Inhalation Exposure and Disposition of PCBs

1 Inhalation Exposure and Disposition of PCBs NIEHS Superfund Research Program and EPA Clu-In Webinar PCBs in Schools: Session 1 Overview and Exposure Assessment April 21, 2014 Peter S. Thorne, MS, PhD Professor and Head, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Director, Environmental Health Sciences Research Center

Human Exposure to PCBs Ingestion and Occupational Inhalation Legacy pollution Highly stable PCB mixtures Aroclors (US and UK) Phenoclor (France) Clofen (Germany) Kanechlor & Santotherm (Japan) Sources: transformers, capacitors, machining oils, hydraulic fluids, plasticizers in caulk Modern day PCB exposures: (legacy), paints, pigments - 50 PCB congeners detected in yellow paint Most frequently detected in yellow azo pigments 1 : PCB 11, 8, 6, 4, 1, 12/13, 2, 3, 209, 52 Includes non-aroclors: PCB 11, 209 1 Hu and Hornbuckle. ES&T. 2010, 44, 2822 27.

Human Exposure to PCBs Ingestion Inhalation Increasing awareness of PCBs in schools Airborne exposures are important How to remediate contaminated schools? How low is safe? PCBs in homes and apartment buildings in Denmark, Germany, U.S. Caulk and sealants, paints and pigments Other synthetic building materials? Dredging, hauling, disposal of contaminated sediments concern for community level exposures Marek et al. (2010) ES&T, 44, 2822 2827. Meyer et al. (2013) Int J Hyg Environ Hlth, 216, 755-762. Kohler et al. (2005) ES&T, 39 167-173. Herrick et al (2004) EHP, 112, 1051-1053.

What do we know about the fate of inhaled PCBs? We have conducted 6 inhalation studies in rodents Aroclor 1242 Chicago Air Mixture (CAM) PCB 11 PCB 3 14 C-PCB 11 CAM+ (CAM supplemented with PCB 11) Studies include acute, subacute, subchronic

Our rodent studies show rapid distribution and metabolism of inhaled PCB congeners Aroclor 1242 study Acute and subacute inhalation studies Rats exposed via inhalation t 1/2 = liver: 5.6 h; lung: 8.2 h; brain: 8.5 h; blood: 9.7 h Lung, liver, adipose tissue levels higher than brain or blood 10 d exposure 6.6 μg/g lipid weight in lung & liver Minimal toxicity at 1400 μg (5.6 mg/kg) Hu X, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Lehmler HJ, Hu D, Kania-Korwel I, Hornbuckle KC, Thorne PS. Time course of congener uptake and elimination in rats after shortterm inhalation exposure to an airborne polychlorinated biphenyl(pcb) mixture. Environ Sci Technol, 44(17):6893-6900, 2010.

Our rodent studies show rapid distribution and metabolism of inhaled PCB congeners CAM Subchronic Study Exposure atmospheres match the PCB profile of urban air 4-week nose-only inhalation studies. Inhalation exposure contributes to body burden of mostly trito hexa-chlorobipenyls Distinct congener spectrum was found: similar between lung, serum, liver, brain and adipose tissue. Accumulation of neurotoxic PCBs in brain: PCB28, 105 and 118. Hu X, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Lehmler HJ, Hu D, Hornbuckle K, Thorne PS. Subchronic inhalation exposure study of an airborne polychlorinated biphenyl mixture resembling the Chicago ambient air congener profile. Environ Sci Technol, 14(59):9653-62, 2012. PMID: 22846166

Generation: 520 μg/m 3 16 M a s s p e rc e n ta g e (% ) 14 12 10 8 6 4 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 200 4 (2 3 % ) 8 1 8 + 3 0 17 2 0 + 2 8 31 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 75 105 95 M e a s u r e d P r o file o f C A M a tm o s p h e r e 8 3 + 9 9 9 0 + 1 0 1 + 1 1 3 1 1 0 + 1 1 5 118 2 19 4 4 + 4 7 52 66 6 1 + 7 0 + 7 4 + 7 6 0 1 80 85 8 6 + 8 7 + 9 7 + 1 0 9 + 1 1 9 + 1 2 5 90 1 2 9 + 1 3 8 + 1 6 3 1 5 3 + 1 6 8 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 P C B c o n g e n e r n u m b e r

1 3 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9 8 A distinct profile of ~25 accumulated congeners in tissue Tissue Blood Lung 4 wk PCB Exposed 12.88 ± 1.38* 67.19 ± 4.14** M a s s p e rc e n ta g e (% ) 25 20 15 10 5 0 25 2 0 + 2 8 (3 6.9 % ) 66 8 3 + 9 9 6 1 + 7 0 + 7 4 + 7 6 15 52 105 60 95 8 C o n g e n e r p ro file in L u n g 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 101 103 105 107 109 111 113 115 117 119 121 123 125 127 129 131 133 135 137 139 141 143 145 147 149 151 153 155 157 159 161 163 165 167 169 171 9 0 + 1 0 1 + 1 1 3 118 1 5 3 + 1 6 8 1 2 9 + 1 3 8 + 1 6 3 1 1 0 + 1 1 5 1 4 7 + 1 4 9 Sham Exposed 2.30 ± 1.29 7.46 ± 0.98 Sentinels 2.65 6.85 PCB in tissue after exposure (ng/g tissue weight) *p < 0.001, **p < 0.0001 C o n g e n e r p r o file in B lo o d 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 101 103 105 107 109 111 113 115 117 119 121 123 125 127 129 131 133 135 137 139 141 143 145 147 149 151 153 155 157 159 161 163 165 167 169 171 M a s s p e rc e n ta g e (% ) 20 15 10 5 8 15 2 0 + 2 8 52 55 118 66 6 1 + 7 0 + 7 4 + 7 6 105 8 3 + 9 9 9 0 + 1 0 1 + 1 1 3 1 2 9 + 1 3 8 + 1 6 3 95 1 4 7 + 1 4 9 0

Our rodent studies show complete uptake from the lung and rapid metabolism of inhaled PCB 11 Cl Cl 3,3 -Dichlorobiphenyl 14 C-PCB 11 ADME study Time course studies of absorption, distribution metabolism and excretion of 14 C PCB11 and its metabolites were conducted and achieved a mass balance. Hu X, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Thorne, PS. The fate of inhaled 14 C-labelled PCB11 and it metabolites in vivo. Environ. Internat., 63:92-100, 2014.

Cl Cl [ 14 C]-PCB11 Study 3,3 -Dichlorobiphenyl Even though we find PCB 11 in the indoor air of every home and school, virtually nothing is known about its fate and toxicity Objective: To determine the fate of PCB 11 in rats Approach: build a mass balance model for PCB 11 and its metabolites Cage wash Instill [ 14 C]-PCB 11 into the lung and evaluate the ADME Mass in Mass Stored Mass Metabolized Mass out

Heat Map of Radioactive PCB 11

The majority of dose is excreted in hours 96% in tissues 10% in tissues Fecal elimination is the major pathway of excretion. Exhaled PCB 11 accounts for <0.2% of administered dose. Absorption of PCB in lung is complete.

Rapid elimination from most tissues Minutes Phase t ½ -1 t ½ -2 Trachea 9 min 2.6 hr Thyroid 14 min 5.3 hr Lung 13 min 3.7 hr Liver 24 min 3.7 hr Heart 12 min 3.9 hr Pancreas 21 min 7.7 hr Brain 12 min 2.7 hr Diaphragm 18 min 3.9 hr Blood 33 min 4.1 hr Salivary gland 14min 4.3 hr Spleen 15 min 6.3 hr Thymus 14 min 4.7 hr Muscle 14 min 6.4 hr Testis 17 min 3.9 hr Seminal vesicles 19 min 4.1 hr

Summary from PCB 11 animal studies Complete and fast uptake of inhaled PCB PCB11 is 99.8% absorbed after lung exposure. Rapid distribution of PCB11 High tissue concentration of PCB11 at 12 min after exposure Delayed uptake in adipose tissue and other fatty tissues (skin, epididymis) Extremely fast elimination of PCB11 and metabolites 50% of dose excreted by 12 h 37% of dose in intestinal digestive matter that was about to be excreted The initial elimination phase is very short (t ½ = 10-30 min) Biomarkers may demonstrate same-day exposures Phase II metabolites dominate in systemic circulation PCB11 and OH-PCB11s decay most rapidly to minimal levels within 25 min Phase II metabolites serve as better biomarkers of PCB11 exposure

The AESOP Study (Airborne Exposures to Semi-volatile Organic Pollutants) Community-based, two-cohort study of PCB exposures among adolescent children and their mothers

16 The AESOP Study Prospective cohort study of PCB exposures in school children and their mothers Focus on air exposures and lower chlorinated congeners Two communities: Columbus Junction East Chicago

East Chicago and Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal IHSC dredging began Nov 2012 IHSC is a source of PCBs

Columbus Community School District 18

Columbus Community Schools Serving small rural towns and farm families

20 Artist: Jeanne DeWall

The AESOP Study Aims & Enrollment 1. Measure exposures of atmospheric PCBs at homes & schools in both cohorts. 2. Analyze blood and urine for PCBs and PCB metabolites. 3. Gather demographic, residential, occupational, activity and dietary information from subjects by questionnaire. 4. Utilize exposure and questionnaire data to develop an exposure model for the atmospheric PCB congeners. Cohort Location Total Households* Children Mothers Urban East Chicago 129 63 66 (35 girls) 63 Rural Columbus Junction 135 61 74 (40 girls) 61 Total enrollment 264 124 140 124 *Household = home with enrolled child(ren) and his/her mother

AESOP Cohort Demographics 22

Community Data School Data Demographics of the AESOP Study schools and communities. School and Community-level Data West Side Middle School East Chicago Block Middle School Columbus Junction Columbus Community Middle School Grades 6-8 7-8 6-8 Year Built* 1976 1968 1918 Enrollment 497 493 237 Free/Discounted Lunch 82% 81% 63% Hispanic 52.1% 42.0% 61.6% White (non-hispanic) 3.6% 0.4% 37.6% African American 43.5% 56.0% 0.8% Multirace/other 0.8% 1.6% 0% Population East Chicago (29,698) Louisa Co. (11,278) Median household income $27,700 $47,900 Income below poverty line 35.0% 18.9% Residents foreign born 14.7%, 91% Latino 20.9%, 97% Latino Education < high school 27.4% 34.2% High school 36.0% 28.2% Some college 23.8% 23.0% College degree or higher 12.8% 14.6% Non-citizens are grossly under-represented in this figure.

Health status data for AESOP Study subjects (mean ± stddev or %) East Chicago Columbus Junction Children Mothers Children Mothers Age at enrollment, yrs 13 ± 1 41 ± 6 13 ± 1 46 ± 4 Body Mass Index, kg/m 2 24.0 ± 6.6 33.7 ± 8.2 23.8 ± 5.3 30.4 ± 7.4 % Breastfed 33 % -- 68 % -- Cholesterol, mg/dl 149 ± 26 179 ± 37 145 ± 25 170 ± 30 % Overweight (Obese) 33 (15) 90 (61) 36 (14) 70 (41) Rates of breastfeeding were low in East Chicago, especially among Black women The community is concerned about obesity and type II diabetes 2012 BRFSS data Adult Obesity Prevalence

25 AESOP Exposure Measurements Paired indoor and outdoor samples quarterly at homes and schools (N=3200) Passive Air Sampler Blood collected annually in the home from mother and child (N=940)

1 4 8 12/13 17 21/33 25 32 37 40/41/71 44/47/ 48 52 57 60 64 72 79 82 *85/11 89 94 99 106 108/124 114 122 132 136 142 146/161 152 156/157 161 167 171/173 176 180/193 184 188 192 196 201 [PCB] (pg/m 3 ) 11 18/30 40/41/71 44/47/65 49/69 61/70/74/76 90/101/113 110/115 147/149 153/168 1 4 8 12/13 17 21/33 25 32 37 40/41 44/47 48 52 57 60 64 72 79 82 *85/11 89 94 99 106 108/124 114 122 132 136 142 146/161 152 156/157 161 167 171/173 176 180/193 184 188 192 196 201 [PCB] (pg/m 3 ) 11 18/30 40/41/71 61/70/74/76 90/101/113 110/115 147/149 153/168 Columbus Junction Schools have 7 times the [PCB] of Homes 120 100 80 52 (a) Inside CJ Homes (n=38), [PCB] = 1100 ± 300 pg m -3 60 40 20 8 31 66 95 0 600 500 400 52 95 (b) Inside CJ Schools (n=12), [PCB] = 7800 ± 3000 pg m -3 300 200 100 8 31 66 0 PCB Congener Preliminary Data

1 4 8 12/13 17 21/33 25 32 37 40/41/71 44/47/65 48 52 57 60 64 72 79 82 *85/116 89 94 99 106 108/124 114 122 132 136 142 146/161 152 156/157 161 167 171/173 176 180/193 184 188 192 196 201 [PCB] (pg/m 3 ) 11 18/30 44/47/65 49/69 147/149 153/168 40/41/71 61/70/74/76 90/101/113 110/115 1 4 8 12/13 17 21/33 25 32 37 40/ 44/ 48 52 57 60 64 72 79 82 *85/ 89 94 99 106 108/ 114 122 132 136 142 146/ 152 156/ 161 167 171/ 176 180/ 184 188 192 196 201 [PCB] (pg/m 3 ) 11 18/30 44/47/65 49/69 40/41/71 61/70/74/76 147/149 153/168 90/101/113 110/115 East Chicago Schools have 5 times the [PCB] of Homes 400 350 300 (c) Inside EC Homes (n=33), [PCB] = 2,300 ± 800 pg m -3 250 200 150 100 50 8 31 52 66 95 0 1600 1400 1200 52 (d) Inside EC Schools (n=16), [PCB] = 12,500 ± 6,900 pg m -3 1000 95 800 600 400 200 8 31 66 0 PCB Congener Preliminary Data

Modeling Approach Exp PCBj = 3 i=1 T i Q PCBj = (μg yr 1 ) Where Exp PCBj is PCB exposure for the jth congener, T i is the time spent in location i in hours per year; Q is the inhalation rate in m 3 d -1 ; and [PCB] j (ng m -3 ) is the measured airborne concentration of PCBj. T i values have been obtained for three locations (home, schools, and outside) using time-activity questionnaires completed each year. Q will be calculated based on age, sex, height, and race/ethnicity.

Average modeled PCB inhalation exposure for EC children and mothers average 20.1 μg/yr and 13.2 μg/yr. CJ children and mothers average 7.4 μg/yr and 3.0 μg/yr. Inhalation exposure for CJ subjects is less than half that of modeled exposure for EC subjects. Preliminary Data

Indoor Air PCB Concentrations in Homes Median PCB indoor air concentrations for EC homes (3.37 ng m -3 ) were significantly higher (p=0.05) than for CJ homes (1.05 ng m -3 ) One outlier home in EC had PCB concentrations of 164 ng m -3 Two outlier homes in CJ had PCB concentrations of 16 ng m -3 and 23 ng m -3 PCB inhalation exposure for individuals in these homes were 20 to 50 times greater than the median PCB inhalation exposures in EC, and CJ, respectively.

31 Evaluation of Lipids, PCBs, OH-PCBs 30 ml blood collected annually from each subject Cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL 209 PCB congeners 64 OH-PCBs Urine collection next year PCB sulfates

Concentrations of the sum of all detected PCBs (left) and OH-PCBs (right). Mothers > Children. Several individuals have values well above the 95% percentile (circles) Children are Enriched with Lower chlorinated PCBs Most frequently detected congeners (red=100% detection) East Chicago Columbus Junction Children Mothers Children Mothers 153+168 153+168 153+168 153+168 138+163+129 138+163+129 138+163+129 193+180 193+180 193+180 193+180 203 11 203 15 170 15 187 3 146 8 202 2 137 3 137 11 138+163+129 2 167 14 198+199 28+20 118 146 156+157

11 153 PCB Congeners in Serum A total of 174 PCB congeners were detected in the samples

Conclusions from the AESOP Study PAS facilitate exposure assessment for mono- to hexa-chlorinated PCBs Children & adults have significant inhalation exposures Older schools represent a 10-fold higher source of semivolatile PCBs than most homes Children s sera are enriched with lower chlorinated PCBs compared to their mothers PCB 11, a non-aloclor, is among the highest serum PCBs and reflects current exposure PCB 153 is high in adults but low in children and reflects legacy exposure

The AESOP Study It takes a village: AESOP Study Team: Jeanne DeWall, Study Coordinator Barb Mendenhall, Nancy Morales, Bilingual Field Staff Keri C. Hornbuckle, Analytical Core Director & Co-Investigator Rachel Marek, Wen Xin Koh, Blood Analyses Matt Ampleman, Air & Questionnaire Data Analysis Andres Martinez, Dingfei Hu, Air Analyses Kai Wang, Mike Jones, Biostatistics Craig Just, David Osterberg, Comm. Outreach

36 Acknowledgements AESOP Study subjects Funding from NIH/NIEHS P42 ES013661 EC and CJ Community Advisory Boards isrp