What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012 [DBA-208] Victor Isakov Database Architect Trainer SQL Server Solutions November 6-9, Seattle, WA

Victor Isakov Victor Isakov is a Database Architect / Trainer who enjoys a reputation of being one of the most knowledgeable subject matter experts on SQL Server and related technology. Victor has provided consulting and training services around the world for over 15 years. Victor Isakov has authored a number of books on SQL Server and worked with Microsoft to develop the SQL Server exams and certification. SQL Server / Business Intelligence / SharePoint Training SQL Server / Business Intelligence / SharePoint Consulting Performance Tuning / Troubleshooting SQL Server Infrastructure Reviews ( Health-checks ) Solution Architecture Design / Review Email: Blog: Twitter: victor@sqlserversolutions.com.au www.victorisakov.com @victorisakov LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/victorisakov 2 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

SQL 2012: What s New in the Data Platform The release of Microsoft SQL 2012 server revolutionises how organisations will deploy highly-available and scalable database solutions on premise, and in the cloud. Microsoft has also taken the opportunity with this release to redesign their certification programme for the cloud. In this seminar Victor Isakov (Microsoft Certified Architect, Microsoft Certified Master and Microsoft Valuable Professional (MVP)) will explore the key new features for the Data Platform in SQL Server 2012. This seminar will enable both IT professionals and decision makers to evaluate the functionality and business value of SQL Server and help mitigate the risks inherent in an upgrade scenario.

SQL 2012: What s New in the Data Platform Agenda New SQL Server certification SQL Server 2012 courses Licensing and Edition changes SQL Server AlwaysOn technology for Mission Critical environments Performance and Scalability improvements What s new for database administrators What s new for developers Upgrade process Business benefits of upgrading to SQL Server 2012

SQL 2012: What s New in the Data Platform Date Wednesday, 14 November 2012 5:00 5:30pm Registration (light food and beverage will be provided) 5:30 6:30pm Presentation Location Saxons Training Facilities Level 10, 10 Barrack Street, Sydney RSVP: victor@sqlserversolutions.com.au

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Abstract Windows Server 2012 is here! As a DBA, you should understand Microsoft's new operating system and its important set of features that will change the way you deploy SQL Server and design high availability solutions in your environment. In this session, you'll learn about the benefits that Windows Server 2012 brings to SQL Server, see how to install and configure Windows Server 2012 for a SQL Server deployment, and explore new features that will affect your virtualization and high availability architectures. 10 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012 [Session Code]

Let s Start the Show with a Quiz Scenario: I am a developer. Question: What does that mean? Answer: I don t have to know anything about SQL Server! Scenario: I am a DBA. Question: What does that mean? Answer: I don t have to know anything about Windows! 11 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Agenda Editions Licensing Features Hyper-V SMB 11/14/2012 12 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Windows Server 2012 Editions Licensing greatly simplified Hint! Hint! SQL Server team Available in two general purpose editions Standard Datacenter Both editions will have the same technical capabilities Both editions licensed by the same pairedprocessor model 13 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Recap: Windows Server 2008 Limits x86 Edition Processors Memory Features Standard 4 4GB Enterprise 8 64GB Datacenter 32 64GB x64 Edition Processors Memory Features Standard 4 32GB Enterprise 8 2TB Datacenter 64 2TB 14 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Recap: Windows Server 2008 R2 Limits Edition Processors Memor y Foundation 1 8GB Standard 4 32GB Licensed for 1 VM Enterprise 8 2TB Licensed for 4 VMs Datacenter 64 (256 logical) 2TB Unlimited virtualization rights Only available on 64-bit architecture 15 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Windows Server 2012 Limits Edition Processors Memory Features Foundation 1 32GB Essentials 2 64GB Licensed either in 1 VM or 1 physical Standard 64 4TB Licensed for 2 VMs Datacenter 64 4TB Licensed for unlimited VMs Hyper-V 4TB 16 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Virtualization Rights Windows Server 2012 Datacenter includes unlimited virtualization rights Windows Server 2012 Standard includes the right to run up to two VMs per license Windows Server 2012 Standard licenses may be stacked to run more VMs Example: If a server has 2 processors and your organization wants to run 8 VMs simultaneously on this server, you may assign the server 4 Windows Server Standard 2012 licenses 17 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Licensing Each Standard and Datacenter server license covers 2 physical processors The number of processor cores in a physical processor has no impact on licensing rules You must buy sufficient licenses to cover all processors in a server Licenses are sold in pairs A license pair cannot be split across physical servers 18 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Features Windows Core ReFS Storage Spaces Data Deduplication CHKDSK NIC Teaming Failover Clustering 19 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Windows Core Benefits Reduced memory footprint Reduced storage footprint Less patches to apply Does not necessarily mean less reboots Use cases Virtualization Availability Security SQL Server 2012 supports installation on Windows Server Core 2012 Windows Server Core 2008 R2 SP1 20 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Storage Today Larger volumes Large capacity drives Number of current storage problems Torn writes Bit rot RAID becoming unreliable Industry need to move away from hardware RAID 21 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

ReFS (Resilient File System) Need for a new file system ReFS goals Maintain high degree of NTFS compatibility Verify and auto-correct data Never take the file system offline Optimize for extreme scale Provide a full end-to-end resiliency architecture 22 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

ReFS Features Data corruption avoided Allocate-on-write eliminates corruption from inplace update errors Checksums detect whether the data on disk has changed since it was last written Data integrity protection File system metadata is always protected, maximizing online operation Optional user data protection (integrity streams) Configurable on a per-volume, per-directory, and per-file basis 23 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

ReFS Features Rapid recovery from file system corruption without affecting volume availability If redundant copy available, automatic correction If not, salvage done online and only corrupt portion of namespace affected Scalability ReFS efficiently scales to PB datasets comprising very large files Uses B+ tree internally 24 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

ReFS Current Limitations Only available on Windows Server SKUs Cannot boot from ReFS Cannot convert NTFS to ReFS 25 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

ReFS vs NTFS NTFS features not implemented Named streams Object IDs Short names Compression File level encryption (EFS) User data transactions Sparse Hard-links Extended attributes Quotas 26 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

ReFS and SQL Server Should you use ReFS for SQL Server? Nope! Actually ReFS is NOT supported But I do think it can still be useful. Where? Storing database backups! Especially when combined with Storage Pools 27 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Storage Spaces New paradigm Powerful new platform abstractions Storage pools: Units of aggregation, administration, isolation Storage spaces: Resiliency, provisioning, and performance Simple (similar to RAID 0) Mirror (similar to RAID 1) Parity (similar to RAID 5) Industry standard commodity storage Interconnects: SAS, USB, and SATA Enclosures: Shared SAS JBOD arrays 28 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Storage Deployment Strategies Cost-efficient Storage (New) Traditional Storage Block Access SAS FC iscsi App Servers JBODs App Servers File Access \db File SAS \db File FC iscsi App Servers File Servers JBODs App Servers File Servers 29 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Physical Deployment Topologies 30 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Better Hardware Utilization Enables mixed deployments Utilize both SSD and HDD media types Control placement at storage space granularity 31 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Storage Spaces Model Physical or Virtualized Servers Windows Server 2012 Capabilities File and Storage Manager Failover Clustering & CSV v2 ReFS & NTFS Hyper-V SMB v3 RDMA Storage Mgmt. PowerShell Virtualized Resilient Storage Mirror Space Parity Space Mirror Space Mirror Space Mirror Space Parity Space Parity Space Mirror Space Mirror Space Mirror Space Mirror Space Parity Space Cost-efficient 11/14/2012 shared SAS JBOD arrays 32 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Storage Spaces: Optimized and Flexible Capacity Utilization On-demand provisioning with automated capacity reclamation (trim/unmap) Capacity reclamation for deleted files (NTFS and ReFS) Sub-file capacity reclamation (e.g. through Hyper-V) Scheduled optimization for slab reclamation Elastic capacity expansion Simply add more drives 60TB Space 60TB Space 60TB Space 60TB Space Storage Pool A 60TB Space 60TB Space 60TB Space 60TB Space Storage Pool B 11/14/2012 33 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Storage Spaces: Resiliency to Drive Failure Resilient storage Mirror spaces with dirty region tracking Parity spaces with integrated journaling Rapid recovery via per-pool hot spares Resilient Spaces Mirror Space Parity Space Mirror Space Mirror Space Mirror Space Parity Space Mirror Space Mirror Space 11/14/2012 34 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

IOPS IOPS Throughput MB/s Throughput MB/s 5000 Storage Spaces: Performance Simple Spaces vs. Native Disks Read Throughput Simple Spaces 5000 Simple Spaces vs. Native Disks Write Throughput Simple Spaces 4000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 1MB Sequential Read, 7.2K RPM SAS 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 Simple Spaces vs. Native Disks Read IOPS Simple Spaces 0 1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 4K Random Read, 7.2K RPM SAS 35 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012 3000 2000 1000 0 1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 1MB Sequential Write, 7.2K RPM SAS 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 Simple Spaces vs. Native Disks Write IOPS Simple Spaces 0 1 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 4K Random Write, 7.2K RPM SAS

ReFS and Storage Spaces With NTFS, Scrubber verifies all copies can be read Scrubber With ReFS, Scrubber verifies checksums on all copies and autocorrects as needed Data Copy0 Data Copy1 Data Copy2 Data Volume NTFS Data Volume ReFS Data C H K Copy0 Data C H K Copy1 Data C H K Copy2 On media failure, NTFS will get an alternate copy of the data Mirror Space Mirror Space Checksum is inspected on all copies of the data If corruption detected, trigger auto-correct and return a healthy copy of the data 36 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Storage Spaces Demo November 6-9, Seattle, WA

Data Deduplication New to Windows Server 2012 Increases storage capacity while using less physical storage space Not the same as compression SQL Server use cases Large FILESTREAM objects Database backups Databases? 38 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Data Deduplication Sub-file Level Does not work at the file level Sub-file chunking Segments files into variable-sizes 32-128 kilobyte chunks Chunking module splits a file into a sequence of chunks in a content dependent manner Chunks have an average size of 64KB Chunks are compressed Chunks are placed into a chunk store located in a hidden folder at the root of the volume called the System Volume Information, or SVI folder. 39 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Data Deduplication Architecture 40 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Deduplication Evaluation Portable deduplication evaluation tool to helps evaluation of datasets When the feature is installed, DDPEval.exe is installed to the \Windows\System32\ directory Copy tool and run on Windows 7 or later systems to determine the expected savings Local drives Mapped remote shares Unmapped remote shares 41 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

CHKDSK CHKDSK performance has traditionally been related to the number of files and size of volume NTFS self-healing feature was introduced in Windows Server 2008 to reduce the need to run CHKDSK 11/14/2012 42 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

CHKDSK Improvements Online self-healing Windows Server 2012 increased the number of issues that can be fixed online If all issues that are detected are self-healed online, there is no need for an offline repair. Online verification Some corruptions are intermittent due to memory issues and may not be a result of an actual corruption on the disk New service: Spot Verification Service Filter system driver which gets triggered by file system driver Verifies actual corruption Background service that does not effect normal operations 43 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

CHKDSK Improvements Online identification and logging When an issue is verified an online scan of the file system is triggered which runs as a maintenance task in the file system As file system is scanned issues that are found and logged for later correction Precise and Rapid Correction When appropriate volume can be taken offline & the logged corruptions fixed Downtime from this Spotfix operation takes only seconds With cluster shared volumes, there is no downtime Now the CHKDSK offline run time is now directly proportional to the number of corruptions, not the number of files. ReFS follows a different model for resiliency Does not require an offline chkdsk to repair corruptions No need to run the traditional chkdsk utility 44 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

CHKDSK: Process 11/14/2012 45 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

CHKDSK: Performance 46 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

NIC Teaming Combines two or more network adapters so that the software above the team perceives them as a single adapter that incorporates failure protection and bandwidth aggregation Load Balancing and Failover (LBFO) Microsoft s NIC teaming is NIC agnostic Microsoft supported SQL Server also takes advantage of Windows Server 2012 s improved Quality of Service (QoS) support. QoS lets you set minimum and maximum bandwidth management for multiple SQL Server services over a network adapter. Ensures that SQL Server can always get the network bandwidth that it requires 47 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Failover Clustering Increased scale out and scale up Scale out to 64-nodes Scale up to 4,000 VMs per cluster Much faster failover times Cluster Shared Volumes (CSV) v2 supported for general use 48 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Hyper-V Scalability VHDX NUMA Support 49 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Scalability System Host Virtual machine Cluster Resource Maximum number WS 2008 R2 WS 2012 Improvement factor Logical processors on hardware 64 320 160 5 Physical memory 1 TB 4 TB 4 Virtual processors per host 512 2,048 2 Virtual processors per virtual machine 2 TB 4 64 16 Memory per virtual machine 64 GB 1 TB 16 Active virtual machines per host 384 1,024 2.7 Virtual disk size 2 TB 64 TB 32 Nodes 16 64 4 Virtual machines 1,000 8,000 8 2x 2x 2048-64 - 1 TB - 512 2x 2 TB 32x 32 2x 3000 2.7x 50 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Hyper-V: Virtual Disks New VHDX format for virtual disks Better: Performance Support native 4KB disks (with no 512 emulation) with no emulation Offer 4KB aligned VHDX file Capacity 64TB (versus 2TB for VHDs) Reliability Number of mechanisms to prevent corruption within VHDX files in the event of a power failure Example: Updates are logged to the VHDX metadata as a fallback mechanism 51 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Hyper-V: NUMA Hyper-V makes the guest OS aware of NUMA on the host Windows VMs can then schedule their internal processes and memory according to the NUMA boundaries of that VM 52 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Summary: Scalability Improvements System Host Resource Maximum Number WS 2008 R2 WS 2012 Improvement Logical processors on hardware 64 320 5 Physical memory 1 TB 4 TB 4 Virtual processors per host 512 1,024 2 Virtual machine Virtual processors per virtual machine 4 64 16 Memory per virtual machine 64 GB 1 TB 16 Active virtual machines 384 1,024 2.7 Virtual disk size 2 TB 64 TB 32 Cluster Nodes 16 64 4 Virtual machines 1,000 4,000 4 53 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

SMB What is SMB? SMB 3.0 Performance Features Scale-Out File Server 54 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

What is SMB? A brief history of the Server Message Block protocol SMB IBM Technical Reference 6322916 (1984) Renamed to CIFS in 1996 SMB over TCP/IP Windows 2000 (1999) SMB 2.0 Windows Vista / Server 2008 (2006) Improved scalability Improved performance; larger reads/writes More secure SMB 2.1 Windows 7 / Server 2008 R2 (2009) File leasing improvements Larger MTU support BranchCache 55 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

(Perceived) Problems with SMB CPU for TCP/IP processing Network bandwidth Alleviated with teaming, but unsupported Slow timeouts Active/Passive clustering 56 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

SMB 3.0 Really SMB 2.2 But it has so much GOODNESS it deserved a better version number! SMB MultiChannel SMB Direct SMB Transparent Failover SMB Encryption Potential game changer for how SQL Server infrastructure is designed 57 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

SQL TPC-C Benchmark Transactions per Second 4315 (100%) 4270 (98.95%) 1175 (27.23%) Direct (4Gbps FC) SMB 2 (1 GbE) SMB 3 (1 GbE) 58 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

SQL Server Support for SMB SMB support was enabled via trace flags in earlier versions of SQL Server Earlier versions of SQL Server only supported user databases on SMB shares SQL Server 2012 now supports both user databases and system databases on SMB shares 56 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012 [Session Code]

SQL Server Support for SMB 57 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012 [Session Code]

SMB Direct SMB over Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) Enables direct memory-tomemory data transfers between servers Minimal CPU utilization Low latency Requires using standard RDMAcapable network adapters (R- NIC) iwarp, InfiniBand, and RoCE Easy to provision No application changes Cheaper alternative to FC! File Client Application SMB Client Network w/ RDMA support R-NIC User Kernel File Server Network w/ RDMA support R-NIC SMB Server NTFS SCSI Disk 61 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

SMB MultiChannel Uses multiple TCP connections for each SMB session if available Improved throughput Bandwidth aggregation with multiple NICs Utilizes multiple CPUs for network processing with multiple or RSS-capable NICs Can combine with LBFO teams Automatic failover Implements end-to-end failure detection and recovery Leverages NIC teaming if present Does not require it Automatic configuration SMB detects and uses multiple network paths 62 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

MB/sec SMB MultiChannel Performance Preliminary results using four 10GbE NICs simultaneously Linear bandwidth scaling 1 NIC 1150 MB/sec 2 NICs 2330 MB/sec 3 NICs 3320 MB/sec 4 NICs 4300 MB/sec Leverages NIC support for RSS (Receive Side Scaling) Bandwidth for small IOs is bottlenecked on CPU 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 SMB 2.2 Client Interface Scaling - Throughput 1 x 10 GbE 2 x 10 GbE 3 x 10 GbE 4 x 10 GbE I/O Size (in bytes) 63 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

NIC Teaming vs SMB MultiChannel Reliability NIC Teaming provides protection against failures in the host SMB Multichannel provides multi-path protections More bandwidth is always a good thing NIC Teaming and SMB Multichannel both provide bandwidth aggregation when possible NIC Teaming and SMB Multichannel work together! 64 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

SMB MultiChannel Examples Vertical lines are logical channels Multiple 1GbE NICs Single 10GbE RSS-capable NIC Multiple 10GbE in a NIC team Multiple RDMA NICs (cannot be teamed) SMB Client SMB Client SMB Client SMB Client NIC 1GbE NIC 1GbE RSS NIC 10GbE NIC Teaming NIC 10GbE NIC 10GbE NIC 10GbE/IB NIC 10GbE/IB Switch 1GbE Switch 1GbE Switch 10GbE Switch 10GbE Switch 10GbE Switch 10GbE/IB Switch 10GbE/IB NIC 1GbE NIC 1GbE NIC 10GbE RSS NIC 10GbE NIC 10GbE NIC Teaming NIC 10GbE/IB NIC 10GbE/IB SMB Server SMB Server SMB Server SMB Server 65 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

SMB Transparent Failover Failover transparent to server application Zero downtime Just short I/O delay during failover Supports both planned and unplanned failovers Resilient for both file and directory operations Witness service allows failover without waiting for TCP timeout on client Normal operation \\fs1\share File Server Node A SQL Server Failover to Node B File Server Cluster Connections & handles autorecovered Application I/O continues with no errors \\fs1\share File Server Node B 66 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

SMB Transparent Failover - Internals SMB 3.0 Client Client operation replay End-to-end support for replay of read, write and delete operations SMB 3.0 Server Support for network state persistence Files are always opened Write- Through User Kernel Witness Client Operation Replay Redirector SMB 3.0 Client Witness Protocol SMB 3.0 Protocol Witness Service SMB 3.0 Server State Persistence Server Resume Key Filter File System SMB 3.0 Server User Kernel User Kernel 67 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

SMB Transparent Failover - Internals Resume Key Resume handle state after planned or unplanned failover Fence handle state information Mask some NTFS failover issues Witness Service Proactive notification of server failure Enables dynamic reallocation of load User Kernel Witness Client Operation Replay Redirector SMB 3.0 Client Witness Protocol SMB 3.0 Protocol Witness Service SMB 3.0 Server State Persistence Server Resume Key Filter File System SMB 3.0 Server User Kernel User Kernel 68 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

SMB Transparent Failover Configuration Need to set up as 69 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

SMB Encryption Encrypt sensitive data in flight Configure per share or server Only SMB 3.0 clients can access Hardware accelerated Industry standard AES 70 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Scale-Out File Server Active-Active file server cluster Increased bandwidth CHKDSK with zero downtime Simpler management SAN or JBOD shared storage Continuously available shares Low-metadata workloads only Single Logical File Server (\\fs\share) Single File System Namespace Cluster Shared Volume Scale-Out File Server 71 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

SQL Server with SMB Small Size Architecture Single-Node File Server Low cost Shares not continuously available Limited scalability (~100 spindles) SQL Server SQL Server Share 1 Share 2 File Server Cluster 72 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

SQL Server with SMB Medium Size Architecture Dual-Node Cluster File Server Medium cost Shares continuously available Medium scalability (~200 spindles) SQL Server SQL Server Share 1 Node A Share 1 Node B Shares SAS Storage 73 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

SQL Server with SMB Large Size Architecture Multi-Node Cluster File Server Higher cost Shares continuously available Highest scalability (~1000 spindles) SQL Server SQL Server SQL Server SQL Server Share 1 Node A Share 2 Node B Share 1 Node C Share 2 Node D Fiber Channel Storage Array 74 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Summary Scenario: I am a DBA. Question: What does that mean? Answer: I know enough about Windows to be VERY DANGEROUS! 75 What DBAs Should Know About Windows Server 2012

Thank you for attending this session and the 2012 PASS Summit in Seattle [Session Code] November 6-9, Seattle, WA