The Modern Nordic Dairy Farm

The Modern Nordic Dairy Farm Olav Østerås Section manager Health and Animal Welfare TINE Advisory Service Manager Norwegian Cattle Health Services olav.osteras@tine.no

Milk Producers in The Nordic Countries NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 2

Reduction of The Number of Milk Producers From 1993 to 2012 20 years (1/2 working career) Denmark from 15,100 to 3,800 75 % Finland from 33,700 to 10,400 70 % Norway from 26,300 to 10,600 60 % Sweden from 18,300 to 5,200 72 % Iceland from 1,388 to 662 52 % All Nordic countries from 97,500 to 30,700 68 % NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 3

The Number of Dairy Cows

Reduction of The Number of Dairy Cows From 1993 to 2012 20 years (1/2 working career) Denmark from 717,000 to 579,000 20 % Finland from 413,000 to 280,000 32 % Norway from 344,000 to 239,000 31 % Sweden from 490,000 to 346,000 30 % Iceland from 30,000 to 26,000 13 % All Nordic countries from 1,990,000 to 1,470,000 26 % NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 5

Herd Size in The Nordic Countries NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 6

Increased Milk Production per Cow-Year

Increased Milk Production per Cow-Year From 1993 to 2012 20 years (1/2 working career) Denmark from 6,891 to 9,284 26 % Finland from 6,707 to 9,066 26 % Norway from 6,313 to 7,367 14 % Sweden from 7,740 to 9,480 18 % Iceland from 4,244 to 5,501 23 % All Nordic countries from 6,379 to 8,115 21 % NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 8

Total Milk Production in The Countries 5.5 mill 9.1 mill 5.4 mill 5.0 mill 0.3 mill

The Total Milk Production in million liters From 1993 to 2012 20 years (1/2 working career) Denmark from 4,450 to 4,929 +10 % Finland from 2,264 to 2,190-3 % Norway from 1,780 to 1,434-19 % Sweden from 3,287 to 2,862-13 % Iceland from 100 to 124 + 24 % All Nordic countries from 11,881 to 11,540-3 % NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 10

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Proportion of Milk Producers having AMS Denmark 22 % Sweden 22 % Iceland 17 % Norway 12 % Finland 7 % All Nordic countries 3,800 to 4,000 out of 30,800 12 to 13 %

Course: Vidensenteret, Jörgen Katholm Boxes of AMS i Nordic Countries in 2012 2.4 Number = appr. Number og boxes per AMS farm 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.8 13...

How Much Milk in Produced via AMS? Figures from Norway 2011: 35 % of all stalls are free-stalls (increasing due to animal welfare regulation new tie-stalls are forbidden since 2004) 50 % of cows are in free-stalls 40 % of free-stalls have an AMS 50 % of the cows in free-stalls are milked with AMS Means that 25 % (soon 33 %) of all cows are milked with AMS

The Driving Force for This Development In Norway at least: Pressure on Animal Welfare (new regulations) Example: Soft bedding mandatory from 2006 New tie-stalls forbidden from 2004 All cows in free-stalls from 2024 (eventually2034) All cows at least 8 weeks on pasture from 2013 (moved to 2014) New building are costly Labor is expensive Costs are oil-driven Quota for sales from 2002

Næss, 2011) BUILDING COSTS (44 barns)

305 days accumulated milk yield Free-stalls Tie-stalls Simensen et al., 2010 NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 17

Cost example Building cost are cheaper per barn up to 1000 m 2 1000 m 2 compares to appr. 50 dairy cows, means cheaper stalls for barns > 50 cows In Norway hard to find roughage to > 100 cows (transportation costs) With AMS you save 300,000 NOK in building costs If you save one man-power each years it means 500-600,000 NOK yearly Cost of one AMS appr. 1,000,000 NOK Increased milk production by 360 kg milk. With 60 cows this means 21,600 kg at NOK 2.80 = 60,500 NOK

The Importance of The Free-Stall Construction NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 19

The Free-Stall Critical meassures for cleanlyness in stalls, cows, milk quality and cell count

AMS (3,955 lactations) AMS increases 305 days milk yield by 360 kg BUT, Not in 1 st parity!!

MILKING Animal movements very important: Animals in and out Sorting of animals to special needs sections Milking stall or AMS/VMS is the wheel in the free-stall and have to be planned and placed with care Must have a relation to cow movements to: Calving area Cows having calved Drying off and dry period Insemination Pregnancy testing Treatment area (disease) Claw trimming area

Control of Transport Mechanism for Infectious Agents Active Cows and other calves Trading live animals Import restrictions (The Danes!!!) Passive Personal movements Hygiene Buying Equipements NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 13th May 2013 23

Production impact from Corona-virus Produksjonstap pga Corona-epid. Late impact? time diarea infected 24 NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik

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The importance of diagnostics! Is it OK to supplement Selenium or vitamin E without knowing the cows really need it? Is it OK to give vaccination without have the diagnosics in place beforehand? (BRSV, Mastitis (coli and others),)? Is it OK to continue to treat cows for mastitis without knowing that you are on to a Str.agalactiae herd, or a Mycoplasma herd? Etc., etc.

Are also included???: Paratb? Salmonella? Mycoplasma bovis? Etc. NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 13th May 2013 27

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Helse i små og store fjøs (2011) 12-17 årskyr (n=2265) Melk 6832 pr årsku Celletall 123.000 Cell_200 20,5 % Cell nye 55,0 % Varighet 4,48 mnd Mastitt alv./mod 23,3 Mild mastitt 10,3 Alle mastitter 24,5 Øre pr liter 12,8 FS-tall 58,1 Ketose 3,8 Melkefeber 4,0 Repro.sjukd 7,7 Kalvesjukd. 3,2 Klauvsjd 40 % Sjuk tot 90,8 Dyr sjuke 63,2 NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 13th May 2013 32 > 50 årskyr (n=502) Melk 7679 pr årsku Celletall 156.0000 Cell_200 21,2 % Cell nye 53,6 % Varighet 4,76 mnd Mastitt alv./mod 14,7 Mild mastitt 4.4 Alle mastitt 15,0 Øre pr liter 11,0 FS-tall 69,2 Ketose 0.5 Melkfeber 3,6 Repro.sjuk 6,2 Kalvesjukd 8,1 Klauvsjukd 70 % Sjuk tot 76,8 Dyr sjuke 56,5

Helse i AMS og ikke > 50 årskyr (2011) Ikke AMS (n=185) Melk 7414 pr årsku Levert 6761 liter pr årku Lev % 91,2 % Uttotalt 44,5 % Utceller 6,2% Spenetråkk 0,42 % Celletall 154.000 Cell_200 21,9 % Cell nye 53,1 % Varighet 4,96 mnd Mastitt alv./mod 16,6 Alle mastitter 16,9 Øre pr liter 11,7 FS-tall 67,9 Ketose 0,9 Melkefeber 7,0 Repro.sjukd 6,3 Kalvesjukd. 6,4 Sjuk tot 74,5 NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 13th May 2013 33 AMS (n=319) Melk 7851 pr årsku Levert 7125 liter pr årsku Lev % 90,8 % Uttotalt 45,4 % Utceller 5,4% Spenetråkk 0,28 % Celletall 157.0000 Cell_200 20,9 % Cell nye 53,7 % Varighet 4,66 mnd Mastitt alv./mod 13,6 Alle mastitt 13,8 Øre pr liter 10,7 FS-tall 69,9 Ketose 0.7 Melkfeber 8,0 Repro.sjuk 6,3 Kalvesjukd 9,0 Sjuk tot 78,4

Main principle in prevention Tertiary Environmental action Secundary Increased diagnostics Treatment systems Vaccination Primary Treatment during crisis Hidden signals - Modern vet - Large herds - Business advice - Production management: Mastitis, reproduction calves, claw, culling Production reduction Disease Death Catastrophs - Traditional vet duties - Are called to save the rests during crisis! 34 NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik

5143 30 30 40 40 40 40 5200 80 90 80 80 80 90 60 140 5201 20 20 50 30 40 30 30 40 60 5207 50 50 300 110 130 130 20 5246 90 90 170 130 130 430 750 5264 260 390 330 260 470 140 80 5272 20 30 40 90 50 50 5278 90 160 150 90 180 180 100 240 220 5285 100 100 100 210 310 830 720 5290 1570 70 70 100 90 90 90 5293 60 40 90 50 80 180 120 110 170 5296 30 20 20 50 40 100 40 80 100 5298 50 30 20 490 70 100 150 230 190 5310 80 20 10 20 70 70 50 100 5314 70 120 80 100 130 80 60 180 5315 40 40 40 20 40 20 20 20 40 5319 100 110 200 200 150 160 90 5327 50 50 150 260 210 90 210 5329 210 220 490 1240 800 400 5331 50 90 210 80 5337 300 170 370 330 2460 70 5343 260 240 190 350 190 320 5344 90 100 240 810 60 40 40 70 5345 130 100 150 210 110 100 60 5347 20 30 20 40 20 30 20 40 90 5375 40 110 90 100 70 50 50 5377 60 20 20 110 40 150 90 5382 NKVet 20 Symposium, 30 20 60 3035 30 5409 Reykjavik 13th 20 May 2013 40 60 70 30 40 60

Mastitis dynamics (example) 18 %= 47 % * 5,0 months 28 %= 64 % * 5,7 months 49 %= 110 % * 3,0 months Inflammation level = New inflamm.* Duration Environment Treatment or culling 36 NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik

70 Inflammation level according to loss 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 37 NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

180 New inflammation incidence according to loss 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 38 NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik

10 Duration sorted according to loss 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 39 NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik

40 CMSCC > 200,000 equal 21-26 % (med low 50-75 %) Strategic solution: correct environment Strategic solution: Treat/cull

201001 201003 201005 201007 201009 201011 201101 201103 201105 201107 201110 Development mastitis loss BuskapsmiddelØrePrLiter Grense 35,00 30,00 25,00 20,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 0,00 41 NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik

201005 201007 201009 201011 201101 201103 201105 201107 201109 Example from a AMS herd (new inflammation) NyinfeksjonsnivåJur Grense 120,00 100,00 80,00 60,00 40,00 20,00 0,00 42 NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik

Utvelgelse av kyr til selektiv sinbehandling Geometrisk middel <100.000 siste tre kucelletall, >100.000 klinisk mastitt i laktasjonen OK, ingen behandling Bakt. prøve 1 måned før avsining Negativ KNS, St.uberis Staph.aureus/Str.dysgalactiae OK, ingen behandling OK, oppfølging? Ny sjanse Kucelletall <400.000-700.000 Kucelletall > 400.000-700.000 Sintidsterapi, kode 310 Utrangering på helsekortet! 43 NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik

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Clinical mastitis in the Nordic countries

What is true mastitis incidence in 2008??? NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 46

Dry cow therapy - very different NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 47

BMSCC in Nordic countries NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 48

Str.agalactiae from subclinical mastitis NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 49

NOR 17 %

Bakterilogy from clinical cases NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 51

AMS vs. Convent. and bacteriology mastitis Subc. S.agalactiae increased OR =3.87 (2.85-5.34) Subc. S.dysgalactiae increased OR = 1.23 (1.11-1.35) Subc. S.uberis decreased OR = 0.47 (0.41 0.54) Subc. S.aureus decreased OR = 0.66 (0.61 0.71) Subc. CNS decreased OR = 0.93 (0.87 0.99) Subc. Cor.bovis OR = 0.95 (0.83 1.09) Subc. Cor spp. OR = 0.77 (0.68 0.88) This is reflected in the population as such NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 52

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Kg mjølk Management key points? 3. laktasjon 40 35 Slaughter when? 30 Feeding separation 25 20 15 10 5 0 T ie-stall 20 co ws F ree-stall 20 co ws T ie-stall 50 co ws F ree-stall 50 co ws 5 18 31 44 57 70 83 96 109 122 135 148 161 174 187 200 213 226 239 252 265 278 291 304 Feeding Separate pen Dager i laktasjon) Feeding Maternity pen Insemination Increased feeding Eventualy control sample Bact sample Event. DCT Period for sexual health control Periode for pregnasy testl 54 NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik

o u t p u t inp ut Fôr Opptak - grovf. - kraftf Analyser Alarmliste Akutt sjukdom Teknikk Tekniske obs Daglige målinger Observasjoner Tekniske feil Mjølk kg og tid Hold Service Kukontrollen In-line målinger Sjukdom Vann, energi individ-numre Misslykkede mj. Brunst Reingjøring Ytelseskontroll Aktivitet Drektighet Kjøling - celletal Vekt - fett, protein Atferd Reproduksjon Sjukdom Avl/ genetikk Production managment Obs! Mj. interval Foroptag Brunst Sjukdomsobs. Styringslister Lakt. kurver - jurinf. - ketose - klauver/ bein - annet Mjølkekvalitet Celler Sporer Energi Vann Miljø NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 55 Velferd Rapport Økonomi Fôr Fôreffektivitet Utrangering Innkjøp Friskhet

Conclusion The modern Nordic Dairy farm Free-stall with AMS or larger free-stall (DK and SE) Animal welfare is important High production with good quality milk High degree of recording system (all included) Breeding for health treats. Restricted use of antimicrobials High degree of disease prevention (Salmonella, paratb, BVDV, Mycoplasma bovis, etc.) Free of several serious diseases (Tb, IBR/IPV, BLV, BVDV) Next to be attacked? (Corona, BRSV, Neospora etc.) Integrated highly sophisticated management systems including animal recording systems

In larger herds you have to: Know where you are (survey, diagnostics) Know the landscape and the connections (epidemiology) Know how to go through (tools, web-based information) Gather knowledge and necessary resources (humans) Set goals and train = and you will succeed NKVet Symposium, Reykjavik 13th May 2013 57