U.S.A. Dimitre Hadjiev, Associate Professor, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Universite de Caen, 14000 Caen Cedex - France Robert Hausler, Professor, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Case postale 8888, succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal (Quebec), Canada, H3C 3P8 Edmond Julien, Associate Professor, Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse (INSA), Laboratoire d'lngenierie des Procecies de l'environnement, Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex - France Germain Lacoste, Professor, ENSIGC, 18, Chemin de la Loge, 31078 Toulouse Cedex France Alain Laplanche, Professor, Ecole National Superieure de Chimie de Rennes, Laboratoire Chimie des Nuisances et Genie de l'environnement, Avenue du General Leclere, 35700 Rennes - France Pierre Le Cloirec, Professor, Ecole National Superieure des Techniques Industrielles et des Mines d' Ales, 6, Avenue de Clavieres, 30319 Ales Cedex - France Xavier Lefebvre, Research Engineer, Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse (INSA), Laboratoire d'ingenierie des Procecies de l'environnement, Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex - France Marie-Helene Manero, Associate Professor, I.U.T. genie Chimique, Chemin de la Loge, 31078 Toulouse Cedex - France and Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse (INSA), Laboratoire d'ingenierie des Procecies de l'environnement, Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex - France

Principal Authors XIII Hugo Matamoros, Ph. D. Student, Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse (INSA), Laboratoire d'ingenierie des Pro cedes de l'environnement, Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex - France Michel Mauret, Research Engineer, Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse (INSA), Laboratoire d'ingeniere des Pro cedes de l'environnement, Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex - France Pierre Mocho, Ph.D. Student, Ecole National Superieure des Techniques Industrielles et des Mines d' Ales, 6, Avenue de Clavieres, 30319 Ales Cedex - France Philippe Moulin, Ph. D., Groupe Genie des Pro cedes de Separation et Membranes, Laboratoire de Genie Chimique et Electrochimie - URA CNRS - 192, Universite Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex - France Etienne Paul, Lecturer, Institut National des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse (INSA), Laboratoire d'ingenierie des Procedes de l'environnement, Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex - France Jane E. Rael, Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87l31, U.S.A. Jean-Christophe Rouch, Research Engineer, Groupe Genie des Procedes de Separation et Membranes, Laboratoire de Genie Chimique et Electrochimie - URA CNRS - 192, Universite Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex - France Andre Savall, Professor, Universite Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire de Genie Chimique et Electrochimie - URA CNRS - 192,118, Route de Narbonne, 31002 Toulouse Cedex France Christophe Serra, Ph.D. Student, Groupe Genie des Pro cedes de Separation et Membranes, Laboratoire de Genie Chimique et Eletrochimie - URA CNRS - 192, Universite Paul Sabatier, 118, Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex - France Ed Dean Smith, Chief, Environmental Engineering Division, U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, 2902 Newmark Drive, Champaign, IL 61821, U.S.A. Francis L. Smith, Graduate Assistant, University of Cincinnati, Civil & Environmental Engineering, P. O. Box 21007l, Cincinnati, OH 45221-007l, U.S.A. Ian Smyth, Senior Research Fellow, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton (UK) George A. Sorial, Senior Research Associate, University of Cincinnati, Civil & Environmental Engineering, P. O. Box 21007l, Cincinnati, OH 45221-007l, U.S.A. Makram Suidan, Schneider Professor and Department Head, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 21007l, Cincinnati, OH 45221-007l, U.S.A. Martin Thew, Professor of Fluid Technology, Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Southampton (UK) Hany Zaghloul, Environmental Engineer, U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (USACERL), P. o. Box 9005, Champaign, IL 61826-9005, U.S.A.

XIV Other Contributors Other Contributors Susan Bill, Coordinator, Professional and Executive Development, Research and International Engineering, University of Cincinnati, P. O. Box 210018, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0018, U.S.A. Todd Bragdon, Graduate Student, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, P. O. Box 210071, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, U.S.A. Shafiq Islam, Assistant Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, P. O. Box 210071, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0071, U.S.A. Jean-Pierre Soula, Professor, Centre de Communication et de Gestion, INSA Toulouse, Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France, U.S.A. Donna Vitucci, Consulting Editor, Research and International Engineering, University of Cincinnati, P. O. Box 210018, Cincinnati, OH 45221-00 18, U.S.A. Franfoise Voillot, Directeur, Service des Relations Exterieeures et Internationales, INSA Toulouse, Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France

Contents 1 Introduction 2 Drinking Water 2.1 Drinking Water Production: Processes and Emerging Technologies 11 M. ROUSTAN and C. CABASSUD 2.2 Adsorption of Organic Micropollutants onto Activated Carbon Fibers: Cloth and Felt................................ 35 B. DELANGHE, 1. MERCIER, and P. LE CLOIREC 2.3 Removal of Micropollutants in Some Ozone Contactors: Efficiency and Simulation... 46 A. LAPLANCHE, C. LANGLAIS, D. WOLSERT and V. BOISDON 2.4 Pervaporation and Membrane Stripping: Potentialities on Micropollutants Removal from Water...... 62 E. JULIEN and Y.AURELLE 3 Air Pollution 3.1 Industrial Air Pollution: Removal of Dilute Gaseous Vapors M.H.MANERO 3.2 Development of Trickle-Bed Air Biofilter..... M. SUIDAN, F. SMITH, G. SORIAL and R. BRENNER 3.3 Deodorization in Wastewater Treatment Plants by Wet-Scrubbing on Packed Column and Chlorine Oxidation C. BONNIN and A. LAPLANCHE 3.4 Regeneration by Induction Heating of Granular Activated Carbon Loaded with Volatile Organic Compounds... 124 P. MOCHO and P. LE CLOIREC 83 98 108 4 Wastewater Treatment A Biological Treatment 4.1 Effect of the Grease Solubilization and the Optimal Process Monitoring on the Grease Aerobic Digestion... 143 E. PAUL, X. LEFEBVRE, M. MAURET and B. CAP DEVILLE

XVI Contents 4.2 Membrane Gas Liquid Contactors in Water and Wastewater Treatment... 152 P. ApTEL, P. MOULIN, M. CLIFTON, J.-C. ROUCH and C. SERRA 4.3 The Biological Treatment of High Effluent Flowrates: A Review of the Hydrodynamic Conditions and Possibilities... 171 C.FONADE 4.4 B 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5 Multiphase Reactors for Biological Treatment of Urban Wastewaters D. BASTOUL, M. ROUSTAN, B. CAP DEVILLE and J.M. AUDIC Physical-Chemical Treatment Physical Chemical Treatments for Wastewater....... Y.AURELLE Hydrocyclone Based Treatment Methods for Oily Wastewaters........ 226 D. HADJIEV, I. SMYTH, M. THEW and Y. AURELLE Application of Membrane Separation Processes to Oily Wastewater Treatment: Cutting Oil Emulsions... 236 C. CABASSUD, H. MATAMOROS and Y. AURELLE Electrochemical Degradation of Organic Pollutants for Wastewater Treatment: Oxidation of Phenol on Pb02 Anodes... 262 A. SAVALL and N. BEL HADJ TAHAR Treatment of Aqueous Organic Wastes by Molecular Oxygen at High Temperature and Pressure: Wet Air Oxidation Process J.N. FOUSSARD, M. CHAKCHOUK, G. DEIBER and H. DEBELLEFONTAINE... 270 Hazardous Waste Management 5.1 Hazardous Wastes Treatments... 287 G.ANTONINI 5.2 Advanced Method for the Treatment of Organic Aqueous Wastes: Wet Peroxide Oxidation - WPO@, Laboratory Studies and Industrial Development.... 299 H. DE BELLEFONTAINE, M. FALCON, K. FAJERWERG, P. REILHAC, P. STRIOLO and J.M. FOUSSARD 5.3 Heavy Metals Recovery by Electrolyzing Technique: The 3.P.E. Technology... 313 G.LACOSTE 5.4 An Overview of Plasma Arc Technology Applied Research Projects for the Vitrification of Hazardous Wastes... 323 H. ZAGHLOUL, E. SMITH and D. FREEMAN 5.5 Permeable Barriers to Remove Cd and Cr from Groundwater J. RAEL and S. SHELTON 6 Soil and Groundwater Contamination 6.1 How Technology is Improving Decision Marking for Environmental Restoration... 349 J.DITMARS 183 205 333

Contents XVII 6.2 Soil Decontamination Using Electrokinetics, with Application to Urban Residual Sludges... 361 M. ASTRUC, S. TELLIER, I. LE HECHO, J. LARRANAGA and M. C. FOURCADE 6.3 A Systematic Approach to Groundwater Management... 372 R. HAUSLER, P. BERON and A. HADE 7 Environmental Trends and Policy Perspectives R. K. JAIN and S. P. SHELTON... 383 7.1 Technology Transfer and Utilization 7.2 Environmental Technologies and Regulations 7.3 Holistic Approach to Environmental Problems 7.4 Environmental Forecasting and Technology Trends 7.5 Privatization of the Environmental Infrastructure 7.6 Increased Use of Economic Instruments in Environmental Policy 7.7 IndustryTrends.... 7.8 Industrial Ecology - Going Beyond Pollution Prevention 7.9 Summary.. Subject Index 384 384 384 385 386 386 387 387 388 393