Dietary protein and physical activity: effects on muscle protein synthesis Dr. René Koopman Dept of Human Movement Sciences Maastricht University, the Netherlands Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory Dept of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Australia Rene.Koopman@bw.unimaas.nl
Aging
Aging: loss of muscle mass 100 Percentage of body mass (%) 75 50 25 33 % 19 % 48 % non-muscle FFM fat muscle 40 % 35 % 25 % 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Age (yrs) Adapted from Short and Nair. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 3: 39-44, 2000
Sarcopenia Anti-growth factors Hormonal changes Satellite cell aging Poor nutrition Inactivity S D Low-grade inflammation Hormonal changes Insulin-resistance Regulation of muscle mass balance between synthesis and degradation
Sarcopenia: interventions EXERCISE NUTRITION S D B Regulation of muscle mass balance between synthesis and degradation
Exercise and protein synthesis 0.14 * Protein synthetic rate (%. h -1 ) 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 REST POST-EX Adapted from Chesley, et al. J Appl Physiol 73: 1383-1388, 1992.
Protein synthesis and signaling p70-s6 Kinase1 Koopman, et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 290: E1245-E1252, 2006
Exercise, FSR and signaling Fractional synthetic rate (%. h -1 ) 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 * S6 phosphorylation (S 235/236, AU) 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 # *# 0.00 NEx Ex 0.0 post 6h post Non-exercised (control) leg Exercised leg Witard, et al. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009, in press
Hasten et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 278: E620-626., 2000. Exercise in the elderly & MPS
Verdijk, Koopman & van Loon, unpublished observations Resistance exercise and muscle mass
Nutrition and Protein Synthesis insulin (Fryburg et al, 1995; Gelfand et al, 1987; Hillier et al, 1998; Biolo et al, 1999; Borsheim et al 2004; Koopman et al, 2005) amino acids (Biolo et al, 1997; Rasmussen et al, 2000; Borsheim et al, 2002; Tipton et al, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004; Miller et al, 2003; Koopman et al, 2004 2005) net protein balance
Role of Amino Acids Building blocks for protein 16 Strong stimulators of hormone secretion Plasma insulin response (U. 6h. L -1 ) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 CHO CHO+PRO CHO+PRO+leu Signaling molecules
Nutrition and Protein Synthesis and glucose
Post-exercise nutrition: carbohydrate 1.0 µmol phenylalanine. kg -1. h -1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.3 g CHO kg -1 h -1-0.2 Breakdown synthesis net-balance Koopman, et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288: E645-653, 2005.
Post-exercise nutrition: protein 1.0 µmol phenylalanine. kg -1. h -1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.3 g CHO kg -1 h -1 0.2 g PRO kg -1 h -1 0.0 Breakdown synthesis net-balance Koopman, et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288: E645-653, 2005.
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Anabolic properties of leucine Leucine stimulates muscle protein synthesis and inhibits proteolysis Buse and Reid, 1975 Leucine administration inhibits protein breakdown Combaret et al., 2005 Leucine administration stimulates protein synthesis Anthony et al., 1999, 2000, 2002 Dardevet et al., 2000, 2002 Rieu et al., 2003 Guillet et al., 2004 Crozier et al., 2005
Post-exercise nutrition: protein 0.7 µmol phenylalanine.kg -1. h -1 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 * *# 0.3 g CHO kg -1 h -1 0.2 g PRO kg -1 h -1 0.1 g leu kg -1 h -1-0.1 Koopman, et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288: E645-653, 2005. CHO CHO+PRO CHO+PRO+leu
Effect on Skeletal Muscle Muscle protein synthesis (%/h) 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 * 0.00 CHO CHO+PRO CHO+PRO+leu Koopman, et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288: E645-653, 2005.
Carbohydrate content 120 0.14 µmol phenylalanine. kg -1. h -1 100 80 60 40 20 FSR (%. h -1 ) 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 Breakdown Synthesis oxidation net-balance 0.00 HCHO+PRO LCHO+PRO PRO HCHO+PRO LCHO+PRO PRO 0.6 g CHO kg -1 h -1 0.3 g PRO kg -1 h -1 0.15 g CHO kg -1 h -1 0.3 g PRO kg -1 h -1 0.3 g PRO kg -1 h -1 Koopman, et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293: E833-842, 2007.
Nutrition in the Elderly phenylalanine net balance (mg/leg) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 young * elderly Anabolic response to the intake of food seems to be reduced in the elderly Impaired glucose tolerance / insulin sensitivity Impaired amino acid sensitivity Increased AA utilization in splanchnic area Katsanos, et al. Am J Clin Nutr 82: 1065-1073, 2005.
Aging: a shift in anabolic threshold? plasma amino acid concentration (µmol. L -1 ) 500 400 300 200 100 0 Elderly Young
Nutritional Interventions Increasing the amount of protein ŁPulse feeding Fast versus Slow digestible proteins Leucine supplementation
Pulse feeding: whole-body effects Nitrogen Balance (mg N/kg FFM/day) 70 * 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 spread diet pulse diet whole-body protein synthesis (g protein/kg FFM/day) 5 4 3 2 1 0 * spread diet pulse diet Arnal, et al. Am J Clin Nutr 69: 1202-1208, 1999.
Slow vs Fast: whole-body effects CAS, 34 g WP, in, 34 g Dangin, et al. J Physiol 549: 635-644, 2003.
Potential of Whey Protein Fast protein compared to casein plasma amino acid concentration (µmol. L -1 ) 500 400 300 200 100 0 High leucine content (>10%)
Post-exercise: protein + Leucine 0.10 0.08 * # * FSR (%. h -1 ) 0.06 0.04 0.02 CHO CHO+PRO+LEU 0.49 g CHO kg -1 h -1 0.16 g PRO kg -1 h -1 0.03 g leu kg -1 h -1 0.00 young elderly Koopman, et al. Am J Clin Nutr 84: 623-632, 2006.
Surplus value of leucine FSR (%.h-1) 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 µmol phenylalanine. kg -1. h -1 50 40 30 20 10 * CHO+PRO CHO+PRO+leu * 0.00 CHO+PRO CHO+PRO+leu 0 breakdown synthesis oxidation net balance Koopman, et al. Br J Nutr 99: 571-580, 2008. 0.49 g CHO kg -1 h -1 0.16 g PRO kg -1 h -1 VS. 0.49 g CHO kg -1 h -1 0.16 g PRO kg -1 h -1 0.03 g leu kg -1 h -1
Amount of protein/leucine Considerations * * Timing of food intake Katsanos et al. Am J Physiol 291:E381-387, 2006
Summary / Conclusions Potential Interventions to attenuate the loss of muscle mass associated with aging: Ł(Resistance) exercise ŁProtein supplementation Exercise and Protein intake acutely increases muscle protein synthesis in young and elderly humans Whey protein could be beneficial because of its fast digestion and absorption and high leucine content
Acknowledgements Dr. Luc van Loon Basic and Clinical Myology Lab Prof. Gordon Lynch Prof. Yves Boirie Dr. StephaneWalrand