Government Initiatives and Direction regarding the Globalization of Higher Education

Government Initiatives and Direction regarding the Globalization of Higher Education Kuniaki SATO Deputy Director for International Planning Higher Education Bureau September 30, 2014 Copyright Kuniaki Sato 2014

Aging (Unit: 10,000 people) Estimated figure (%) 14,000 45.0 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 total 12,693 12,105 12,361 12,557 12,777 12,752 12,806 12,660 population( ) 12,410 39.4 39.9 12,066 38.8 11,706 2,249 2,001 1,847 1,752 1,680 11,662 37.7 1,655 11,194 1,583 1,457 11,212 36.1 (13.0% 1,324 10,467 ) 1,204 2,603 1,129 10,728 9,921 2,751 10,222 1,073 9,430 9,708 2,722 1,012 9,008 29.1 30.3 33.4 9,193 2,515 31.6 939 8,412 2,553 8,018 26.8 861 8,674 791 (62.9% 8,103 (9.1%) ) 2,979 2,843 3,012 8,716 8,590 7,883 8,251 8,409 8,622 23.0 24.1 17.4 20.2 7,682 7,341 7,084 6,773 6,343 5,787 5,353 5,001 4,706 4,418 7,581 7,212 6,744 14.6 6,047 5,517 12.1 5,017 1,733 1,479 1,407 1,495 1,645 1,600 1,383 1,225 1,128 9.1 10.3 1,749 (26.9% 1,517 1,560 ) 7.9 7.1 1,407 (12.2% 1,301 1,109 4.9 5.3 5.7 6.3 ) 107 139 164 189 224 284 366 471 597 717 900 1,160 1,407 1,519 1,646 1,879 2,179 2,278 2,245 2,223 2,257 2,385 2,401 2,336 309 338 376 434 516 602 699 776 892 (26.9% (11.9% ) 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 Total population :including uncertain age(1950-2010) Over 75 years old 65-74 years old 15-64 years old (50.9% ) Source: White Paper on Aging Society 2012 Cabinet Office 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0

The Population of 18-Year-Olds and College Advancement Rate in Japan (10,000 persons) 91.7% Enrollment rate: Rate of enrollees to applicants (U+JC) Advancement Rate (University + Junior College) 55.1% 18-year-old bracket population elite to mass stage (FY) Source: School Basic Survey FY2013 (Preliminary results) 2

Higher Education 1975 80 万 人 1980 108 万 人 1985 114 万 人 1990 130 万 人 1995 170 万 人 2000 207 万 人 2005 298 万 人 Student Mobility 2010 412 万 人 2025 770 million? Source: OECD and UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Data on foreign enrolment worldwide comes from both the OECD and the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS). UIS provided the data on all countries for 1975-95 and most of the non-oecd countries for 2000, 2005 and 2010. The O provided the data on OECD countries and the other non-oecd economies in 2000 and 2010. Both sources use similar definitions, thus making their combination possible. Missing data were imputed with the closest data reports to ens that breaks in data coverage do not result in breaks in time series. 1975-2009: OECD, Education at a Glance 2011 Box C3.1 2025: IDP Education Australia Limited, 2003 Global Student Mobility 2025

Japan 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 留 学 生 総 数 私 費 外 国 人 留 学 生 数 国 費 外 国 人 留 学 生 数 Inbound 外 国 政 府 派 遣 留 学 生 数 123,829 111,225 141,774 127,920 124,939 137,756 125,124 60,000 40,000 55,755 51,298 10,349 8,323 9,923 9,396 8,588 2,082 7,483 0 863 1,585 2,681 3,505 3,740 4,044 20,000 10,428 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 90,000 80,000 70,000 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 Outbound 18,066 17,926 15,485 15,246 14,297 15,335 26,893 22,798 32,609 55,145 51,295 39,258 75,586 64,284 59,468 62,324 59,460 76,465 78,151 13,961 79,455 46,497 46,810 45,960 46,406 46,872 40,835 82,945 80,023 74,551 42,215 38,712 76,492 75,156 35,282 33,974 29,264 66,833 59,923 58,060 36,656 28,804 23,633 24,508 24,842 20,689 21,290 23,806 23,988 15,564 18,570 1 9,966 14,938 0 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

UN Photo/Evan Schneider UN Photo/Albert González Farran UN Photo/Catianne Tijerina UN Photo/Stuart Price UN Photo/Devra Berkowitz Global Citizenship UN Photo/Marco Dormino UN Photo/John Isaac

Globalized Economy Overseas Production Ratio and Proportion of Sales FY2016 Midterm plan Overseas Production Ratio Overseas Proportion of Sales FY2013 lookout Past record Reference:Japan Bank for International Cooperation, 2013 FY 6

Demand on Global HR 168 million 2012 Foreigners 330,000 411 million 2017 Foreigners 40,000 METI Survey 2010: Issues for establishment and management of foreign offices To Secure and cultivate domestic talents to promote globalization (1 st, 74.1%) Reference:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, 2013 7

Expected Capability of GHR Keidanren Survey 2011: Capability, knowledge, skills expected to Global HR Challenging mind without stereotype Communication skills in a foreign language Interest in foreign culture and differences of values and can cooperate flexibly Japan Institute for Social and Economic Affairs, Opinion Poll 2013: Capability, knowledge, skills in global business Communication skills in a foreign language (82%) Interest in foreign culture and history, differences of values and can cooperate flexibly (75%) Challenging mindset without stereotype (66%) IMD World Competitiveness Ranking 2014: Japan is ranked in 21 st. A factor which lower the rank: Foreign language skill 8 54 th/ /60 countries

Lack of Practical Skill Overall Asia TOEFL(iBT) Score full = 120 points Rank Country TOEFL Score 1 st Netherlands 100 2 nd Austria 99 3 rd Belgium Denmark Singapore 98 61st S. Korea 84 108th China 77 137th JAPAN Sierra Leone Tadzhikistan Iraq Kuwait 70 162th Guinea 59 Rank Country TOEFL Score 1 st Singapore 98 2 nd India 91 3 rd Pakistan 90 7th S. Korea 84 21st China 77 26 th Laos 71 27 th 29th JAPAN Tadzhikistan Cambodia Mongol 70 68 ETS-Test and Score Data Summary for TOEFL Internet-based and Paper-based Tests JANUARY 2012-DECEMBER 2012 TEST DATA 9

The Council for the Implementation of Education Rebuilding Established under the direct control of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe University Education and Global Human Resources Development for the Future (Third Proposal) (May 2013) Policy Agenda: Global HR Development Economic competitiveness Double students mobility by 2020 300,000 int l students studying in Japan 120,000 Japanese students studying abroad Joint efforts by Gov t, Industry, Academia Stronger Japanese universities 10 Japanese universities among world top 100 10 10

Support for Internationalization of Japanese Universities (billion yen) 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0 Go Global Japan Re-Inventing Japan Project Top Global University Project 10.3 9.7 12.7 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 1.6 2.4 1.9 Global 30 Project 1.8 2.0 4.1 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 3.8 5.2 11 11

MEXT s Subsidy Programs for Internationalization of HEIs New in 2014 1) Top Global University Project Enhancing International Competitiveness of Japanese Universities 7.7 billion for 30 HEIs 3) Re-Inventing Japan Project Internationalization of Educational & Collaborative Programs CAMPUS Asia Trilateral partnership with China and Korea 828 million for 16 projects U.S.A. and EU Collaborative Programs 584 million for 12 projects ASEAN Collaborative Programs 700 million for 17 projects 2) Go Global Japan Internationalizing University Environment for Study Abroad 2.2 billion for 42 HEIs ICI-ECP AIMS Student Exchange under G to G Collaboration 286 million for 13 projects New in 2014 Russia, India etc. Collaborative Programs 350 million for 6 projects (FY2014 Budget) Promotion of Student Exchanges Outbound 8.6 billion Inbound 26.9 billion Global 30 Project 13 HEIs 2009-2013 12

Global 30 Project Government support for 2009-2013, > $140M Recipients: 13 Japanese Top Universities Tokyo, Kyoto, Tohoku, Nagoya, Osaka, Kyushu, Tsukuba, Keio, Waseda, Meiji, Sophia, Doshisha, Ritsumeikan Degree Programs in English 30 UG, 120 Graduate programs Japanese proficiency not prerequisite Support for International Students Application directly from abroad Assistance for academic, career, housing matters 13

Go Global Japan (2012~) Goal Overcome Japanese "inward tendency Nurture global talent Internationalize university education Type A (University-wide) 11 univs. Type B (Faculty/school-specific) 31 univs. Grants 5 years, $1-2 million per university for each year Competitive basis Requirements Set targets: Practical English test score (e.g. TOEFL-iBT80) Number of students studying abroad Offer special programs (intensive language training, study abroad) Engage in faculty & staff development, recruit foreign professors Number of students studying abroad (from proposals): Program Type # Selected Universities # Study Abroad (2012) # Study Abroad (2016) A 11 4,500 10,300 B 31 3,300 5,700 Total 42 7,800 16,000 14

Re-Inventing Japan Project (2011~) Inter-university programs that carry out cooperative education with overseas institutions. Mutual credit recognition and academic performance evaluation within common framework. 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 CAMPUS Asia : Trilateral partnership with China and Korea [FY 2014 Budget : 828 million] 10 programs (Inbound 1,204/Outbound 1,262) North America and EU : Collaborative Programs [FY 2014 Budget : 584 million] 12 programs (Inbound 1,673/Outbound 2,484) ASEAN : Collaborative Programs [FY 2014 Budget : 700 million] 17 programs (Inbound 2,844/Outbound 3,582) AIMS : Partnership with ASEAN [FY 2014 Budget : 268 million] 7 programs (Inbound 793/Outbound 793) ICI-ECP (EU) : Partnership with EU [FY 2014 Budget : 18 million] 2 programs (Inbound 40/Outbound 43) Russia and India : Collaborative Programs *New in 2014 [FY 2014 Budget : 350 million] 6 programs to be selected. *the numbers of students are expected results for each project period.

Strongly support top universities with world-class education/research and global universities driving Internationalization to foster international compatibility and competitiveness. $77M each year, for 2014-2023 Top Type:(13 universities) Universities aiming to rank in the top 100 in the world Leading Global Type:(24 universities) Universities that attempt to make pioneering trial runs based on their performance thus far and that will lead the push of Japanese society toward globalization 16

17 Efforts for English Edu. in Japanese H.E. Gradual changes ongoing. Will be accelerated by HEIs that put priority on internationalization. 1. Increasing courses/degree programs conducted in English 2. University-wide placement test 3. Designing courses for enhancing student motivation & mobility 4. Increasing interaction with foreign students 5. Faculty/staff development to promote English-friendly environment 6. Fostering international compatibility of university systems

Efforts of Universities English Education in Undergraduate level (FY2011) 学 部 段 階 における 外 国 語 教 育 の 実 施 状 況 ( 平 成 23 年 度 ) Class composition according to purposes such as conversation or speed reading 会 話 中 心 速 読 中 心 など 目 的 別 クラス 編 成 Class composition according to student capability 能 力 別 クラス 編 成 73 64 37 52 354 426 National 国 立 Public 公 立 Private 私 立 479 527 Small Class (less than 20 students/class) 少 人 数 クラス(1クラス20 人 以 下 )の 開 設 54 29 271 354 Use of LL, Video, etc. LL ビデオ 等 の 利 用 77 64 395 536 Use of ICT ICTの 活 用 53 23 190 266 Use of native speakers ネイティブ スピーカーの 活 用 80 72 463 615 Courses to train skills needed for TOEIC, Eiken, etc. TOEIC 英 検 等 に 必 要 な 能 力 の 養 成 を 目 的 とした 科 目 の 開 設 Credit approval of outside qualifications such as TOEIC, Eiken, etc. TOEIC 英 検 等 の 学 外 試 験 結 果 の 単 位 認 定 56 30 69 29 332 418 231 329 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 22 universities without undergraduate programs (4 national, 2 public, 16 private) are not covered. The numbers include efforts implemented by organizations except undergraduate such as education centers. Resource: MEXT Survey 18

Goal Settings of English Education HEIs to set up goals of English Education in Undergraduate level (FY2011) 国 National 立 Public 公 立 Private 私 立 Use external exams (TOEFL, TOEIC, etc.) as a goal 外 部 試 験 (TOEIC TOEFL 等 )のスコア 等 を 到 達 水 準 の1つとし て 設 定 37 23 148 208 Use goal levels other than 外 部 試 験 のスコア 等 以 外 の 到 達 水 準 を 設 定 external exams 29 15 90 134 Courses conducted in English HEIs setting up courses conducted in English in Undergraduate level FY 2008 平 成 20 年 度 44 24 0 50 100 150 200 122 国 National 立 Public 公 立 私 Private 立 190 FY 2009 平 成 21 年 度 47 24 123 194 FY 2011 2010 平 成 23 年 度 47 21 154 222 0 50 100 150 200 HEIs setting up courses conducted in English in graduate level FY 2008 平 成 20 年 度 62 18 91 National 国 立 公 Public 立 私 Private 立 171 FY 2009 平 成 21 年 度 65 19 85 169 FY 2010 平 成 23 年 度 69 19 94 182 0 50 100 150 Resource: MEXT Survey 19

Q. How much are the following classes helpful? How much do you think you are capable? A. Past class experiences is B. Your capacity is NOT helpful help ful NOT Eno ugh Enough Foreign Language Skill Reference: National Institute for Educational Policy Research, 2014 n (Undergraduate students): 1649

Public Voices!If university education including entrance examination changes, English education in primary and secondary levels will change!there is a limitation of university education as a single approach. If command of English at the entry level in HE is much better in the first place, the burden of university education will be much lighter The chicken or the egg

Discussion about Admission Examination Limitation of the National Center Test Reading & listening only, no speaking and writing Difficulties to change the 530,000-test-takers function Need to transform to more multifaceted and comprehensive evaluation of capability, motivation and aptitude MEXT has recommended to introduce external qualifications such as Eiken and TOEFL which can measure 4 skills as supplemental tools for adequate evaluation.

In Conclusion... For the Avoidance of Opportunity Loss Early entry Opportunities of practical use for motivation Different approach based on student attribute Additional support for implementation system and burden relief of teachers/faculty members

Thank you for your attention.