The Racial & Ethnic Composition of Oregon s Health Care Graduates A chartbook presenting information on Oregon s 2013 health care-related graduates and completers Oregon Healthcare Workforce Institute December 2015
Table of contents 01 Introduction 06 Graduates and completers by educational institution sector 02 Data sources and methods 07 Graduates and completers in selected health care-related education programs 03 2013 health care graduates and completers 13 References 04 Post-secondary schools and graduates by year 14 Appendix: U.S. Census Bureau population estimates 05 Award levels by race/ethnicity 15 Resources: Oregon s Area Health Education Centers This chartbook was developed in partnership with the Oregon Area Health Education Center and the Regional AHEC Centers, working to connect students to health care careers, professionals to communities, and communities to better health. www.oregonhwi.org i
Introduction The Racial & Ethnic Composition of Oregon s Health Care Graduates Building the diversity of Oregon s health care workforce is a goal shared by many, including the state s health care industry and health care education programs. A diverse health care workforce is known to enrich the talent pool, improve access to and provision of high quality health care, and improve population health. 1,2,3,4 This report offers information on the racial and ethnic diversity of the state s health care graduates and certificate completers, and provides benchmarks and insights into emerging educational pipeline and demographic trends. This chartbook uses the most recently available health care graduate and completer data as submitted by Oregon s postsecondary education programs to the U.S. Department of Education s National Center for Education Statistics. Data is also used to identify information about post-secondary institutions, including health care-related graduates and certificate completers by educational sector, degree, and program. In considering this information, it is important to remember that the graduate supply data from Oregon s post-secondary education programs may not translate directly into the state s workforce demographics. For example, not all graduates remain in Oregon after graduation. Additionally, students who complete a health care education program may use that degree or certificate as a pathway to advance their education without entering the workforce. Further, students who studied outside of the state may relocate to Oregon upon completion of their educational programs. www.oregonhwi.org 1
Data sources and methods This chartbook provides information on the racial and ethnic composition of graduates and completers of health professions and related programs from post-secondary educational institutions in Oregon in 2013. Data on graduates and completers, award levels, race, ethnicity, programs, and Oregon s educational institutions comes from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (or IPEDS), which is administered by the U.S. Department of Education s National Center for Education Statistics. Analysis of the IPEDS data uses a similar methodology as that developed by Bates, Dower, and Chapman. 5 Health care-related programs are defined as those post-secondary education programs that prepare students as professionals and assistants in health care professions, clinical sciences, and administrative and support services. 6 Within IPEDS, these programs are identified within the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code 51. 7 Race and ethnicity data collected in IPEDS follows federal Office of Management and Budget and U.S. Department of Education standards and policy. The race/ethnicity categories are defined in NCES Data Standard 1-5 and are reported out as follows 8 : Hispanic/Latino: Includes individuals of any race who identify as Hispanic or Latino. American Indian or Alaska Native: Includes only persons who reported American Indian or Alaska Native as their sole race and did not report Hispanic/Latino ethnicity. Asian: Includes only persons who reported Asian as their sole race and did not report Hispanic/Latino ethnicity. Black or African American: Includes only persons who reported Black or African American as their sole race and did not report Hispanic/Latino ethnicity. Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander: Includes only persons who reported Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander as their sole race and did not report Hispanic/Latino ethnicity. White: Includes only persons who reported White as their sole race and did not report Hispanic/Latino ethnicity. Two or more races: Includes any combination of two or more races and not Hispanic/Latino ethnicity. Health care graduates are defined as those who obtained a degree (associate s, bachelor s, master s, doctorate) from a health carerelated education program. Health care completers are those who obtained a certificate (pre-baccalaureate, post-baccalaureate, postmaster s) from a health care-related training or education program. Post-secondary education institutions are defined as universities, community colleges, technical colleges, and non-degree postsecondary training programs that are based in Oregon. Award levels include certificates below the baccalaureate (less than 1 academic year; at least 1 but less than 2 academic years; at least 2 but less than 4 academic years), associate s degrees, bachelor s degrees, certificates above the baccalaureate degree (post-baccalaureate; post-master s), master s degrees, and doctoral degrees. Educational sectors (public, non-profit, and private/proprietary ownership) were identified using information from the Oregon Higher Education Coordinating Commission s Office of Degree Authorization. www.oregonhwi.org 2
2013 health care graduates and completers Oregon s 2013 Health Care Graduates and Completers by Race/Ethnicity Data from the U.S. Department of Education s Integrated Post-Secondary Education Data System shows that in 2013, 19.1% of the 9,472 graduates and completers of health care-related education programs in Oregon were students of color. Of these students, 7.7% (734) were Hispanic or Latino, 5.1% (483) were Asian 2. (223) were two or more races, 2.1% (200) were Black or African American, 1. (110) were American Indian or Alaska Native, and 0.6% (60) were Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander. Race/ethnicity data was missing for of Oregon s 2013 graduates and completers. American Indian and Alaska Native Asian Black or African American Hispanic or Latino Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Two or More Races White Race/Ethnicity Unknown or Missing 1% 1% 73% www.oregonhwi.org 3
The number of Oregon-based postsecondary educational institutions awarding health care-related degrees and certificates increased by six between 2008 and 2013. The total number of students graduating or completing health care-related education programs grew by 20% over this time period. A slightly different picture emerged between the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 academic years. The total number of health care-related graduates/completers dropped, reflecting a similar national trend. 9 During this period, the number of health care-related graduates and completers in Oregon decreased by 1.9% and the number of students of color graduating from or completing health care-related programs fell 2.. The overall proportion of students of color, as a percentage of total graduates and completers, remained relatively stable (19%) over the two academic years. Post-secondary schools and graduates by year Health care graduates and completers from Oregon s post-secondary schools Academic Year Count of Oregon Post- Secondary Education Institutions Awarding Health Care-Related Degrees/Certificates Total Health Care- Related Graduates/ Completers Count of Students of Color Graduating or Completing Health Care-Related Education Programs 2012-2013 59 9,472 1,810 2011-2012 57 9,656 1,851 2010-2011 56 9,380 1,613 2009-2010 55 8,611 1,293 2008-2009 53 7,878 663 Notes: In 2010, race/ethnicity data was unknown or missing for 29% of graduates/completers. In 2009, race/ethnicity data was unknown or missing for 56% of graduates/completers. www.oregonhwi.org 4
Award levels by race/ethnicity Percentage distribution of health care degrees/certificates awarded in 2013 by race/ethnicity In 2013, more than half of Hispanic or Latino, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaska Native health care students and 50% of Black or African American health care students completed non-degree certificate programs below the baccalaureate award level. Asian health care students completing their education programs in 2013 reflected a different distribution pattern than that of all other races/ethnicity. In 2013, 6 of Asian health care students graduated with a bachelor s degree or higher. Twenty-five percent graduated with a doctorate degree. American Indian or Alaska Native 5 19% 20% 7% Asian 2 16% 27% 10% 2 Certificate below the baccalaureate Black or African American 50% 17% 2 Associate's degree Hispanic or Latino 5 1 17% Bachelor's degree Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander Two or more races 4 5 13% 13% 2 17% 3% 6% 1 Certificate above the baccalaureate White 40% 20% 21% 9% Master's degree Race/ethnicity unknown 4 2 1 Doctorate degree Total all graduates/completers 41% 20% 21% 9% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% www.oregonhwi.org 5
Graduates and completers by educational institution sector Health care degrees and certificates awarded in 2013 by race/ethnicity by educational institution sector More than half of American Indian or Alaska Native, White, and Asian health care students completed their education at an Oregon public university or community college in 2013. Comparatively, 5 of Black or African American, 49% of Hispanic or Latino, and 4 of Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander health care students completed their studies at a private/proprietary school. In 2013, Asian health care students had the largest percentage (2) of all races/ethnicities graduating from a non-profit educational institution. Twenty-three percent of Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander health care students obtained their degrees or certificates from a nonprofit educational institution. Public Private/Proprietary Non-profit American Indian or Alaska Native 5 31% 1 Asian 50% 2 2 Black or African American 3 5 1 Hispanic or Latino 41% 49% 10% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander 2 4 23% Two or more races 47% 41% 1 White 5 31% 1 Distribution of awards - all students 5 33% 16% Count of schools by sector 24 17 18 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% www.oregonhwi.org 6
Graduates and completers in selected health care-related education programs 2013 Graduates & Completers from Medicine, Dentistry, Optometry & Pharmacy-Related Education Programs by Race/Ethnicity Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (N=136) Chiropractic Physician (N=131) 13% 77% 80% 3% American Indian or Alaska Native Dental Assistant (N=402) 3% 13% 67% 10% Asian Dental Hygienist (N=219) Dental Laboratory Technology (N=12) 2 69% 5 1 Black or African American Dentist (N-79) 11% 3% 8 Hispanic or Latino Dentistry Advanced/Graduate (N=15) 7% 13% 80% Naturopathic Medicine Physician (N=77) 1% 7 10% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander Optometry (N=87) Pharmacist (N=179) 9% 3% 31% 7% 70% 50% 1 Two or more races Pharmacy Technician (N=242) 9% 7% 73% White Physician (MD) (N=118) 17% 6 7% Physician Assistant (N=78) 6% 83% Race/ethnicity unknown 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% www.oregonhwi.org 7
Graduates and completers in selected health care-related education programs 2013 Graduates & Completers from Nursing Education Programs by Race/Ethnicity Nursing Practice (N=18) Family Practice Nurse (N=21) 11% 1 6% 6% 6% 61% 76% 11% American Indian or Alaska Native Nurse Anesthetist (N=14) 7% 7% 7% 79% Asian Nurse Midwife (N=6) Geriatric Nurse (N=2) Psychiatric/Mental Health Nurse (N=14) 17% 17% 86% 33% 100% 33% 1 Black or African American Hispanic or Latino Nursing Education (N=12) Clinical Nurse Leader (N=12) Registered Nurse: Bachelor's degree (N=951) 6% 6% 2 3% 7 79% 5 17% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander Two or more races Registered Nurse: Associate's degree (N=600) 3% 7 11% White Registered Nurse: Certificates below the baccalaureate (N=21) Licensed Practical Nurse (N=447) 10% 3% 6% 1% 1 5 81% 19% Race/ethnicity unknown 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% www.oregonhwi.org 8
Graduates and completers in selected health care-related education programs 2013 Graduates & Completers from Mental/Behavioral Health-Related Education Programs by Race/Ethnicity Art Therapy (N=13) 100% American Indian or Alaska Native Clinical, Counseling and Applied Psychology (N=322) 7 11% Asian Marriage and Family Therapy (N=106) 6% 69% 10% Black or African American Mental Health Counseling (N=94) 10% 81% Hispanic or Latino Music Therapy/Therapist (N=10) 70% 30% Social Work - Bachelor's degree (N=141) 13% 6 6% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander Social Work - Master's degree (N=229) 10% 7 3% Two or more races Social Work - Doctoral degree (N=7) 1 71% 1 White Substance Abuse/Addiction Counseling (N=71) 3% 7% 1% 7 Race/ethnicity unknown 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% www.oregonhwi.org 9
Graduates and completers in selected health care-related education programs 2013 Graduates & Completers from Rehabilitation and Therapeutic Education Programs by Race/Ethnicity Audiology/Audiologist (Master's degree) (N=47) 9% 83% American Indian or Alaska Native Massage Therapy/Therapist (N=350) 3% 3% 80% Asian Occupational Therapist Assistant (N=23) 13% 70% 13% Black or African American Hispanic or Latino Occupational Therapy/Therapist (N=28) 11% 6 1 Physical Therapy Assistant (N=44) 57% 3 Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander Two or more races Physical Therapy/Therapist (N=43) 1 7 7% White Respiratory Care Therapy/Therapist (N=91) 3% 3% 9% 69% 1 Race/ethnicity unknown 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% www.oregonhwi.org 10
Graduates and completers in selected health care-related education programs 2013 Graduates & Completers from Selected Health Technology Education Programs by Race/Ethnicity Clinical/Medical Laboratory Sciences (N=143) 6% 7 6% American Indian or Alaska Native Asian EMT Paramedic (N=167) 3% 79% 10% Black or African American Medical Sonography and Ultrasound Technician (N=70) 6% 9% 1% 77% 3% Hispanic or Latino Polysomnography (N=14) 21% 79% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander Two or more races Radiographer (N=83) 83% White Surgical Technologist (N=57) 1 7 Race/ethnicity unknown 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% www.oregonhwi.org 11
Graduates and completers in selected health care-related education programs 2013 Graduates & Completers from Public Health, Health Care Management, Office, and Medical Assisting Education Programs by Race/Ethnicity Public Health (Bachelor's and above; N=610) 70% 6% American Indian or Alaska Native Asian Health Care Administration/Management (Associate's and above; N=202) 3% 76% Black or African American Hispanic or Latino Medical Assistanting (N=1,524) 3% 3% 16% 3% 6 10% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander Two or more races Medical Insurance Specialist/Billing & Coding (N=222) 3% 6% 70% 1 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% White Race/ethnicity unknown www.oregonhwi.org 12
References 1. Cohen, J., Gabriel, B., Terrell, C. (2002). The case for diversity in the health care workforce. Health Affairs, Sept-Oct; 21(5): 90-102. 2. Institute of Medicine (2004). In the Nation s Compelling Interest: Ensuring Diversity in the Health-Care Workforce. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. Available at http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10885/in-the-nations-compelling-interest-ensuring-diversity-in-the-health. 3. Bureau of Health Professions, Health Resources and Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (October 2006). The Rationale for Diversity in the Health Professions: A Review of the Evidence. Available at http://bhpr.hrsa.gov/healthworkforce/reports/diversityreviewevidence.pdf. 4. Sullivan, L.W., Suez Mittman, I. (2010). The state of diversity in the health professions a century after Flexner. Academic Medicine:, 85(2): 246-253. 5. Bates, T., Dower, C., Chapman, S., (2014). Non-White Students Make Up the Majority of Californians Pursing Health Care Education. San Francisco; Center for the Health Professions at UCSF. 6. Integrated Post-Secondary Education Data System (IPEDS), National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Available at https://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/. 7. NCES Data Standard 1-5. Available at https://nces.ed.gov/statprog/2002/std1_5.asp 8. Integrated Post-Secondary Education Data System (IPEDS), National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Classification of Instruction Programs, CIP code 51. 9. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education (May 2015). Undergraduate Enrollment. Available at http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_cha.asp. www.oregonhwi.org 13
Appendix : U.S. Census Bureau population estimates U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates 2013 2014 Race Oregon USA Oregon USA White alone 88.1% 77.7% 87.9% 77. Black or African American alone 2.0% 13. 2.0% 13. American Indian and Alaska Native alone 1. 1. 1. 1. Asian alone 4.1% 5.3% 4.3% 5. Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone 0. 0. 0. 0. Two or More Races 3. 2. 3.6% 2. Ethnicity Oregon USA Oregon USA Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 12.3% 17.1% 12. 17. Source: U.S. Census Bureau. State and County Quick Facts. Available at http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/41000.html www.oregonhwi.org 14
Resources Oregon s Area Health Education Centers Oregon Area Health Education Center Program Office: http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/outreach/ahec/ AHEC of Southwest Oregon: http://www.healthyoregon.com/ Cascades East AHEC: http://www.cascadeseast.org/ Oregon Pacific AHEC: http://opahec.org Northeast Oregon AHEC: https://www.eou.edu/neoahec/ Oregon Healthcare Workforce Institute: http://www.oregonhwi.org/ www.oregonhwi.org 15
Oregon Healthcare Workforce Institute www.oregonhwi.org December 2015