Forest Fire Monitoring System Based On ZIG-BEE Wireless Sensor Network

Forest Fire Monitoring System Based On ZIG-BEE Wireless Sensor Network P.S. Jadhav 1, V.U. Deshmukh. 2 1 PG Student, 2 Assistant Professor, Vidya Pratishthans College of Engineering, Baramati, Pune University Abstract-- Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used for various applications such as habitat monitoring, automation, agriculture, and security. Since numerous sensors are usually deployed on remote and inaccessible places, the deployment and maintenance should be easy and scalable. Wireless sensor network consists of large number of small nodes. The nodes then sense environmental changes and report them to other nodes over flexible network architecture. Sensor nodes are great for deployment in hostile environments or over large geographical areas. This article presents the design of a system for detection of temperature and humidity and smoke for the prevention of forest fires using wireless sensor networks to prevent a disaster (forest fire) that could lead to loss of a significant number of natural resources. In this project, several tests had been conducted in order to prove the viability of the system. Test results indicated that the reliability of the system in propagating information directly to the base station could be gained excellently in various conditions. Keywords-- Forest fire, wireless sensor network, network lifetime, temperature,humidity, Smoke, ZigBee I. INTRODUCTION Research in wireless sensor networks has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Real applications, such as habitat monitoring, environment and structure monitoring, start to work in practical. In this paper, we argue that wireless sensor network is very promising for fire rescue applications. First, we abstract four requirements of this specific application, including accountability of firefighters, real-time monitoring, intelligent scheduling and resource allocation, and web-enabled service and integration. To meet these requirements we propose Sensors for sensing Physical parameters (temperature and humidity), a wireless sensor network architecture for this specific type of application. Based on these requirements and the characteristics of wireless sensor networks, several research challenges in terms of new protocols as well as hardware and software support are examined[1]. II. WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK Sensors integrated into structures, machinery, and the environment, coupled with the efficient delivery of sensed information, could provide tremendous benefits to society. Potential benefits include: fewer catastrophic failures, conservation of natural resources, improved manufacturing productivity, improved emergency response and enhanced homeland security. Figure 1. Basic Structure of Wireless Sensor Network However, barriers to the widespread use of sensors in structures and machines remain. Bundles of lead wires and fiber optic tails are subject to breakage and connector failures. Long wire bundles represent a significant installation and long term maintenance cost, limiting the number of sensors that may be deployed, and therefore reducing the overall quality of the data reported. Wireless sensing networks can eliminate these costs, easing installation and eliminating connectors[2]. The ideal wireless sensor is networked and scalable, consumes very little power, is smart and software programmable, capable of fast data acquisition, reliable and accurate over the long term, costs little to purchase and install, and requires no real maintenance. Battery life, sensor update rates, and size are all major design considerations. Examples of low data rate sensors include temperature, humidity, and peak strain captured passively. Recent advances have resulted in the ability to integrate sensors, radio communications, and digital electronics into a single integrated circuit (IC) package. This capability is enabling networks of very low cost sensors that are able to communicate with each other using low power wireless data routing protocols. A wireless sensor network (WSN) generally consists of a base station (or gateway ) that can communicate with a number of wireless sensors via a radio link. Data is collected at the wireless sensor node, compressed, and transmitted to the gateway directly or, if required, uses other wireless sensor nodes to forward data to the gateway[3]. The transmitted data is then presented to the system by the gateway connection. Wireless Sensor Networks can offer unique benefits and versatility with respect to low-power and lowcost rapid deployment for many applications, which do not need human supervision. The system architecture of the forest fire detection system is presented from the sensor node hardware in the bottom to management sub-system in the top and is evaluated in the real-deployment. 187

III. ARCHITECTURE The architecture of the precision Forest fire detection system based on wireless sensor networks consists of the monitoring nodes, base stations, communications systems, Internet access and the structure of monitoring hardware and software system. from figure1. It proposes a novel network structure which increase system scalability [4]. According to different functions, a large number of the different sensors can be placed in the field and constructed a self-organized network to monitor the value change including temperature, humidity, smoke or gas detector etc. The collection data is send to the sink by wireless mode. The control center can send the control information to any node in the network. Likewise, the remote data could be transmitted to the control center with the sink. The system adopts the cluster topology and hierarchical routing protocols. All sensor nodes are divided to some cluster. Each cluster is equivalent to a relatively fixed selforganizing network. The nodes are divided into the common node and cluster-head node. The common nodes will collect the data which transmitted to the cluster-head node. The data is stored to the database. Expert decision support system processes and analyzes the data at the same time. Sensor node is the basic platform of wireless sensor networks. The sensor is made up of four parts, sensor node module, the processing module, wireless communication module and the power module. Sensor module is responsible for collecting temperature, humidity, light intensity, smoke and other parameters and data conversion module. The processor module controls the operation of the sensor nodes, stores and processes the collected data. Figure 2.The Hardware Design of Sensor Nodes Wireless communication module communicates with other nodes, exchanges control information and sends and receive data. The power modular provides the energy to the sensor module, processing module and wireless communication module. A Fire characteristics Figure.3 Fire Characteristics diagram There are three phases for fire formation Phase I: Gas sensor for sensing Invisible Gases Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide CO 2 ), Molecular Oxygen (O 2 ), Methane (CH 4 ), Molecular Hydrogen (H 2 ), Ammonia (NH 3 ), Isobutene (C 4 H 10 ), Ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH), Toluene (C 6 H 5 CH 3 ), Hydrogen Sulphide (H 2 S)Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) Phase II: Optical sensor for sensing smoke and large carbon particals. Phase III: Fire and Temperature sensor B C Temperature and humidity sensor The capacitive humidity and temperature sensors provide digital and fully calibrated output which allows for easy integration without the need for additional calibration. The excellent long term stability has been very well perceived and the cutting edge low energy consumption is unachieved and makes them the right choice for any remote application. Optical smoke detector A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. An optical detector is a light sensor. When used as a smoke detector, it includes a light source (incandescent bulb or infrared LED), a lens to collimate the light into a beam, and a photodiode or other photoelectric sensor at an angle to the beam as a light detector. In the absence of smoke, the light passes in front of the detector in a straight line. When smoke enters the optical chamber across the path of the light beam, some light is scattered by the smoke particles, directing it at the sensor. 1. Optical Chamber 2. Cover 3. Case Moulding 4. Photodiode 5. Infra red LED Figure 4. Smoke Detector diagram 188

D Microcontroller UNIT Microcontroller like ARM (LPC 2148) performs tasks, processes data and control the functionality with other components in the sensor node. This also sends the data to the RF transceivers for the transmission of data to the base station. The microprocessor has a number of functions including: 1. Managing data collection from the sensors 2. Performing power management functions Interfacing the sensor data to the physical radio layer Managing the radio network protocol. The LPC2141/2/4/6/8 microcontrollers are based on a 32/16 bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combines the microcontroller with embedded high speed flash memory ranging from 32 kb to 512 kb. A 128-bit wide memory interface and unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at the maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb mode reduces code by more than 30 % with minimal performance penalty. Due to their tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2141/2/4/6/8 are ideal for applications where miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and point-of-sale. A blend of serial communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full Speed device, multiple UARTS, SPI, SSP to I2Cs and on-chip SRAM of 8 kb up to 40 kb, make these devices very well suited for communication gateways and protocol converters, soft modems, voice recognition and low end imaging, providing both large buffer size and high processing power. Various 32-bit timers, single or dual 10- bit ADC(s), 10-bit DAC, PWM channels and 45 fast GPIO lines with up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins make these microcontrollers particularly suitable for industrial control and medical systems. E RF transceivers Zig-Bee is a Technological Standard Created for Control and Sensor Networks based on the IEEE 802.15.4 specification for wireless personal area network.it is a new wireless technology that has application in various fields. Zig-Bee benefits are low cost and Range and obstruction issues avoidance. The main features of this standard are network flexibility, low cost, very low power consumption, and low data rate in an ad-hoc self-organizing network among inexpensive fixed, portable and moving devices. IV. THE DESIGN OF SYSTEM SOFTWARE A. The Software Architecture The software architecture of sensor node is divided into embedded OS kernel layer and API layer. Embedded module provides tasks, power management and communication protocol [5]. The kernel also provides a low-level node driver of all hardware devices. API layer provides sensor acquisition module and RF communication module. The software architecture of sensor node is shown in Figure 5. Task debugging module controls the control flow throughout the operating system, which is mainly responsible for the initialization of the wireless sensor and the maintenance of the operating status. Figure 5. The software architecture of the sensor node The software architecture of sensor node is shown in Figure 5. Task debugging module controls the control flow throughout the operating system, which is mainly responsible for the initialization of the wireless sensor and the maintenance of the operating status. The power management module supports processor, RF transceiver, sensors and other parts of the state control of energy consumption [6]. Energy management is able to ensure that nodes wake up at the right time, run in the low-power mode and maximize the use of energy. B. The Function of WSN Protocol Wireless network communication protocol provides the wireless communication standards between the cluster-head nodes and nodes [7]. It achieves registration, sleep the node, data acquisition, device controller, parameter settings and debugging. 1) Registration:- When the nodes work on, the node registers MAC to the cluster-head node and accesses to the network subnet number. It is assigned to a node ID. 2) The Node Sleep- The cluster-head node sends a data packet to notify the next node sleep time. 3) Data Collection:- According to testing requirements, the cluster-head node assigns the task of data collection, such as temperature, humidity, light intensity and gas concentration. 4) Equipment Control: The cluster-head node analyzes the data and makes decision. The packet of control instructions is sent to the node 5) Parameter Settings: The cluster-head node sends the modified equipment parameters to the child nodes. 6) Debugging: It is the equipment development and debugging functions. 189

C. Wireless Sensor Network Protocol Stack Software component is the gateway and sensor nodes. The function of gateway software is processing and management data from sensor nodes [8]. It mainly consists of the serial port communications software, RF communications software, command software and task management software. Compared with the traditional mode base on radar or satellite, WSN has some unique technical advantages on a distributed multi-dimensional and multi-angle information processing [11]. It can significantly improve the signal noise ratio, reduce the possible exploration in the region, and eliminate shadows and blind spots. The network nodes must be a large-scale, high-density deployment method to keep monitoring the area coverage and connectivity. A large number of nodes in the network will inevitably increase the cost which will affect the network in the practical application. The premise of agriculture application is to design an available and economic deployment mechanism for WSN. B. Data Processing and Node Energy Communication is the maximal energy consumption. Each node has data independent processing ability. It reduces network transmission cost by processing and extracting the original data. A well-designed network networking, data transfer and data integration algorithms are important to the lifetime of the network. Fig.4 The protocol stack architecture The operating system is TinyOS. The software of sensor node is to receive the instruction from the cluster-head node and send the data to the sensor gateway [9]. In Fig.4, the wireless sensor network protocol stack consists of the physical layer, medium access control layer, network layer and other components Application interface provide a simple software interface including the application sublayer and device object, so the application layer achieves the management of the equipment. V. PROSPECT AND CHALLENGE In the Forest fire monitoring system, all nodes always work under the adverse environmental condition, so they are different from the design of the traditional sensor network. Due to a larger monitoring area of forest, the sensor network has a large number of nodes while it ensures the cost of the network[10]. The nodes will be scattered in various regions to achieve a comprehensive monitoring on forestl field. Because the sensor node energy is limited, the possibility of node failure is very large. The monitoring system must solve the reliability problem. The lifetime of WSN depends on the failure of the sensor node. In short, the forest fire monitoring system must solve the following problem: A. The Large-scale High-density Network Structure The requirement of monitoring material movement in geographical space is intrinsic motivation of the sensor networks. C. The Network Redundancy and Tolerance The validity and accuracy of data in agricultural monitoring system is very important. The optimization of node distribution is studied to reduce the energy consumption and ensure the effective information acquisition in wireless sensor network. Network fault tolerance includes node failure detection and failure recovery. Node failure needs to locate. If each node has the portable GPS devices, it will inevitably increase the cost of the entire network[12]. How to balance between the costs of network configuration and node failure detection is a problem to be solved. Node failure recovery adopts the replacement of the general failure of redundant nodes, but it needs to design the number and the location of redundant nodes. VI. RESULT This project is designed the hardware and software based on WSN protocol which includes Sensors such as temperature, smoke, humidity along with the processor LPC 2138 and Zigbee as a RF device. We have tested on field and taken reading of above parameters which is transmitted to base station where data logging is done daywise.our hardware works on battery operated system, in future we will use solar power for the same. The forest fire monitoring system was developed which detects fire in the forest. The real time sense data is recorded in database. 190

Figure 6. Actual photo of forest fire monitoring system Figure7. Screen of Database Figure 8. Screen of Database VII. CONCLUSION This paper has described the design and implementation of a wireless sensor network for forest fire detecting system. Forest fire have multidimensional negative effects in social, economic and ecological matters. It is difficult to say that fire fighting can be successful without enough data about fire such as spread direction and speed etc. The more data about forest fire means the more effective fire management. Economically, fire fighting is well known to be a costly task. It is wise to invest in early warning systems which are definitely much less costly on the whole. WSNs are thus the right choice and the least costly of all surveillance and early detection systems. The ongoing research in wireless sensor networks is promising that cost effective systems shall immerge for forest fire sensing and detection applications. Finally, we conclude that wireless sensor network is a very powerful and suitable tool to be applied in this application. REFERENCES [1 ] Lin K, Zhao H. Energy Prediction and Routing Algorith in Wireless Sensor Networks [J].Journal on Communications,2006, 27(5):21-23. [2 ] Rodoaplu V, Meng TH. Minimum Energy Mobile Wirele Networks [J]. IEEE J.Select.Areas Communications, I 999, 17(8): 1333-1334. [3 ] N. Bulusu, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin. GPS-less low cost outdoor localization for very small devices. IEEE Personal Communications, 7(5):28 34, 2000. Special Issue on Smart Spaces and Environments. [4 ] C. Tellez, O. Rodriguez and C. Lozano, Biomedical signal monitoring using wireless sensor networks, LATINCOM IEEE Latin-American Conference on Communications-09. [5 ] I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, IEEE Comm. Mag., vol. 40, Issue 8, pp. 102 114, August 2002. [6 ] M. Tubaishat and S. Madria, Sensor networks: an overview, IEEE Potentials April/May, pp. 20 23, 2003. [7 ] I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, W. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, [8 ] R. Shorey, A. Ananda, and W. T. Ooi, Mobile, wireless, and sensor networks, 1st edition, IEEE Press, John Wiley & Sons, 2006 [9 ] W. R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, Energyefficient communication protocol for wireless sensor networks, Proc. of the Hawaii International Conf. on System Sciences, Island of Maui, Hawaii, January 2000. [10 ] D. M. Doolin and N. Sitar. "Wireless sensor for wildfire monitoring Proceedings of SPIE Symposium on Smart Structures & Materials", NDE 2005, San Diego, California, March 6-10, 2005. [11 ] D. Estrin, R. Govindan, J. Heidemann, and S.Kumar, "Next Century Challenges: Scalable Coordination in Sensor Networks," Proc. ACM Int'l Conf: Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom '99), [12 ] P. Bahl and V. N. Padmanabhan. Radar: An in-building RF- based user location and tracking system. In Proc. IEEE INFOCOMM, pages 775 784, 2000. 191