Policy Frameworks for Enhancing International Student Recruitment

Transcription

1 Policy Frameworks for Enhancing International Student Recruitment Akiyoshi Yonezawa, PhD Graduate School of International Development (GSID) Nagoya University, Japan 1

2 International students in the world 2

3 Towards the age of mutual student mobility in East Asia according to the statistics of prospective governments China (mainland) Inbound (2011) : 292,611 (30,376 at post graduate, 88,461 at undergraduate and associate degree programs) Outbound (2011): 339,700 (12,800 with national scholarship, 12,100 with institutional scholarship, 314,800 private financed) Japan Inbound (2011): 138,000 (39,749 at post graduate, 71,244 at undergraduate or junior college level) Outbound (2010): 59,923 Korea Inbound (2011): 89,597 (18,652 at post graduate, 44,641 at undergraduate or associate degree programs) Outbound (2010): 251,887 Taiwan: started to accept mainland Chinese students Singapore, HK Knowledge Hub Malaysia: Transit point + HE hub in Islamic and Asian community ASEAN: enhancement of student exchange within and across region for harmonization and regional development

4 Rationales for the acceptance of international students Teichler s typology of internationalization (1999) Would-be internationalization Internationalization for survival Internationalization at home (or arm chair : by Enders) Internationalization in two arenas (transformation of home system + expansion of student market) Transformation of rationales of international student acceptance for Japan (Kudo et.al. forthcoming) Classic: International understanding Official Development Assistance Enhancement of International competitiveness (2000-): Brain Gain, Brain Circulation Development of globally competitive human resources Export of educational services (not yet or never?) 4

5 Possible scenario of globalization among Japanese enterprises (report by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry: METI 2010)

6 Identification of global human resources as industrial policies (METI 2010)

7 Japan s position A non-anglophone country with strong economic and cultural autonomy (historically) Experiences both receiving and sending students Facing with the pressure of transformation facing with various old and new competitors In the process of participating regional frameworks (e.g. pilot participation to AIMS) 7

8 Historical development of governmental scholarship Acceptance of (mainly) Asian students (up to 8,000 before 1911 revolution in China) through governmental arrangement and support going back to the end of 19 th Century Participation to Colombo Plan (1954-), War compensation (Indonesia: 1960s), HRD in science and engineering (China: 1970s to mid 1980s), Collaboration to Look East Policy (Malaysia: 1980s) Plan for Inviting 100,000 international students (1983, from 10423; achieved in 2003): 10% should be supported by the government 8

9 Reality of 100,000 international student plan and policy action for internationalization Governmental scholarship Contribution to core leaders and researchers who could act as the bridging HR with Japan Brain gain in academic and industrial sector mostly in science and technology 90% from Asia, mostly privately funded in private universities (with limited public subsidy), learning about Japanese society, language and culture in Japanese, Tensions with immigration bureau (most of the students aim to work during and after study) University faculties: more time consuming, difficulty in student learning in Japanese and teaching in English by Japanese faculties and students Lack of systemic support in the beginning (especially for privately funded students): recruiting, housing, language, daily life, job placement, etc. Mushrooming of Japanese language schools outside of university system domestic recruitment (some times via research (nonregular) student status) 9

10 + other various support measures to self-financed students 10

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14 Response to rapid globalization (national level) Support of job placement of international students by METI (Asia HR program): 2007-) Plan for inviting 300,000 international students by 2020 (2008) Selection and support of comprehensive key universities (public and private) for internationalization (Global 30: 2009-) Provision of programs in English both graduate and undergraduate levels Strengthening overseas student recruitment and shared usage of overseas offices for student recruitment Joint university fairs among top universities Financial support of short term student exchange programs (esp. 2011) 14

15 Support for student exchange with targeted countries (China, Korea, US and ASEAN including participation to AIMS) (2011-) Setting up overseas universities and international programs in collaboration with Japanese universities (AUN-SEED, MIITJ Malaysia, EJUST in Egypt) Setting active response of universities to globalization as key strategies for national survival (2013) 10 universities in world top 100 Setting overseas branch campuses by Japanese universities Inviting prestigious overseas universities to set up campuses in Japan Facilitating internationally viable credit transfer, joint and double degree system Programs for enhancing international student recruitment and overcoming the effects of the recent tsunami and earthquake tragedies (2011) 15

16 International Student Ratio (5%) Academic Reputation (40%) Employer Reputation (10%) International Facluty Ratio(5%) Citation per Faculty (20%) Faculty/Student Ratio (10%) 1 MIT 2 U of Cambridge 23 U of Hong Kong 25 National U of Singapore 30 U of Tokyo 37 Seoul National U 44 Peking U 80 National Taiwan U QS Rankings

17 Japan Religious Network Global Field Specific Mass & Universal Completely Domestic The following figures were developed together with Kazuhiro Kudo, Sae Shimauchi, Katsuhiro Nakanama, Tadashi Kobayashi & Yoko Jinnai

18 Japan Regular Degree Program Term-level Exchange Inbound Outbound Short Program Language & Cultural Program Non-Credit Tour Non-Regular

19 Korea Regular Degree Program Degree Program Term-level Exchange & Study Abroad Inbound Outbound Short Program Language & Cultural Program Non-Regular Non-Credit Tour

20 response to rapid globalization (university level) Participation to the competition in student recruiting and exchange among world top universities (University of Tokyo) Strengthen the international student recruitment at undergraduate level Global 30 (public, private) Utilization of twinning arrangement, mutual student exchange, duble degree, etc. Strengthening overseas student marketing (through agents in case of private ones, visiting high schools, collaboration with Japanese language schools, etc.) Provision of education programs more attractive to international students Programs related to Japanese language and society, global studies, etc. (in Japanese and English) Setting up city campuses focusing on international students 20

21 Challenges for Japan under increasing global competition in student recruitment The response towards globalization is resource consuming for a non-anglophone HE system Consideration of the balance with support of HE and study abroad to their citizens is becoming a policy agenda It is not easy to justify the public support towards the nonelite international students High attention from the politicians sometimes just confuse the way of governmental intervention.. then, who could steer the movement wisely? Flexibility and pragmatism in recruiting may damage quality assurance of HE under a certain condition 21

22 Implication to APEC Export of educational services is not the only model of internationalization Re-examination on the wide variety of international student acceptance/recruitment and regional collaboration for supporting better learning of our student is necessary Comprehensive arrangement from recruitment to career development after graduation is indispensable 22

23 Thank you! 23