Workplace Safety and Health Report, 2013 National Statistics

Workplace Safety and Health Report, 2013 National Statistics

Table of contents Page Notations and List of Charts 3 List of Tables 4 Key Facts 5 Overview 6 Workplace Fatal Injuries 11 Work-related Traffic Fatal Injuries 22 Workplace Major Injuries 24 Workplace Minor Injuries 30 Occupational Diseases 37 Annex A Table A-1 Accident Frequency Rate (AFR) and Accident Severity Rate (ASR) in selected sectors, 2012 and 2013 Annex A Table A-2 Number of man-days lost to workplace incidents in selected sectors, 2012 and 2013 48 49 Annex B - Source of Data 50 Annex C - Data Coverage 51 Annex D - Concepts and Definitions 52 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 2

NOTATIONS - : Nil or negligible n.a. : Not applicable/not available * : Estimated rates. The employment data excludes self-employed persons. LIST OF CHARTS Figure 1: Workplace fatal injury rate, 2004-2013 Figure 2: Workplace major injury rate, 2011-2013 Figure 3: Workplace minor injury rate, 2011-2013 Figure 4: Occupational disease incidence, 2004-2013 Figure 5: Workplace fatal injury rate for Construction, 2006-2013 Figure 6: Workplace fatal injury rate for Marine, 2006-2013 Figure 7: Workplace fatal injury rate for Manufacturing, 2006-2013 Figure 8: Noise-induced Deafness incidence, 2004-2013 Figure 9: Top 5 Industries with back injury cases with ergonomic risks Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 3

LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Number of workplace injuries and occupational diseases, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.2: Key workplace safety and health indicators, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.3: Workplace Accident Frequency Rate, 2006 2013 Table 1.4 Workplace Accident Severity Rate, 2006 2013 Table 1.5: Number of workplace fatal injuries by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.6: Workplace fatal Injury rate by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.7: Number of workplace fatal injuries by incident types and agents, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.8: Number of workplace fatal injuries by industry and incident types, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.9: Number of work-related traffic fatal injuries by industry, 2013 Table 1.10: Number of work-related traffic fatal injuries by type of vehicles, 2013 Table 1.11: Number of work-related traffic fatal injuries by occupation and road user types, 2013 Table 1.12: Number of workplace major injuries by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.13: Workplace major injury rates by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.14: Types of workplace major injury, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.15: Number of workplace major injuries by key incident types and key incident agents, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.16: Top 3 incident types for workplace major injuries by industry, 2013 Table 1.17: Number of workplace minor injuries by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.18: Workplace minor injury rates by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.19: Number of workplace minor injuries by key incident types and key incident agents, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.20: Top 3 incident types for workplace minor injuries by industry, 2013 Table 1.21: Types of workplace minor injury, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.22: Number of confirmed occupational disease cases by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.23: Occupational disease incidence rates by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.24: Number of confirmed occupational diseases by type, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.25: Number of confirmed NID cases by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.26: NID incidence rates by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.27: Number of confirmed OSD cases by industry, 2012 and 2013 Table 1.28: Top 5 causative agents of OSD, 2013 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 4

KEY FACTS Workplace fatal injury rate remained at 2.1, but number of workplace minor injuries rose in 2013 The Ministry of Manpower will include back injury cases due to ergonomic risks 1 as cases of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD), an occupational disease (OD), with effect from 2014. For the 2013 OD statistics, we have reflected the estimated number of back injury cases and adjusted the statistics as shown in parenthesis. This is to signal its importance and to drive efforts for the prevention of WRMSD at the workplace. Including these cases will make WRMSD the second most common OD in Singapore. Overview of the 2013 statistics on workplace safety and health in Singapore: Workplace injuries 59 workers (73 including work-related traffic fatal injuries) were fatally injured at work, a rate of 2.1 (2.3 including work-related traffic fatal injuries) per 100,000 employed persons. 589 workers sustained major injuries at work, a rate of 20.7 per 100,000 employed persons. 11,467 (11,253 after excluding back injury cases due to ergonomic risks) workers encountered less severe injuries (i.e. minor injuries), a rate of 403 (396) per 100,000 employed persons. 633,416 man-days were lost at work, a rate of 91 man-days lost per million manhours worked (i.e. accident severity rate). 1.7 incidents occurred at work for every million man-hours worked (i.e. accident frequency rate). Work-related Traffic Fatal Injuries 14 workers were fatally injured from work-related traffic accidents. Occupational diseases 673 occupational disease (OD) cases (887 including back injury cases due to ergonomic risks) were confirmed this year, an incidence rate of 23.7 (31.2 including back injury cases due to ergonomic risks) per 100,000 employed persons. Leading OD is noise-induced deafness with 564 cases. Second most common OD is work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) with 237 cases, with inclusion of back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. 1 Back injury cases due to ergonomic risks were included as minor injuries in previous Annual WSH Statistics Reports. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 5

OVERVIEW Workplace Injuries For the year of 2013, the overall number of reported workplace injuries increased by 9.0% as compared to same period last year (Table 1.1). The number of workplace fatal injuries saw a slight increase from 56 in 2012 to 59 in 2013 (Table 1.1). Workplace fatal injury rate remained at 2.1 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 and 2013 (Table 1.2). Workplace major injuries remained about the same, 589 in 2013 compared to 588 in 2012. Workplace major injury rate was 20.7 per 100,000 employed persons as at 2013, down from 21.6 in the same period last year. Workplace minor injuries saw an increase of 9.5% from the previous year (10,469 in 2012 to 11,467 in 2013). Workplace minor injury rate was 403 per 100,000 employed persons in 2013, up from 384 in 2012. Table 1.1: Number of workplace injuries and occupational diseases, 2012 and 2013 2013 2012 Workplace Injuries 12,115 (11,901) 11,113 Fatal Injuries 59 56 Major Injuries 589 588 Minor Injuries 11,467 (11,253) 10,469 Work-related Traffic Fatal Injuries 14 12 Occupational Diseases (OD) 673 (887) 987 Figures in parentheses refer to figures which include/exclude back injury cases due to ergonomic risks as WRMSD cases in Occupational Disease statistics. Data are not strictly comparable with 2012 data. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 6

Table 1.2: Key workplace safety and health indicators, 2012 and 2013 Per 100,000 employed persons 2013 2012 Workplace Injury Rate 2 426 (418) 407 Fatal injury rate 2.1 2.1 Major Injury rate 20.7 21.6 Minor Injury rate 403 (396) 384 Accident Frequency Rate 3 1.7(1.7) 1.7 Accident Severity Rate 4 91 (91) 88 Occupational Diseases Incidence Rate 5 23.7 (31.2) 36.2 Figures in parentheses refer to figures which include/exclude back injury cases due to ergonomic risks as WRMSD cases in the OD statistics. Data are not strictly comparable with 2012 data. Number of Workplace Fatal Injuries 90 Rate (per 100,000 employed persons) 5.0 80 70 60 50 40 30 4.9 4.0 4.0 3.1 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.2 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 20 1.0 10 0.5 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 No. of Workplace Fatal Injuries 83 71 62 63 67 70 55 61 56 59 Workplace Fatal Injury Rate 4.9 4.0 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.1 3-year rolling average 4.0 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.2 Figure 1: Workplace fatal injury rate, 2004-2013 0.0 2 Workplace Injury Rate = No. of Fatal and Non-Fatal Workplace Injuries x 100,000 No. of Employed Persons 3 Accident Frequency Rate (AFR) = No. of Workplace Accidents Reported x 1,000,000 No. of Man-hours Worked 4 Accident Severity Rate (ASR) = No. of Man Days Lost To Workplace Accidents x 1,000,000 No. of Man-hours Worked 5 Occupational Disease Incidence = No. of Occupational Diseases x 100,000 No. of Employed Persons Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 7

No. of Workplace Major Injuries 600 Rate (per 100,000 employed persons) 25.0 500 400 300 200 21.3 21.6 20.7 20.0 15.0 10.0 100 5.0 0 2011 2012 2013 0.0 No. of Workplace Major Injuries 556 588 589 Workplace Major Injury Rate 21.3 21.6 20.7 Figure 2: Workplace major injury rate, 2011-2013 No. of Workplace Minor Injuries 12,000 Rate (per 100,000 employed persons) 500 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 364 384 403 400 300 200 2,000 100 0 0 2011 2012 2013 No. of Workplace Minor Injuries 9,504 10,469 11,467 Workplace Minor Injury Rate 364 384 403 Figure 3: Workplace minor injury rate, 2011-2013 A total of 633,416 man-days was lost from workplace injuries (629,550 man-days if back injury cases due to ergonomic risks are excluded), an increase of 8.6% from 2012. The accident frequency rate (AFR), which measures how often work incidents occur, remained constant at 1.7 incidents per million man-hours worked in 2013 (Table 1.3). The accident severity rate (ASR) saw an increase from 88 man-days lost for every million hours worked in 2012 to 91 in 2013. Detailed industry breakdown of the AFR, ASR and man-days lost data can be found in Tables A-1 and A-2 in Annex A. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 8

Table 1.3: Workplace Accident Frequency Rate, 2006 2013 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Accident Frequency Rate (AFR) 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7 Table 1.4: Workplace Accident Severity Rate, 2006 2013 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Accident Severity Rate (ASR) 125 116 112 112 87 89 88 91 Work-related Traffic Fatal Injuries There were 14 work-related traffic fatal injuries in 2013. Transportation & storage sector was the main contributor with 5 fatalities. Motorcycles were most commonly involved in workrelated traffic fatal injuries (43%). 43% of work-related traffic fatal injuries involved drivers of car & goods vehicles. Occupational diseases For occupational diseases (OD) 6, the number of cases confirmed was 673 in 2013 (887 including back injury cases due to ergonomic risks), down from 987 in the same period last year (Table 1.1). OD incidence was 23.7 confirmed cases per 100,000 employed persons (31.2 including back injury cases due to ergonomic risks), compared to 36.2 in the previous year (Table 1.2). The reduction was contributed mainly by a reduction in noise-induced deafness cases. With inclusion of back injury cases due to ergonomic risks as cases of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD), WRMSD was the second most common OD (237 cases) after noise-induced deafness (564 cases). 6 An occupational disease is a disease contracted as a result of exposure to risk factors arising from work. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 9

Figure 4: Occupational disease incidence, 2004-2013 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 10

WORKPLACE FATAL INJURIES 59 workplace fatal injuries in 2013, 56% of the fatalities were from construction sector There were 59 workplace fatal injuries in 2013, an increase from 56 workplace fatal injuries in 2012. Workplace fatal injury rate remained at 2.1 per 100,000 employed persons (Table 1.5 & Table 1.6). Workplace fatal Injuries by sector Construction Workplace fatal injury rate in Construction sector had generally shown a downward trend since 2006. Fatal injuries number and rate was at the lowest in 2011. However, there was a reversal in trend in the last two years. It remained the top contributor in 2013 with 33 fatal injuries or 56% of all workplace fatal injuries, up from 26 in same period last year (Table 1.5). The workplace fatal injury rate in the construction sector rose from 5.9 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 to 7.0 per 100,000 employed persons in 2013. It posted the highest workplace fatal injury rate amongst the three traditionally higher risk sectors 7 (Table 1.6). Figure 5: Workplace fatal injury rate for Construction sector, 2006-2013 7 The three traditionally higher risk sectors are Construction, Marine & Manufacturing. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 11

Marine Marine 8 sector generally saw a decreasing trend in its workplace fatal injuries number and fatal injury rate, decreasing from 9.4 per 100,000 employed persons in 2011 to 2.7 per 100,000 employed persons in 2013. There were 3 workplace fatal injuries in 2013, compared to 6 in 2012 (Table 1.5). Figure 6: Workplace fatal injury rate for Marine sector, 2006-2013 8 The marine sector includes the following activities: Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Marine Surveying Services (other than classification societies) Salvaging of distressed vessels and cargo Works carried out in the anchorage are also included. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 12

Manufacturing Manufacturing sector also saw a decreasing trend in its workplace fatal injuries number and rate, from 3.1 per 100,000 employed persons in 2011 to 2.8 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 and further to 1.4 per 100,000 employed persons in 2013 (Table 1.6). The sector had 6 workplace fatal injuries for 2013, down from 12 workplace fatal injuries for the same period last year (Table 1.5). Figure 7: Workplace fatal injury rate for Manufacturing sector, 2006-2013 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 13

Others The workplace fatal injuries number and rate in Transportation & Storage sector saw a decline with 6 cases (2.7 per 100,000 employed persons) in 2013, compared to 7 (3.2 per 100,000 employed persons) in 2012. 4 out of the 6 cases were from its Logistics and Transport sub-sector 9, a reduction from 7 cases in 2012 for this sub-sector (Table 1.5). The fatal injury rate dropped from 8.0 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 to 4.3 per 100,000 employed persons in 2013. Repair & Maintenance of Vehicles, Cleaning & Landscape Maintenance Activities and Real Estate Activities sectors which had no workplace fatal injuries in 2012 saw 2 workplace fatal injuries in 2013. Food & Beverage Service Activities sector, which had 1 workplace fatal injury in 2012 had no workplace fatal injury in 2013. Other sectors which had 1 workplace fatal injury each in 2013 included Agriculture & Related Service Activities, Wholesale Trade, Architectural & Engineering Services, Rental & Leasing Activities and Gambling & Betting Activities. 9 The logistics and transport sector includes the following activities: Warehousing and Storage Supporting services to land transport (excludes car management services, taxi booking services, towing services) Supporting services to water transport (exclude marine surveying services, salvaging distressed vessels & cargo) Supporting services to air transport Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 14

Table 1.5: Number of workplace fatal injuries by industry, 2012 and 2013 Industry 2013 2012 All Sectors 59 (56) 56 (55) Construction 33 26 Marine 3 6 Manufacturing 6 12 Tanning & Dressing of Leather 2 0 Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products 1 3 Manufacture of Food Products 1 3 Metalworking 1 2 Manufacture of Other Transport Equipment 1 0 Manufacture of Petrochemical Products 0 1 Manufacture of Wood Products 0 1 Manufacture of Computer, Electronic & Optical Products 0 1 Other manufacturing industries 0 1 Agriculture & Related Services Activities 1 0 Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management 0 1 Wholesale Trade 1 0 Transportation & Storage 6 7 Logistics & Transport 4 7 Food & Beverage Service Activities 0 1 Telecommunications 0 1 Real Estate Activities 2 0 Architectural & Engineering Services 1 0 Advertising 0 1 Rental & Leasing Activities 1 0 Business Support Activities 0 1 Cleaning & Landscape Maintenance Activities 2 0 Gambling & Betting Activities 1 0 Repair & Maintenance of Vehicles 2 0 Note: Figures in parenthesis refer to the number of fatal incidents. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 15

Table 1.6: Workplace fatal injury rate by industry, 2012 and 2013 Per 100,000 employed persons Industry 2013 2012 All Sectors 2.1 2.1 Construction 7.0 5.9 Marine 2.7 5.6 Manufacturing 1.4 2.8 Tanning & Dressing of Leather n.a 0.0 Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products 18.5 54.5 Manufacture of Food Products 2.7 8.5 Metalworking 0.8 1.6 Manufacture of Other Transport Equipment 4.2 0.0 Manufacture of Petrochemical Products 0.0 1.8 Manufacture of Wood Products 0.0 27.8 Manufacture of Computer, Electronic & Optical Products 0.0 1.1 Other manufacturing industries 0.0 5.5 Agriculture & Related Services Activities n.a 0.0 Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management 0.0 6.6 Wholesale Trade 0.3 0.0 Transportation & Storage 2.7 3.2 Logistics & Transport 4.3 8.0 Food & Beverage Service Activities 0.0 0.6 Telecommunications 0.0 5.1 Real Estate Activities 2.3 0.0 Architectural & Engineering Services 1.6 0.0 Advertising 0.0 n.a. Rental & Leasing Activities n.a 0.0 Business Support Activities 0.0 n.a. Cleaning & Landscape Maintenance Activities 4.2 0.0 Gambling & Betting Activities n.a 0.0 Repair & Maintenance of Vehicles n.a 0.0 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 16

Workplace fatal Injuries by incident types and incident agents Falls remained the leading incident type; Collapse/Failure of Structure & Equipment is an emerging issue The top incident types which accounted for 61% of total workplace fatal injuries in 2013 were (Table 1.7): Falls (Falls from Heights (FFH) 10, Slips, Trips and Falls) (17 fatal injuries, 29%) Collapse/ Failure of Structure & Equipment (10 fatal injuries, 17%) Struck by Moving Objects (9 fatal injuries, 15%) Falls (Falls from Heights (FFH), Slips, Trips and Falls) was the leading incident type in 2013, with 17 cases. Collapse/Failure of Structure & Equipment saw a significant increase from 4 workplace fatal injuries in 2012 to 10 in 2013. Collapse/Failure of Structure & Equipment involved mainly physical workplace (formwork, structures) and moving vehicles (prime mover, forklift). The cases were from Construction, Marine, Manufacturing and Logistic & Transport sectors. Struck by Moving Objects saw 9 workplace fatal injuries in 2013, up from 6 in 2012. 67% of these fatal injuries were hit by moving vehicles such as trucks, forklifts, prime movers. These cases were from the Construction, Marine, Logistics & Transport and Repair & Maintenance of Vehicles. 10 Falls from heights (FFH) includes fall from roof, fall from mobile work platform, fall from scaffold, fall from ladder, fall from structure and fall into depths. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 17

Table 1.7: Number of workplace fatal injuries by incident types and agents, 2012 and 2013 Incident Type Incident Agents 2013 2012 Total Workplace Fatal Injuries 59 56 Falls Total 17 17 Falls from Heights Total 14 14 Physical Workplace - Structures 5 5 Physical Workplace- Roofs 3 0 Physical Workplace - Formwork 3 2 Means of Access- Ladders 2 1 Lifting Equipment- Cranes 1 1 Means of Access- Others 0 3 Lifting Equipment- Mobile Work Platform 0 1 Goods/Cargo 0 1 Slips, Trips & Falls 11 Total 3 3 Collapse/Failure of Structure & Equipment Struck by Moving Objects Moving Vehicles- Boat, Lorry 1 1 Physical Workplace- Floor/Level Surfaces 1 0 Animals, Plants and Insects 1 0 Means of Access - Others 0 2 Total 10 4 Physical Workplace- Structures 3 0 Moving Vehicles- Prime Mover, Forklift 2 0 Physical Workplace-Formwork 1 0 Lifting Equipment- Lifting appliances/gears 1 0 Means of Access- Scaffold 1 0 Animals, Plants and Insects 1 0 Furniture & Fittings 1 0 Goods/Cargo 0 1 Glass Items 0 1 Other Incident Agents 0 2 Total 9 6 Moving Vehicles-Prime Movers, Excavators, Lorry, Truck, Forklift 6 4 Industrial Machines 1 1 Lifting Equipment- Piling Machines 1 0 Lifting Equipment- Lifts & Hoists 1 0 Lifting Equipment- Mobile Work Platform 0 1 Electrocution Total 5 2 Caught in/between Objects Electrical Equipment 3 2 Industrial Machines 2 0 Total 5 6 Moving Vehicles- Truck, Forklift, Excavator, Prime Mover, Bus 4 3 Lifting Equipment- Piling Machines 1 0 Industrial Machines 0 2 Lifting Equipment- Cranes 0 1 11 Slips, Trips and Falls includes Slips and Trips on same level/fall from vehicle/stairs/steps/machines/other locations. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 18

Incident Type Incident Agents 2013 2012 Crane-related Total 4 5 Lifting Equipment-Cranes 4 5 Fires & Explosion Total 2 3 Struck by Falling Objects From Heights Pressurised Equipment- Pressurised Piping / Accessories 1 0 Industrial Machines 1 2 Explosives/Flammable Substances 0 1 Total 1 3 Goods/Cargo 1 0 Moving Vehicles- Forklift 0 2 Metal Items 0 1 Drowning Total 1 3 Suffocation Total 1 0 Exposure to/contact with biological materials Cave-in of Excavation, Tunnel, etc Collapse of Formwork / Failure of its Supports Struck against Objects Dust, Gas, Liquid and Chemicals 1 0 Total 1 0 Animals, Plants and Insects 1 0 Total 0 2 Physical Workplace - Structures 0 2 Total 0 3 Physical Workplace - Formwork 0 3 Total 0 1 Moving Vehicles Prime Mover 0 1 Other Incident Types Total 3 1 Moving Vehicles 0 1 Other Incident Agents 3 0 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 19

Table 1.8: Number of workplace fatal injuries by industry and incident types, 2012 and 2013 Industry All Construction Marine Manufacturing Agriculture & Related Services Activities Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management Wholesale Trade Transportation & Storage Logistics & Transport Total 59(56) 33(26) 3(6) 6(12) 1(0) 0(1) 1(0) 6(7) 4(7) Falls 17(17) 11(10) 0(2) 0(1) 1(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(1) 0(1) Falls from Heights Slips, Trips & Falls Collapse/ Failure of Structure & Equipment Struck by Moving Objects 14(14) 11(9) 0(1) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(1) 0(1) 3(3) 0(1) 0(1) 0(1) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 10(4) 7(1) 1(0) 1(1) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(2) 1(2) 9(6) 6(3) 1(0) 0(2) 0(0) 0(1) 0(0) 1(0) 1(0) Electrocution 5(2) 1(1) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(1) 0(1) Caught in/between objects Cranerelated Collapse of Crane Fires & Explosion Struck by Falling Objects from Heights 5(6) 2(1) 0(1) 1(4) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) 1(0) 4(5) 4(3) 0(0) 0(1) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(1) 0(1) 3(1) 3(1) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 2(3) 1(0) 0(0) 1(2) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(3) 0(2) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(1) 1(1) Drowning 1(3) 0(0) 0(3) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) Suffocation 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Exposure 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) to/contact with biological materials Cave-in of 0(2) 0(2) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Excavation, Tunnel, etc Collapse of 0(3) 0(3) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Formwork/ Failure of its Supports Strike 0(1) 0(0) 0(0) 0(1) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Against Objects Other 3(1) 1(0) 0(0) 2(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(1) 0(1) Incident Types Notes: Figures in parenthesis pertain to 2012 figures. Logistics & Transport is a sub sector of Transportation & Storage. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 20

Industry Food & Beverage Service Activities Telecomm unications Real Estate Activiti es Architect ural & Engineeri ng Services Advertisi ng Rental & Leasing Activities Business Support Activities Cleaning & Landscape Maintenance Activities Gambling & Betting Activities Repair & Maintenance of Vehicles Total 0(1) 0(1) 2(0) 1(0) 0(1) 1(0) 0(1) 2(0) 1(0) 2(0) Falls 0(0) 0(1) 2(0) 0(0) 0(1) 0(0) 0(1) 1(0) 1(0) 0(0) Falls from Heights Slips, Trips & Falls Collapse/Fail ure of Structure & Equipment Struck by Moving Objects 0(0) 0(1) 1(0) 0(0) 0(1) 0(0) 0(1) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) Electrocution 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Caught in/between objects Cranerelated Collapse of Crane Fires & Explosion Struck by Falling Objects from Heights 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(1) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Drowning 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Suffocation 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Exposure 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 1(0) 0(0) 0(0) to/contact with biological materials Cave-in of 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Excavation, Tunnel, etc Collapse of 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Formwork/ Failure of its Supports Strike 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Against Objects Other 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) Incident Types Notes: Figures in parenthesis pertain to 2012 figures. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 21

WORK-RELATED TRAFFIC FATAL INJURIES There were 14 work-related traffic fatal injuries in 2013. Work-related traffic fatal injuries by sector Transportation & Storage sector was main contributor to work-related traffic fatal injuries In 2013, the Transportation & Storage sector was the main contributor of work-related traffic fatal injuries with 5 fatalities. This was followed by the Food & Beverage Service Activities sector and Wholesale Trade sector with 3 and 2 work-related traffic fatal injuries respectively (Table 1.9). Construction, Education, Manufacturing and Other Personal Service Activities sectors each had 1 case. Table 1.9: Number of work-related traffic fatal injuries by industry, 2013 Industry 2013 All Sectors 14 Transportation & Storage 5 Logistics & Transport 2 Food & Beverage Service Activities 3 Wholesale Trade 2 Construction 1 Education 1 Manufacturing 1 Other Personal Service Activities 1 Work-related traffic fatal injuries by type of vehicles Motorcycles most commonly involved in work-related traffic fatal injuries Motorcycles were most commonly involved in work-related traffic fatal injuries in 2013 with 6 cases (Table 1.10). 5 cases involved large goods vehicles (LGVs) such as lorry, truck. Table 1.10: Number of work-related traffic fatal Injuries by type of vehicles, 2013 Types of Vehicles 2013 Total Work-related Traffic Fatal Injuries 14 Motorcycle 6 Large Goods Vehicles(LGVs) - Lorry, Truck 5 Car 1 Van 1 Taxi 1 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 22

Work-related traffic fatal injuries by occupation and road user types 43% of work-related traffic fatal injuries involved car & light goods vehicle drivers Of the 14 work-related traffic fatal injuries, 11 victims (79%) were drivers and 3 were passengers. Car & light goods vehicle drivers accounted for 55% of all drivers and 43% of all work-related traffic fatalities (Table 1.11) in 2013. Table 1.11: Number of work-related traffic fatal injuries by occupation and road user types, 2013 Occupation Road User Types 2013 Total Work-related Traffic Fatal Injuries 14 Car & Light Goods Vehicle Drivers eg., taxi driver, chauffeur, motorcycle delivery man Total 6 Driver 6 Heavy Truck & Bus Drivers Total 2 Driver 1 Passenger 1 Construction Labourers & Related Workers Total 1 Manufacturing, Construction, Transport, Distribution and other production and operations manager Passenger 1 Total 1 Driver 1 Personal Service Workers eg., Driving Instructors Total 1 Porters, Attendants and Related Workers eg., Car park attendant Passenger 1 Total 1 Driver 1 Hotel and food and beverages services managers Total 1 Driver 1 Physical and Engineering Science Technicians Total 1 Driver 1 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 23

WORKPLACE MAJOR INJURIES Major injuries remained about the same, non-traditional sectors saw an increase in cases The total number of major injuries remained about the same as in 2012. 589 workers sustained major injuries 12 in 2013, compared to 588 in the same period last year (Table 1.12). The major injury rate reduced slightly to 20.7 per 100,000 employed persons from 21.6 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 (Table 1.13). 60,858 man-days were lost as a result of these incidents. Workplace major injuries by sector The three traditional higher risk sectors accounted for 334 (57%) of the workplace major injuries reported (Table 1.12). Marine sector deteriorated, with 36 cases (32.8 per 100,000 employed persons) in 2013, up from 31 cases (29.1 per 100,000 employed persons) in 2012. Deterioration in major injury rate was also seen in the Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management, Wholesale & Retail Trade, Accommodation & Food Service Activities, Financial & Insurance Activities and Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities sectors which had an increased number of workplace major injuries in 2013 compared to the same period last year. In 2013, Construction sector saw a slight reduction to 34.5 per 100,000 employed persons compared to 35.0 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012. A slight reduction was also seen for the Manufacturing sector with 31.2 cases per 100,000 employed persons compared to 32.7 cases per 100,000 employed persons in 2012. Improvements were primarily contributed by Metalworking and Manufacture of Food, Beverages & Tobacco. A reduction in workplace major injury rates was also seen for the Logistics & Transport (36.5 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 compared to 24.8 in 2013) and Real Estate Activities sectors (21.5 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 to 13.6 in 2013). 12 Refer to Annex D for definition. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 24

Table 1.12: Number of workplace major injuries by industry, 2012 and 2013 Industry 2013 2012 All Sectors 589 588 Construction 164 153 Marine 36 31 Manufacturing 134 140 Metalworking 53 64 Manufacture of Food, Beverages & Tobacco 20 31 Manufacture of Petrochemical Products 12 4 Manufacture of Furniture 9 9 Manufacture of Wood Products 8 5 Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management 8 6 Wholesale & Retail Trade 27 24 Wholesale Trade 19 15 Retail Trade 8 9 Transportation & Storage 34 44 Logistics & Transport 23 32 Accommodation & Food Service Activities 33 27 Accommodation 6 3 Food & Beverage Service Activities 27 24 Financial & Insurance Activities 13 6 5 Real Estate Activities 12 19 Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities 16 11 Administrative & Support Service Activities 8 14 Community, Social & Personal Services 46 43 Education 13 10 Repair & Maintenance of Vehicles 11 9 Health Activities 8 10 Other Personal Service Activities 7 4 13 Financial & Insurance Activities include banks, finance companies, activities of holding companies. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 25

Table 1.13: Workplace major injury rates by industry, 2012 and 2013 Per 100,000 employed persons Industry 2013 2012 All Sectors 20.7 21.6 Construction 34.5 35.0 Marine 32.8 29.1 Manufacturing 31.2 32.7 Metalworking 43.3 52.5 Manufacture of Food, Beverages & Tobacco 50.1 81.8 Manufacture of Petrochemical Products 21.3 7.1 Manufacture of Furniture 76.3 76.3 Manufacture of Wood Products 216.2 138.9 Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management 49.7 39.7 Wholesale & Retail Trade 5.7 5.2 Wholesale Trade 6.0 4.9 Retail Trade 5.0 5.7 Transportation & Storage 15.0 20.3 Logistics & Transport 24.8 36.5 Accommodation & Food Service Activities 14.7 12.6 Accommodation 17.2 8.6 Food & Beverage Service Activities 14.3 13.4 Financial & Insurance Activities 3.2 2.7 Real Estate Activities 13.6 21.5 Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities 7.2 5.3 Administrative & Support Service Activities 4.3 7.9 Community, Social & Personal Services 6.4 6.2 Education 13.5 10.9 Repair & Maintenance of Vehicles n.a n.a Health Activities* 9.9 13.2 Other Personal Service Activities n.a n.a Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 26

Table 1.14: Types of workplace major injury, 2012 and 2013 Major Injury Types 2013 2012 Total 589 588 Crushing, Fractures and Dislocations 306 322 Amputations 132 142 Hypothermia / Burns, with more than 20 MC days 83 41 Multiple Injuries 32 35 Concussion, with more than 20 MC days 20 14 Exposure to Electric Current 12 29 Blindness 3 2 Deafness 1 0 Paralysis 0 2 Asphyxia/Drowning 0 1 Workplace major injuries by incident types and agents The top three incident types, accounting for 56% of workplace major injuries were (Table 1.15): Falls (Slips, Trips and Falls) (157 injuries, 27%) Falls (Falls from Heights (FFH)) (93 injuries, 16%) Caught in/between Objects (82 injuries, 14%) Similar to workplace fatal injuries, Falls (Falls from Heights (FFH), Slips, Trips and Falls) was also the leading incident type for workplace major injuries. The top incident agent associated with Slips, Trips and Falls was Physical Workplace - Floor/Level Surfaces. The top incident agent for FFH was Means of Access - Ladders. For Caught in/between Objects, the top incident agent was Industrial Machines. 83% of these cases resulted in amputations. Workplace major injuries by injury types Crushing, Fractures and Dislocations were the leading types of injury, accounting for 52% of all workplace major injuries. This was followed by Amputations, with 132 workers suffering from complete loss or loss of use of any member/part of a member of the injured person s body in 2013. This was a reduction from 142 in 2012 (Table 1.14). The number of Hypothermia/Burns cases with more than 20 MC days almost doubled, increasing from 41 cases in 2012 to 83 cases in 2013. There were more injuries from Accommodation & Food Services and Manufacturing sectors due to contact with hot scalding liquid or Dusts, Gas, Liquids and Chemicals respectively. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 27

Table 1.15: Number of workplace major injuries by key incident types and key incident agents, 2012 and 2013 Incident Type Key Incident Agents 2013 2012 Total Workplace Major injuries 589 588 Falls Total 250 238 Slips, Trips and Falls Total 157 160 Physical Workplace- Floor/Level Surfaces 64 64 Moving Vehicles 36 19 Furniture and Fittings 12 9 Means of Access - Stairs or Steps 11 17 Falls from Heights Total 93 78 Means of Access- Ladders 35 27 Means of Access - Scaffold 21 16 Physical Workplace - Structures 12 16 Caught in/between Objects Total 82 94 Industrial Machines 38 52 Lifting Equipment Including Cranes 21 22 Moving Vehicles 7 10 Metal Items 6 4 Struck by Falling Objects Total 68 57 Metal Items 19 22 Goods/Cargo 9 3 Lifting Equipment Including Cranes 8 8 Physical Workplace Formwork 8 2 Furniture and Fittings 6 1 Struck by Moving Objects Total 40 52 Moving Vehicles 20 21 Industrial Machines 5 6 Lifting Equipment Including Cranes 4 8 Industrial Hand Tools 3 2 Metal Items (excluding knives/needles) 3 6 Exposure to Extreme Temperatures Total 39 29 Hot scalding liquid/steam 26 11 Industrial Machines 5 2 Cut/Stabbed by Objects Total 27 24 Industrial Machines 17 17 Industrial Hand Tools 10 4 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 28

Table 1.16: Top 3 incident types for workplace major injuries by industry, 2013 Industry Top 3 Incident Types 1 st 2 nd 3 rd All Sectors STF FFH CIBO Construction FFH STF CIBO, SBFO Marine CIBO SBFO STF Manufacturing STF CIBO SBFO Metalworking SBFO CIBO STF Manufacture of Food, Beverages & Tobacco STF,CIBO SBFO CSBO,FE,ETET Manufacture of Petrochemical Products ETHS SBMO,STF,CIBO FE,FFH Manufacture of Furniture CSBO STF - Manufacture of Wood Products CSBO SBFO STF,FFH,PA Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management ETET, SBMO STF - Wholesale & Retail Trade STF SBFO CIBO Wholesale Trade STF SBFO CIBO,CSBO,SBMO Retail Trade STF SBFO CIBO,FFH,OESM Transportation & Storage STF CIBO FFH Logistics & Transport STF CIBO FFH Accommodation & Food Service Activities ETET STF SBMO Accommodation ETET SBMO,STF - Food & Beverage Service Activities STF ETET SAO,SBMO,CIBO, FE Financial & Insurance Activities STF ETEC,OESM,ETE T, ETHS Real Estate Activities STF ETET - CIBO,FE,SBFO, ETHS, FFH Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities CIBO ETEC STF,SBMO Administrative & Support Service Activities STF SBMO - Community, Social & Personal Services STF SBMO, CIBO, ETET, FFH SBFO, PA Education STF OESM SBMO,SBFO, FFH, PA Repair & Maintenance of Vehicles STF CIBO SBMO, ETET, PA,FFH Health Activities STF SBMO, ETET, PA - Other Personal Service Activities CIBO, ETET SBFO, SBMO, STF - Legend: CIBO Caught In/Between Objects FE Fires & Explosion CSBO Cut/ Stabbed by Objects OESM Over-exertion and Strenuous Movements ETEC Exposure to Electric Current PA Physical Assault ETET Exposure to Extreme Temperature SAO Striking Against Objects ETHS Exposure to Hazardous Substances SBFO Struck by Falling Objects FFH Falls (Falls from Heights) SBMO Struck by Moving Objects 14 STF Falls (Slips, Trips and Falls) 14 This includes flying fragments but excludes falling objects. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 29

WORKPLACE MINOR INJURIES Minor injuries saw an increase over last year, Construction sector and Marine sector recorded 26% and 18% increase in workplace minor injuries Minor injuries include all other reportable injuries that did not result in death or major injuries. Minor injuries increased from 10,469 cases in 2012 (384 per 100,000 employed persons) to 11,467 cases (403 per 100,000 employed persons) in 2013 (Table 1.17 & 1.18). There were 11,253 minor injuries (396 per 100,000 employed persons) in 2013 after excluding back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. Workplace minor injuries by sector The three traditionally higher risk sectors accounted for 49% of workplace minor injuries. Manufacturing sector remained the highest contributor with an increase in number of workplace minor injuries and minor injury rate (595 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 to 625 per 100,000 employed persons in 2013) (Table 1.17 and 1.18). Construction sector and Marine sector recorded 26% and 18% increase in workplace minor injuries respectively and the minor injury rates increased from 441 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 to 510 per 100,000 employed persons in 2013 and 369 per 100,000 employed persons in 2012 to 421 per 100,000 employed persons in 2013) respectively. Real Estate Activities and Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities sectors also saw an increase in workplace minor injury rate in 2013. Many sectors such as Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management, Wholesale & Retail Trade, Logistics & Transport, Accommodation & Food Services, Information & Communications, Financial & Insurance Activities, Administrative & Support Service Activities and Health Activities saw a reduction in workplace minor injury rates (Table 1.18). Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 30

Table 1.17: Number of workplace minor injuries by industry, 2012 and 2013 Industry 2013 2012 All Sectors 11,467 (11,253) 10,469 Construction 2,423 (2,398) 1,928 Marine 462 (457) 393 Manufacturing 2,680 (2,654) 2,550 Metalworking 1,210 (1,203) 1,174 Manufacture of Food, Beverages & Tobacco 399 (396) 393 Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products 188 (184) 178 Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management 100 106 Wholesale & Retail Trade 535 (517) 541 Wholesale Trade 275 (262) 284 Retail Trade 260 (255) 257 Transportation & Storage 798 (760) 742 Logistics & Transport 488 (474) 476 Accommodation & Food Services 848 (833) 852 Accommodation 233 (227) 194 Food & Beverage Service Activities 615 (606) 658 Information & Communications 15 34 (33) 40 Financial & Insurance Activities 112 (111) 120 Real Estate Activities 281 (269) 270 Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities 377 (366) 337 Legal, Accounting & Management Activities 177 (169) 145 Architectural & Engineering Activities 156 (155) 133 Administrative & Support Service Activities 317 (310) 306 Office Administrative, Office Support & Other Business Support Activities 143 (142) 148 Community, Social & Personal Services 925 (898) 941 Health Activities 268 (259) 281 Education 174 (172) 176 Other Personal Service Activities 155 (150) 162 Figures in parentheses exclude back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. Data are not strictly comparable with 2012 data. 15 Information and Communication includes publishing activities, motion picture, video and television programme production, sound recording & music publishing activities, radio & television broadcasting activities, telecommunications. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 31

Table 1.18: Workplace minor injury rates by industry, 2012 and 2013 Per 100,000 employed persons Industry 2013 2012 All Sectors 403 (396) 384 Construction 510 (505) 441 Marine 421 (417) 369 Manufacturing 625 (619) 595 Metalworking 989 (984) 963 Manufacture of Food, Beverages & Tobacco 1,000 (992) 1,037 Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products 3,481 (3,407) 3,236 Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management 621 702 Wholesale & Retail Trade 113 (109) 117 Wholesale Trade 87(83) 93 Retail Trade 163 (160) 164 Transportation & Storage 352 (336) 342 Logistics & Transport 525 (510) 543 Accommodation & Food Services 378 (372) 398 Accommodation 668 (650) 556 Food & Beverage Service Activities 325 (320) 367 Information & Communications 30 (29) 38 Financial & Insurance Activities 60 (59) 66 Real Estate Activities 318 (304) 306 Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities 170 (165) 163 Legal, Accounting & Management Activities 166 (159) 149 Architectural & Engineering Activities 243 (241) 220 Administrative & Support Service Activities 169 (166) 172 Office Administrative, Office Support & Other Business n.a n.a. Support Activities Community, Social & Personal Services 129 (126) 136 Health Activities* 331 (320) 370 Education n.a. n.a. Other Personal Activities n.a. n.a. Figures in parentheses exclude back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. Data are not strictly comparable with 2012 data. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 32

Workplace minor injuries by incident types and agents Falls (Slips, Trips and Falls) remained the main area of concern for minor injuries The top three incident types that accounted for 54% of workplace minor injuries in 2013 were (Table 1.19): Falls (Slips, Trips and Falls (STF)) (2,662 injuries, 23%) Struck by Moving Objects (SBMO) (2,124 injuries, 19%) Struck by Falling Objects (SBFO) (1,407 injuries, 12%) STF which was the top incident type for workplace minor injuries were common in many sectors including Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management, Wholesale & Retail Trade, Logistics & Transport, Accommodation & Food Services, Information & Communications, Real Estate Activities, Financial & Insurance Activities, Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities, Administrative & Support Service Activities, Health Activities, Education and Other Personal Service Activities sectors (Table 1.20). The injuries were seen in workers who were exposed to working conditions such as wet or contaminated surfaces in these sectors. The top incident agent for STF in 2013 was Physical Workplace - Floors/Level Surfaces, accounting for 45% of STF injuries (Table 1.19). SBMO, which continued to be one of the leading incident types, contributed 19% of the total workplace minor injuries in 2013. It was also the top incident type for the three traditional higher risk sectors. 37% of SBMO injuries were caused by work involving industrial tools & machines. SBFO was commonly seen in Construction, Marine, Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management, Wholesale & Retail Trade, Logistics & Transport and Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities. The top incident agent for SBFO was metal items, accounting for 31% of SBFO injuries. Workplace minor injuries by injury types The top three types of injury that accounted for 82% of all workplace minor injuries were (Table 1.21): Cuts and Bruises (4,565 injuries, 40%) Crushing, Fractures and Dislocations (2,789 injuries, 24%) Sprains and Strains (2,026 injuries, 18%) Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 33

Table 1.19: Number of workplace minor injuries by key incident types and key incident agents, 2012 and 2013 Incident Type Key Incident Agents 2013 2012 Total Workplace Minor injuries 11,467 (11,253) 10,469 Falls Total 3,262 2,944 Slips, Trips & Falls Total 2,662 2,449 Physical Workplace - Floor/Level Surfaces 1,202 1,119 Means of Access Stairs/ Steps 390 405 Moving Vehicles 276 229 Falls from Heights Total 600 495 Struck by Moving Objects Struck by Falling Objects Cut/Stabbed by Objects Caught in/between Objects Over-exertion/ Strenuous Movements Strike against Objects Exposure to Extreme Temperatures Means of Access- Ladders 360 299 Means of Access- Scaffold 75 62 Physical Workplace- Structures 75 56 Total 2,124 2,143 Industrial Hand Tools 495 434 Metal Items 325 319 Moving Vehicles 311 301 Industrial Machines 285 376 Total 1,407 1,312 Metal Items 432 444 Goods/Cargo 166 139 Furniture and Fittings 144 109 Total 1,328 1,210 Knives and Needles 390 439 Industrial Hand Tools 239 208 Industrial Machines 235 95 Total 1,005 794 Industrial Machines 356 275 Metal Items 164 114 Lifting Equipment Including Cranes 103 75 Moving Vehicles 95 78 Total 853 (639) 672 Goods/Cargo 261(158) 204 Human Factors 200 (174) 137 Furniture and Fittings 57 (38) 50 Total 568 523 Metal Items 139 140 Furniture & Fittings 140 126 Industrial Machines 58 32 Total 279 301 Hot scalding liquid/steam 196 210 Pressurised Equipments 20 16 Industrial Machines 14 12 Figures in parentheses exclude back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. Data are not strictly comparable with 2012 data. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 34

Table 1.20: Top 3 incident types for workplace minor injuries by industry, 2013 Industry Top 3 Incident Types 1 st 2 nd 3 rd All Sectors STF SBMO SBFO Construction SBMO SBFO STF Marine SBMO STF SBFO Manufacturing SBMO STF CIBO Metalworking SBMO CIBO STF Manufacturing of Food, Beverages & Tobacco CSBO STF SBMO Manufacturing of Non-metallic Mineral Products SBMO STF CSBO Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management STF SBMO SBFO Wholesale & Retail Trade STF SBFO CSBO Wholesale Trade STF SBFO SBMO Retail Trade STF CSBO SBFO Transportation & Storage STF SBMO OESM, SBFO Logistics & Transport STF. SBMO SBFO CIBO Accommodation & Food Services CSBO STF ETET Accommodation STF CSBO SBFO, SBMO Food & Beverage Service Activities CSBO STF ETET Information & Communications STF SBMO CSBO Real Estate Activities STF CSBO SBMO Financial & Insurance Activities STF SBMO CSBO Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities STF SBMO SBFO Legal, Accounting & Management Activities STF OESM SBFO Architectural & Engineering Activities STF SBMO SBFO, CIBO Administrative & Support Service Activities STF SBMO CSBO Office Administrative, Office Support & Other Business STF SBMO CSBO Community, Social & Personal Services STF SBMO OESM Health Activities STF OESM SBMO Education STF OESM SBMO Other Personal Service Activities STF CSBO SBMO Exclude back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. Legend: CIBO Caught In/Between Objects SBFO Struck by Falling Objects CSBO Cut/ Stabbed by Objects SBMO Struck by Moving Objects 16 ETET Exposure to Extreme Temperature STF Falls (Slips, Trips and Falls) OESM Over-exertion and Strenuous Movements 16 This includes flying fragments but excludes falling objects. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 35

Table 1.21: Types of workplace minor injury, 2012 and 2013 Minor Injury Types 2013 2012 Total 11,467 (11,253) 10,469 Cuts and Bruises 4,565 4,307 Crushing, Fractures and Dislocations 2,789 2,675 Sprains & Strains 2,026 (1,812) 1,781 Burns 376 372 Puncture Wound 228 274 Multiple Injuries 203 149 Bites and Stings 73 42 Concussion 61 42 Others 1,146 827 Figures in parentheses exclude back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. Data are not strictly comparable with 2012 data. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 36

OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES Number of confirmed occupational diseases down by 32%, noise induced deafness (NID) cases saw a 35% reduction. 673 cases of occupational diseases (OD) (887 including back injury cases due to ergonomic risks) were confirmed in 2013, down from 987 cases for the same period last year (Table 1.22). The overall OD incidence stood at 23.7 (31.2 including back injury cases due to ergonomic risks) cases per 100,000 employed persons, compared to 36.2 cases in the same period of 2012 (Table 1.23). The decrease in OD cases was due to the decrease in Noise induced deafness (NID) cases which saw a 35% reduction. Occupational diseases by sector Manufacturing continued to record the highest number of OD cases, accounting for 37% of total ODs (including back injury cases due to ergonomic risks) confirmed in 2013 (Table 1.22). 65% of the ODs confirmed in this sector were from Metalworking. Metalworking posted the highest incidence of OD cases (175.0 cases per 100,000 employed persons when including back injury cases due to ergonomic risks). Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 37

Table 1.22: Number of confirmed occupational disease cases by industry, 2012 and 2013 Industry 2013 2012 All Sectors 673 (887) 987 Construction 71 (96) 89 Marine 124 (129) 159 Manufacturing 305 (331) 523 Metalworking 207 (214) 265 Manufacture of Petrochemical Products 26 (27) 30 Manufacture of Transport Equipment 19 (21) 126 Manufacture of Computer, Electronic & Optical Products 16 (19) 20 Electricity, Gas & Air Conditioning Supply 3 18 Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management 6 4 Wholesale & Retail Trade 9 (27) 13 Transportation & Storage 21 (59) 52 Logistics & Transport 20 (34) 45 Accommodation & Food Services 3 (18) 8 Information & Communications 1 (2) 2 Financial & Insurance Activities 11 (12) 8 Real Estate Services 3 (15) 2 Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities 67 (78) 63 Architectural & Engineering Activities 63 (64) 59 Administrative & Support Service Activities 10 (17) 8 Community, Social & Personal Services 35 (62) 35 Other Personal Service Activities 13 (18) 8 Health Activities 11 (20) 7 Figures in parentheses include WRMSD-back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. Data are not strictly comparable with 2012 data. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 38

Table 1.23: Occupational disease incidence rates by industry, 2012 and 2013 Per 100,000 employed persons Industry 2013 2012 All Sectors 23.7 (31.2) 36.2 Construction 15.0 (20.2) 20.3 Marine 113.0 (117.6) 149.4 Manufacturing 71.1 (77.1) 122.1 Metalworking 169.3 (175.0) 217.4 Manufacture of Petrochemical Products 46.2 (48.0) 53.2 Manufacture of Transport Equipment 69.9 (77.2) 482.8 Manufacture of Computer, Electronic & Optical Products 17.8 (21.2) 21.7 Electricity, Gas & Air Conditioning Supply n.a. n.a. Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management 37.3 26.5 Wholesale & Retail Trade 1.9 (5.7) 2.8 Transportation & Storage 9.3 (26.1) 23.9 Logistics & Transport 21.5 (36.6) 51.4 Accommodation & Food Services 1.3 (8.0) 3.7 Information & Communications 0.9 (1.8) 1.9 Financial & Insurance Activities 5.9 (6.4) 4.4 Real Estate Services 3.4 (17.0) 2.3 Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities 30.1 (35.1) 30.5 Architectural & Engineering Activities 98.0 (99.5) 97.7 Administrative & Support Service Activities 5.3 (9.1) 4.5 Community, Social & Personal Services 4.9 (8.7) 5.1 Other Personal Service Activities n.a. n.a. Health Activities* 13.6(24.7) 9.2 Figures in parentheses include WRMSD-back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. Data are not strictly comparable with 2012 data. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 39

By type of occupational disease Noise-induced deafness (NID) Manufacturing sector continues to have highest number of NID cases Noise-induced deafness (NID) comprised the majority (64%) of the total OD cases (including back injury cases due to ergonomic risks) confirmed in 2013. 544 out of the 564 or 96% of the NID cases were diagnosed at the early stage of the disease while 20 workers suffered from severe hearing loss (Table 1.24). The Manufacturing sector continued to have the highest number of NID cases but saw a drop from 488 in 2012 to 275 in 2013 (Table 1.25). 73% of these cases were from Metalworking. Marine sector which had the second highest OD incidence (Table 1.26) had 122 NID cases (22%). Fluctuations in number of NID cases can be expected from year to year as it is a chronic disease which develops slowly over time (Figure 6). In addition, the increase in cases in 2008 and 2011-12 may be due to the increased awareness and coverage associated with the expansion of the WSH Act in 2008 (to new sectors) and 2011 (to all workplaces). Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 40

Table 1.24: Number of confirmed occupational diseases by type, 2012 and 2013 2013 2012 Total 673 (887) 987 Noise Induced Deafness 564 869 NID (E) Early 544 855 NID (A) Advanced 20 14 Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders 23 (237) 18 Tendinitis 11 8 Nerve Disorder such as Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Cubital Tunnel Syndrome 2 4 Trigger Finger/Thumb 2 3 Cervical Spondylosis 1 0 Musculoskeletal Disorder of the Back 3 1 Back injuries due to ergonomic risks (214) n.a. Others 4 2 Occupational Skin Disease 56 57 Eczema 52 53 Others 4 4 Occupational Lung Disease 9 5 Occupational Asthma 8 4 Tuberculosis (pulmonary) 1 1 Barotrauma 7 10 Aural 3 7 Sinus 4 3 Compressed Air Illness 5 12 CAI Type 1 5 10 CAI Type 2 0 2 Excessive Absorption of Chemicals 4 4 Perchloroethylene (PCE) 0 2 Trichloroethylene (TCE) 0 1 Cadmium 0 1 Lead 4 0 Chemical Poisoning 3 0 Lead 2 0 Solvent 1 0 Cancers 2 7 Mesothelioma 2 7 Infectious Disease 0 2 Others 0 3 Upper Respiratory Tract Irritation 0 1 Heat Stroke 0 1 Heat Cramps 0 1 Figures in parentheses include WRMSD-back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. Data are not strictly comparable with 2012 data. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 41

Figure 8: Noise-induced Deafness incidence, 2004-2013 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 42

Table 1.25: Number of confirmed NID cases by industry, 2012 and 2013 Industry 2013 2012 All Sectors 564 869 Construction 48 59 Marine 122 154 Manufacturing 275 488 Metalworking 200 253 Manufacture of Petrochemical Products 23 28 Manufacture of Transport Equipment 17 122 Manufacture of Computer, Electronic & Optical Products 11 14 Electricity, Gas & Air Conditioning Supply 2 18 Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management 0 4 Wholesale & Retail Trade 5 10 Transportation & Storage 16 49 Logistics & Transport 16 44 Accommodation & Food Services 0 0 Information & Communications 1 1 Financial & Insurance Activities 10 7 Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities 62 54 Architectural & Engineering Activities 61 53 Administrative & Support Service Activities 10 4 Community, Social & Personal Services 11 21 Other Personal Service Activities 7 3 Repair & Maintenance of Vehicles 3 16 Sports Activities & Amusement & Recreation Activities 1 0 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 43

Table 1.26: NID incidence rates by industry, 2012 and 2013 Per 100,000 employed persons Industry 2013 2012 All Sectors 19.8 31.9 Construction 10.1 13.5 Marine 111.2 144.7 Manufacturing 64.1 113.9 Metalworking 163.5 207.5 Manufacture of Petrochemical Products 40.9 49.6 Manufacture of Transport Equipment 62.5 467.4 Manufacture of Computer, Electronic & Optical Products 12.2 15.2 Electricity, Gas & Air Conditioning Supply n.a. n.a. Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management 0.0 26.5 Wholesale & Retail Trade 1.1 2.2 Transportation & Storage 7.1 22.6 Logistics & Transport 17.2 50.2 Accommodation & Food Services 0.0 0.0 Information & Communications 0.9 0.9 Financial & Insurance Activities 5.3 3.8 Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities 27.9 26.1 Architectural & Engineering Activities 94.9 87.7 Administrative & Support Service Activities 5.3 2.3 Community, Social & Personal Services 1.5 3.0 Other Personal Service Activities n.a. n.a. Repair & Maintenance of Vehicles n.a. n.a. Sports Activities & Amusement & Recreation Activities n.a. 0.0 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 44

Work-related related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSD) Second leading occupational disease with inclusion of back injury cases with ergonomic risks With the inclusion of 214 cases of back injury due to ergonomic risks as occupational diseases, work-related related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) is the second leading occupational disease. (Table 1.24). About 24% of the back injury cases with ergonomic risks were found in the Manufacturing and Construction sectors (Figure 7). Most of these cases were involved in manual handling activities such as carrying, rying, lifting, pulling and pushing. Figure 9: Top 5 Industries with back injury cases with ergonomic risks Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 45

Occupational skin diseases (OSD) 56 cases of occupational skin diseases (OSD) were confirmed in 2013, accounting for 6.3% of total OD cases (including back injury cases due to ergonomic risks) confirmed (Table 1.27). The most common causative agent was cement (Table 1.28). Table 1.27: Number of confirmed OSD cases by industry, 2012 and 2013 Industry 2013 2012 All Sectors 56 57 Construction 8 7 Marine 2 2 Manufacturing 19 22 Metalworking 5 8 Manufacture of Computer, Electronic & Optical Products 4 5 Manufacture of Food, Beverages & Tobacco 3 3 Manufacture of Petrochemical Products 3 1 Electricity, Gas & Air Conditioning Supply 1 0 Wholesale & Retail Trade 2 1 Transportation & Storage 3 0 Logistics & Transport 3 0 Accommodation & Food Services 3 4 Real Estate Services 0 1 Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities 3 5 Architectural & Engineering Activities 2 4 Administrative & Support Service Activities 0 3 Community, Social & Personal Services 13 9 Health Activities 5 5 Other Personal Service Activities 4 3 Table 1.28: Top 5 Causative Agents of Occupational Skin Diseases, 2013 Causative Agents No. of Cases Cement 9 Wetwork and Occlusion 7 Detergent 4 Oils 4 Resin 4 Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 46

Other occupational diseases There were 9 cases of Occupational Lung Disease cases in 2013, up from 5 cases in 2012. Most of these were cases of occupational asthma. There were 5 cases of compressed air illness (CAI) and 7 cases of barotrauma as compared to 2012 when there were 12 cases of CAI and 10 cases of barotrauma. The majority of the CAI and barotrauma cases were from the tunnelling projects in the construction sector. 2013 also saw 4 cases of excessive absorption of lead, 2 cases of lead poisoning and 1 of solvent-induced poisoning. The cases of excessive absorption of lead and lead poisoning were from a scrap metal recycling plant. The case of solvent-induced poisoning was a printer exposed to solvents during his work. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 47

Annex A ACCIDENT FREQUENCY RATE, ACCIDENT SEVERITY RATE AND MAN-DAYS LOST TO WORKPLACE INCIDENTS IN SELECTED SECTORS Table A-1: Accident Frequency Rate (AFR) and Accident Severity Rate (ASR) in selected sectors, 2012 and 2013 Per million man-hours worked Industry AFR ASR 2013 2012 2013 2012 All Sectors 1.7 1.7 91 88 Construction 2.0 1.7 204 (203) 172 Marine 1.6 1.3 107 149 Manufacturing 2.6 (2.5) 2.5 100 (99) 130 Metalworking 3.8 3.7 114 136 Manufacture of Food, Beverages & Tobacco 4.3 4.6 201 302 Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral 12.6 Products (12.3) 12.4 645 (636) 1459 Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management 2.8 3.1 63 240 Wholesale & Retail Trade 0.5 0.5 18 10 Wholesale Trade 0.4 0.4 20 9 Retail Trade 0.8 (0.7) 0.8 14 13 Transportation & Storage 1.6 (1.5) 1.5 102 (101) 112 Logistics & Transport 2.3 (2.2) 2.4 158 (157) 247 Accommodation & Food Services 1.7 1.9 23 37 Accommodation 2.8 (2.7) 2.4 35 (34) 29 Food & Beverage Service Activities 1.5 1.8 21 (20) 38 Information & Communications 0.1 0.2 3 29 Financial & Insurance Activities 0.3 0.3 7 5 Real Estate Activities 1.4 1.4 83 (82) 24 Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities 0.8 (0.7) 0.7 28 27 Legal, Accounting & Management Activities 0.8 0.7 17(16) 14 Architectural & Engineering Activities 1.0 0.9 62 21 Administrative & Support Service Activities 0.7 0.7 52 26 Community, Social & Personal Services 0.6 0.6 23 (22) 13 Health Activities* 1.6 (1.5) 1.8 27 (26) 30 Figures in parentheses exclude back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. Data are not strictly comparable with 2012 data. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 48

Table A-2: Number of man-days lost to workplace incidents 17 in selected sectors, 2012 and 2013 Industry 2013 2012 All Sectors 633,416 (629,550) 583,433 Construction 266,576 (266,250) 206,845 Marine 32,921 (32,847) 45,936 Manufacturing 109,921 (109,088) 141,478 Metalworking 38,100 (37,972) 45,268 Manufacture of Food, Beverages & Tobacco 19,521 (19,504) 28,269 Manufacture of Non-metallic Mineral Products 9,778 (9,646) 22,195 Water Supply, Sewerage & Waste Management 2,441 8,681 Wholesale & Retail Trade 19,460 (19,128) 10,723 Wholesale Trade 14,441 (14,211) 6,108 Retail Trade 5,019 (4,917) 4,615 Transportation & Storage 55,332 (54,720) 58,153 Logistics & Transport 35,791 (35,629) 52,498 Accommodation & Food Services 11,634 (11,398) 17,254 Accommodation 2,981 (2,898) 2,421 Food & Beverage Service Activities 8,653 (8,500) 14,833 Information & Communications 789 (782) 6,523 Financial & Insurance Activities 2,809 (2,802) 1,943 Real Estate Activities 16,804 (16,623) 4,987 Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities 14,309 (14,209) 12,955 Legal, Accounting & Management Activities 3,798 (3,728) 3,001 Architectural & Engineering Activities 9,672 (9,657) 3,198 Administrative & Support Service Activities ~ 24,232 (24,190) 11,622 Office Administrative, Office Support & Other Business 2,765 (2,760) 8,678 Community, Social & Personal Services 35,264 (34,785) 19,983 Health Activities 4,805 (4,593) 4,964 Education 3,437 (3,429) 5,056 Other Personal Service Activities 2,906 (2,789) 2,197 Figures in parentheses exclude back injury cases due to ergonomic risks. Data are not strictly comparable with 2012 data. 17 According to the U.S National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) s table of scheduled charges, a fatal injury is equivalent to the loss of 6,000 man-days. The Ministry of Manpower adopts a similar coding schedule. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 49

Annex B SOURCE OF DATA Data on workplace injuries and occupational diseases were collated from incident reports made by employers, occupiers and medical practitioners in the fulfilment of their obligations under the Workplace Safety and Health Act and Workplace Safety and Health (Incident Reporting) Regulations. Employment data used in the computation of workplace fatal, injury and occupational disease incidence rates and data of the average weekly hours worked used in the estimation of man-1hours worked were extracted from records within the Ministry of Manpower. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 50

Annex C DATA COVERAGE The types of workplace injuries and occupational diseases covered in the reported statistics include the following: Workplace injuries sustained by employees and resulting in more than three consecutive days of medical leave; Workplace injuries sustained by employees and resulting in at least 24 hours of hospitalisation; Workplace incidents resulting in the death of employees and self-employed persons; Workplace incidents resulting in the injury of self-employed persons who have to be taken to the hospital for treatment; and Occupational diseases listed in the Second Schedule of the Workplace Safety and Health Act and Work Injury Compensation Act. Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 51

Annex D CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS Incident Type refers to the type of event which resulted in the injury of a victim. Where the event involves a chain of incidents, the incident type should be the one that triggered the chain of other incidents. Incident Agent refers to the object or physical environment, which due to its hazardous nature/condition, leads to the occurrence of a particular type of incident. It is related to the incident, not injury. Major Injuries refer to non-fatal injuries which are more severe in nature. Major injuries are defined using a combination of factors, including the nature of injury, part of the body injured, incident type and duration of medical leave. These include: amputation blindness deafness paralysis crushing, fractures and dislocations: head, back, chest and abdomen, neck, hip and pelvis exposure to electric current acute illness requiring medical treatment or loss of consciousness from exposure to chemical and/or biological agents asphyxia/drowning hypothermia burns with more than 20 days of medical leave concussion with more than 20 days of medical leave Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 52

The Workplace Safety and Health (WSH) Institute was set up in April 2011 as part of the Singapore s WSH 2018 strategy to strengthen Singapore s capabilities in safeguarding the safety and health of persons at work, and put us on par with global leaders. The WSH Institute will help MOM and WSH Council recalibrate and ensure policies and programmes continue to stay relevant and effective. Businesses in Singapore can look to the WSH Institute for strategies and solutions to help them address WSH issues. In addition, the Institute will also work with the WSH Council to equip business leaders and WSH professionals with the competencies to better manage safety and health at their workplaces. COPYRIGHT NOTICE Brief extracts from the report may be reproduced for non-commercial use, provided the source is acknowledged. Request for extensive reproduction should be made to: Executive Director Workplace Safety and Health Institute 1500 Bendemeer Road #04-01 Ministry of Manpower Services Centre Singapore 339946 Fax: (65) 6692 5009 Email: contact@wshi.gov.sg Workplace Safety and Health Institute, Singapore 53