Mutual Fund Investment Options in 401(k) Plans Plan Architecture and Fees
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1 Mutual Fund Investment Options in 401(k) Plans Plan Architecture and Fees Veronika Pool Indiana University Clemens Sialm University of Texas at Austin, Stanford University, and NBER Irina Stefanescu Federal Reserve Board December 4, 2014
2 Mutual Fund Investment Options in 401(k) Plans Plan Architecture and Fees Veronika Pool Indiana University Clemens Sialm University of Texas at Austin, Stanford University, and NBER Irina Stefanescu Federal Reserve Board The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Federal Reserve Board. December 4, 2014
3 Introduction 401(k) plans facts: 401(k) plans cover more than half of the retirement assets in the private sector. The value of assets reached $4.2 trillion dollars in 2013, over half of which is invested in mutual funds. 401(k) savings are the main source of retirement wealth for many participants.
4 Plan Service Providers Plan providers help sponsors to create a menu of options for participants. They also supply: Trustee services (safe holding of the plan s assets in a trust); Recordkeeping services (maintaining plan records, processing contributions and distributions, statements); Participant education (online or face-to-face); Compliance services (forms and legal services).
5 Service Providers Who can be a service provider? Mutual fund family (most often): Fidelity, Vanguard, T.Rowe Price, etc. Bank /Financial institution (occasionally): Metlife, First Union NB, etc. Consulting firm (rarely): Hewitt, etc.
6 Bundled services These various services are often bundled and provided by a single entity. For example, over 90% of the mutual fund trustees in our sample are also recordkeepers of the same plan. In addition to these administrative services, mutual fund families often also serve as investment managers by offering their own funds as investment options on the menu (affiliated funds).
7 Dynamics in a 401(k) Plan Plan Sponsor Service Provider Plan Participants
8 Dynamics in a 401(k) Plan Plan Sponsor Service Provider 401(k) Investment Menu Plan Participants
9 Dynamics in a 401(k) Plan Plan Sponsor Service Provider $ $ 401(k) Investment Menu Plan Participants $ Contributions
10 Dynamics in a 401(k) Plan $ Plan Sponsor Service Provider $ $ 401(k) Investment Menu Plan Participants $ $ Contributions $ Fees
11 Dynamics in a 401(k) Plan $ Plan Sponsor Service Provider $ 401(k) Investment Menu $ $ $ Plan Participants $ $ Contributions $ Fees
12 Example: Plexus Corp. 401(k) Plan, 2003 Option Current Value MFS Conservative Allocation Fund 1,128,499 MFS Moderate Allocation Fund 1,679,086 MFS Aggressive Growth Allocation Fund 2,633,942 MFS Capital Opportunities Fund 7,783,267 MFS Fixed Fund 6,207,087 MFS Mid Cap Growth Fund 5,621,723 MFS Money Market Fund 55,012 MFS New Discovery Fund 6,080,534 MFS Value Fund 6,099,327 American Balanced Fund 2,756,692 American EuroPacific Growth Fund 5,702,903 Calvert Income Fund 2,597,419 Dreyfus Premier Technology Fund 1,860,792 Janus Aspen Worldwide Fund 1,716,129 Munder Index 500 Fund 9,711,499 Plexus Corp. Common Stock 20,113,297 Participant Loans 2,048,345 Total 83,795,553
13 Example: Plexus Corp. 401(k) Plan, 2003 Option Current Value MFS Conservative Allocation Fund 1,128,499 MFS Moderate Allocation Fund 1,679,086 MFS Aggressive Growth Allocation Fund 2,633,942 MFS Capital Opportunities Fund 7,783,267 MFS Fixed Fund 6,207,087 MFS Mid Cap Growth Fund 5,621,723 MFS Money Market Fund 55,012 MFS New Discovery Fund 6,080,534 MFS Value Fund 6,099,327 American Balanced Fund 2,756,692 American EuroPacific Growth Fund 5,702,903 Calvert Income Fund 2,597,419 Dreyfus Premier Technology Fund 1,860,792 Janus Aspen Worldwide Fund 1,716,129 Munder Index 500 Fund 9,711,499 Plexus Corp. Common Stock 20,113,297 Participant Loans 2,048,345 Total 83,795,553 Trustee / Recordkeeper: MFS (Massachusetts Financial Services)
14 Example: Plexus Corp. 401(k) Plan, 2003 Option Current Value MFS Conservative Allocation Fund 1,128,499 MFS Moderate Allocation Fund 1,679,086 MFS Aggressive Growth Allocation Fund 2,633,942 Trustee / Recordkeeper: MFS (Massachusetts Financial Services) MFS Capital Opportunities Fund 7,783,267 MFS Fixed Fund 6,207,087 MFS Mid Cap Growth Fund 5,621,723 MFS Money Market Fund 55,012 MFS New Discovery Fund 6,080,534 MFS Value Fund 6,099,327 American Balanced Fund 2,756,692 American EuroPacific Growth Fund 5,702,903 Calvert Income Fund 2,597,419 Dreyfus Premier Technology Fund 1,860,792 Janus Aspen Worldwide Fund 1,716,129 Munder Index 500 Fund 9,711,499 Open architecture: Other mutual fund families on the menu Plexus Corp. Common Stock 20,113,297 Participant Loans 2,048,345 Total 83,795,553
15 Example: Plexus Corp. 401(k) Plan, 2003 Option Current Value MFS Conservative Allocation Fund 1,128,499 MFS Moderate Allocation Fund 1,679,086 MFS Aggressive Growth Allocation Fund 2,633,942 Trustee / Recordkeeper: MFS (Massachusetts Financial Services) MFS Capital Opportunities Fund 7,783,267 MFS Fixed Fund 6,207,087 MFS Mid Cap Growth Fund 5,621,723 MFS Money Market Fund 55,012 MFS New Discovery Fund 6,080,534 MFS Value Fund 6,099,327 American Balanced Fund 2,756,692 American EuroPacific Growth Fund 5,702,903 Calvert Income Fund 2,597,419 Dreyfus Premier Technology Fund 1,860,792 Janus Aspen Worldwide Fund 1,716,129 Munder Index 500 Fund 9,711,499 Plexus Corp. Common Stock 20,113,297 Participant Loans 2,048,345 Open architecture: Other mutual fund families on the menu Employer Stock: Plexus Corp. Total 83,795,553
16 Providers compensation Explicit compensation: Administrative fees collected from the various investment options offered on the menu (i.e., asset-based fees), from sponsors (i.e., per plan fees), or from participants (i.e., per participant fees) Implicit compensation: stemming from stable flows into their own funds. In practice, most administrative fees are asset-based and are typically built into the expense ratios paid by participants (i.e revenue sharing arrangements).
17 Conflicts of Interest The existence of affiliated funds on these menus generates conflicting incentives for service providers: Service providers have to act to the benefit of participants. Their actions are governed by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ( ERISA ). Service providers have a financial interest to maximize their firms profits. Surprisingly, little is known about how these conflicted incentives affect the investment choices offered to the participants and their consequences.
18 Research Questions Do the competing incentives of mutual fund service providers leave a footprint on the plan s menu? Are participants able to see through these incentives? Are the decisions costly or beneficial to plan participants?
19 Research Questions Do the competing incentives of mutual fund service providers leave a footprint on the plan s menu? Are participants able to see through these incentives? Are the decisions costly or beneficial to plan participants?
20 Research Questions Do the competing incentives of mutual fund service providers leave a footprint on the plan s menu? Are participants able to see through these incentives? Are the decisions costly or beneficial to plan participants?
21 Preview of the Results Poorly-performing affiliated funds are less likely to be removed from 401(k) plans than poorly-performing unaffiliated funds. Plan participants are not very sensitive to past performance and do not compensate for the favoritism bias in their asset allocations. Favoritism towards poorly performing affiliated funds is costly for plan participants.
22 Preview of the Results Poorly-performing affiliated funds are less likely to be removed from 401(k) plans than poorly-performing unaffiliated funds. Plan participants are not very sensitive to past performance and do not compensate for the favoritism bias in their asset allocations. Favoritism towards poorly performing affiliated funds is costly for plan participants.
23 Preview of the Results Poorly-performing affiliated funds are less likely to be removed from 401(k) plans than poorly-performing unaffiliated funds. Plan participants are not very sensitive to past performance and do not compensate for the favoritism bias in their asset allocations. Favoritism towards poorly performing affiliated funds is costly for plan participants.
24 Data Collection We hand collect from Form 11-K filed with SEC the investment options offered in 401(k) plans. Plans offering company stock as an option need to file Form 11-K with the SEC. Sample covers the period between We obtain a total of 26,624 filings. From the Schedule of Assets we obtain the name of the option and the current value of the investment into this option. We use Form 5500 to track plans over time and for additional information at the plan level. We link mutual fund options to the CRSP mutual fund database. For sponsor characteristics we link plans to Compustat.
25 Sample Description Sample Coverage: Proportion of plans filing IRS Form 5500 ( ) 30-35% Number of participants 9 million Number of plans 2,494 Number of sponsors 1,826 Number of trustees 112 Proportion of mutual fund trustees 75% Proportion of assets with mutual fund trustees 96% Plan Characteristics: Plan size (average) $328 million Participant account size (average) $42,107 Employer securities 17%
26 Plan Architecture Year Number Number Average Plans with Number Number of Trustee Number Herfindahl of of Plan Size MF Trustees of Affiliated Share of Mgmt. Index Sponsors Plans (in $M) (in %) Options Options (in %) Companies , , , 012 1, , 102 1, , 106 1, , 093 1, , 034 1, , 002 1, , Average 941 1,
27 Mutual Funds - Summary Statistics Mutual Funds Kept Affiliated Number Relative Total Option Fund Fund Return Turnover Expense Prior 3-Yr. Fund of Obs. Option Size Option Size Size Age Size Std. Dev. (in %) Ratio Performance (in %) (in %) (in $M) (in Years) (in $B) (in %) (in %) (in %) 0 82, , Diff 134, Mutual Funds Deletions Affiliated Number Relative Total Option Fund Fund Return Turnover Expense Prior 3-Yr. Fund of Obs. Option Size Option Size Size Age Size Std. Dev. (in %) Ratio Performance (in %) (in %) (in $M) (in Years) (in $B) (in %) (in %) (in %) 0 14, , Diff 18, Mutual Funds Additions Affiliated Number Relative Total Option Fund Fund Return Turnover Expense Prior 3-Yr. Fund of Obs. Option Size Option Size Size Age Size Std. Dev. (in %) Ratio Performance (in %) (in %) (in $M) (in Years) (in $B) (in %) (in %) (in %) 0 21, , Diff 29,
28 Mutual Funds - Summary Statistics Mutual Funds Kept Affiliated Number Relative Total Option Fund Fund Return Turnover Expense Prior 3-Yr. Fund of Obs. Option Size Option Size Size Age Size Std. Dev. (in %) Ratio Performance (in %) (in %) (in $M) (in Years) (in $B) (in %) (in %) (in %) 0 82, , Diff 134, Mutual Funds Deletions Affiliated Number Relative Total Option Fund Fund Return Turnover Expense Prior 3-Yr. Fund of Obs. Option Size Option Size Size Age Size Std. Dev. (in %) Ratio Performance (in %) (in %) (in $M) (in Years) (in $B) (in %) (in %) (in %) 0 14, , Diff 18, Mutual Funds Additions Affiliated Number Relative Total Option Fund Fund Return Turnover Expense Prior 3-Yr. Fund of Obs. Option Size Option Size Size Age Size Std. Dev. (in %) Ratio Performance (in %) (in %) (in $M) (in Years) (in $B) (in %) (in %) (in %) 0 21, , Diff 29,
29 Mutual Funds - Summary Statistics Mutual Funds Kept Affiliated Number Relative Total Option Fund Fund Return Turnover Expense Prior 3-Yr. Fund of Obs. Option Size Option Size Size Age Size Std. Dev. (in %) Ratio Performance (in %) (in %) (in $M) (in Years) (in $B) (in %) (in %) (in %) 0 82, , Diff 134, Mutual Funds Deletions Affiliated Number Relative Total Option Fund Fund Return Turnover Expense Prior 3-Yr. Fund of Obs. Option Size Option Size Size Age Size Std. Dev. (in %) Ratio Performance (in %) (in %) (in $M) (in Years) (in $B) (in %) (in %) (in %) 0 14, , Diff 18, Mutual Funds Additions Affiliated Number Relative Total Option Fund Fund Return Turnover Expense Prior 3-Yr. Fund of Obs. Option Size Option Size Size Age Size Std. Dev. (in %) Ratio Performance (in %) (in %) (in $M) (in Years) (in $B) (in %) (in %) (in %) 0 21, , Diff 29,
30 Mutual Fund Deletions Do the competing incentives of mutual fund service providers leave a footprint on the plan s menu? Compute the proportion of deletions from affiliated and non-affiliated menus for funds in different performance deciles. Overall Sample Sample of funds that appear on both affiliated and unaffiliated menus
31 Mutual Fund Deletions Do the competing incentives of mutual fund service providers leave a footprint on the plan s menu? Compute the proportion of deletions from affiliated and non-affiliated menus for funds in different performance deciles. Overall Sample Sample of funds that appear on both affiliated and unaffiliated menus
32 Mutual Fund Deletions Plexus Corp. 401(k) Plan, 2003 Trustee: MFS East West Bank 401(k) Plan, 2003 Trustee: Prudential Option Current Value MFS Conservative Allocation Fund 1,128,499 MFS Moderate Allocation Fund 1,679,086 MFS Aggressive Growth Allocation Fund 2,633,942 MFS Capital Opportunities Fund 7,783,267 MFS Fixed Fund 6,207,087 MFS New Discovery Fund 6,080,534 MFS Mid Cap Growth Fund 5,621,723 MFS Money Market Fund 55,012 MFS Value Fund 6,099,327 American Balanced Fund 2,756,692 American EuroPacific Growth Fund 5,702,903 Calvert Income Fund 2,597,419 Dreyfus Premier Technology Fund 1,860,792 Janus Aspen Worldwide Fund 1,716,129 Munder Index 500 Fund 9,711,499 Plexus Corp. Common Stock 20,113,297 Participant Loans 2,048,345 Total 83,795,553 Option Current Value AIM Constellation Fund 501,133 AIM Value Fund 653,670 Alliance Bond Fund 220,384 Fidelity Advisor Equity Growth Fund 825,860 Franklin California Growth Fund 2,059,546 Franklin Convertible Securities Fund 638,580 MFS Capital Opportunities Fund 495,507 MFS Government Securities Fund A 442,641 MFS Research Fund 311,508 MFS Total Return Fund 1,287,121 Prudential Global Growth Fund A 320,942 Prudential Money Market Fund 990,254 Prudential Privilege Money Market Fund 372,008 Prudential Stable Value Fund 782,155 Prudential Stock Index Fund Z 1,370,671 Putnam Diversified Income Fund A 354,771 Putnam Global Growth Fund 463,706 Putnam New Opportunities Fund 1,222,891 Putnam OTC Emerging Growth Fund 342,661 Common Stock East West Bancorp, Inc. 10,363,035 Participant Loans 251,729 Total 24,270,773
33 Mutual Fund Deletions Plexus Corp. 401(k) Plan, 2003 Trustee: MFS East West Bank 401(k) Plan, 2003 Trustee: Prudential Option Current Value MFS Conservative Allocation Fund 1,128,499 MFS Moderate Allocation Fund 1,679,086 MFS Aggressive Growth Allocation Fund 2,633,942 MFS Capital Opportunities Fund 7,783,267 MFS Fixed Fund 6,207,087 MFS New Discovery Fund 6,080,534 MFS Mid Cap Growth Fund 5,621,723 MFS Money Market Fund 55,012 MFS Value Fund 6,099,327 American Balanced Fund 2,756,692 American EuroPacific Growth Fund 5,702,903 Calvert Income Fund 2,597,419 Dreyfus Premier Technology Fund 1,860,792 Janus Aspen Worldwide Fund 1,716,129 Munder Index 500 Fund 9,711,499 Plexus Corp. Common Stock 20,113,297 Participant Loans 2,048,345 Total 83,795,553 Option Current Value AIM Constellation Fund 501,133 AIM Value Fund 653,670 Alliance Bond Fund 220,384 Fidelity Advisor Equity Growth Fund 825,860 Franklin California Growth Fund 2,059,546 Franklin Convertible Securities Fund 638,580 MFS Capital Opportunities Fund 495,507 MFS Government Securities Fund A 442,641 MFS Research Fund 311,508 MFS Total Return Fund 1,287,121 Prudential Global Growth Fund A 320,942 Prudential Money Market Fund 990,254 Prudential Privilege Money Market Fund 372,008 Prudential Stable Value Fund 782,155 Prudential Stock Index Fund Z 1,370,671 Putnam Diversified Income Fund A 354,771 Putnam Global Growth Fund 463,706 Putnam New Opportunities Fund 1,222,891 Putnam OTC Emerging Growth Fund 342,661 Common Stock East West Bancorp, Inc. 10,363,035 Participant Loans 251,729 Total 24,270,773
34 Mutual Fund Deletions In 2003, the MFS Capital Opportunities Fund was ranked in the lowest performance decile relative to funds in the same style over the prior 3 years: It appeared on 29 menus: 7 times as an affiliated fund and 22 times as an unaffiliated fund. It was deleted during 2004 once as an affiliated fund and 10 times as an unaffiliated fund.
35 Deletion Rates by Performance Deciles Unaffiliated Fund Sample (3-Year Style-Adjusted Performance)
36 Deletion Rates by Performance Deciles Overall Sample (3-Year Style-Adjusted Performance)
37 Linear Probability Model of Fund Deletions We estimate the following model: DEL p,f,t = β 0 + β 1 AF p,f,t + β 2 LowPerf p,f,t + β 3 HighPerf p,f,t + β 4 AF p,f,t LowPerf p,f,t + β 5 AF p,f,t HighPerf p,f,t + Z p,f,tγ + ɛ p,f,t Performance percentiles Perf p,f,t are calculated based on style-adjusted returns of all mutual funds in the CRSP database over the prior 1, 3, and 5 years. To adjust for non-linearities we use a piecewise linear performance specification: LowPerf p,f,t = min(perf p,f,t 0.5, 0), HighPerf p,f,t = max(perf p,f,t 0.5, 0) Fund type fixed effects (domestic equity, etc.), time fixed effects, and two-way clustered standard errors at fund and plan level.
38 Linear Probability Model of Fund Deletions We estimate the following model: DEL p,f,t = β 0 + β 1 AF p,f,t + β 2 LowPerf p,f,t + β 3 HighPerf p,f,t + β 4 AF p,f,t LowPerf p,f,t + β 5 AF p,f,t HighPerf p,f,t + Z p,f,tγ + ɛ p,f,t Performance percentiles Perf p,f,t are calculated based on style-adjusted returns of all mutual funds in the CRSP database over the prior 1, 3, and 5 years. To adjust for non-linearities we use a piecewise linear performance specification: LowPerf p,f,t = min(perf p,f,t 0.5, 0), HighPerf p,f,t = max(perf p,f,t 0.5, 0) Fund type fixed effects (domestic equity, etc.), time fixed effects, and two-way clustered standard errors at fund and plan level.
39 Linear Probability Model of Fund Deletions We estimate the following model: DEL p,f,t = β 0 + β 1 AF p,f,t + β 2 LowPerf p,f,t + β 3 HighPerf p,f,t + β 4 AF p,f,t LowPerf p,f,t + β 5 AF p,f,t HighPerf p,f,t + Z p,f,tγ + ɛ p,f,t Performance percentiles Perf p,f,t are calculated based on style-adjusted returns of all mutual funds in the CRSP database over the prior 1, 3, and 5 years. To adjust for non-linearities we use a piecewise linear performance specification: LowPerf p,f,t = min(perf p,f,t 0.5, 0), HighPerf p,f,t = max(perf p,f,t 0.5, 0) Fund type fixed effects (domestic equity, etc.), time fixed effects, and two-way clustered standard errors at fund and plan level.
40 Linear Probability Model of Fund Deletions We estimate the following model: DEL p,f,t = β 0 + β 1 AF p,f,t + β 2 LowPerf p,f,t + β 3 HighPerf p,f,t + β 4 AF p,f,t LowPerf p,f,t + β 5 AF p,f,t HighPerf p,f,t + Z p,f,tγ + ɛ p,f,t Performance percentiles Perf p,f,t are calculated based on style-adjusted returns of all mutual funds in the CRSP database over the prior 1, 3, and 5 years. To adjust for non-linearities we use a piecewise linear performance specification: LowPerf p,f,t = min(perf p,f,t 0.5, 0), HighPerf p,f,t = max(perf p,f,t 0.5, 0) Fund type fixed effects (domestic equity, etc.), time fixed effects, and two-way clustered standard errors at fund and plan level.
41 Linear Probability Model of Fund Deletions Linear 2-Segment Affiliated Fund (0.014) (0.019) LowPerf (0.014) (0.034) HighPerf (0.014) (0.023) LowPerf*Affiliated Fund (0.018) (0.045) HighPerf*Affiliated Fund (0.018) (0.030) Maximum Corr (0.001) (0.001) Log(Option Size) (0.002) (0.002) No. of Options (0.000) (0.000) Expense Ratio (1.109) (1.106) Turnover (0.004) (0.004) Log(Fund Size) (0.002) (0.002) Fund Age (0.000) (0.000) Std. Dev (0.200) (0.195) Observations 106, ,848 R-squared
42 Linear Probability Model of Fund Deletions Linear 2-Segment Affiliated Fund (0.014) (0.019) LowPerf (0.014) (0.034) HighPerf (0.014) (0.023) LowPerf*Affiliated Fund (0.018) (0.045) HighPerf*Affiliated Fund (0.018) (0.030) Maximum Corr (0.001) (0.001) Log(Option Size) (0.002) (0.002) No. of Options (0.000) (0.000) Expense Ratio (1.109) (1.106) Turnover (0.004) (0.004) Log(Fund Size) (0.002) (0.002) Fund Age (0.000) (0.000) Std. Dev (0.200) (0.195) Observations 106, ,848 R-squared
43 Linear Probability Model of Fund Deletions Linear 2-Segment Affiliated Fund (0.014) (0.019) LowPerf (0.014) (0.034) HighPerf (0.014) (0.023) LowPerf*Affiliated Fund (0.018) (0.045) HighPerf*Affiliated Fund (0.018) (0.030) Maximum Corr (0.001) (0.001) Log(Option Size) (0.002) (0.002) No. of Options (0.000) (0.000) Expense Ratio (1.109) (1.106) Turnover (0.004) (0.004) Log(Fund Size) (0.002) (0.002) Fund Age (0.000) (0.000) Std. Dev (0.200) (0.195) Observations 106, ,848 R-squared
44 Linear Probability Model of Fund Deletions Linear 2-Segment Affiliated Fund (0.019) (0.027) LowPerf (0.019) (0.044) HighPerf (0.019) (0.031) LowPerf*Affiliated Fund (0.025) (0.059) HighPerf*Affiliated Fund (0.025) (0.040) Neg NonDC Flow (0.008) (0.008) Neg NonDC Flow*Affiliated Fund (0.010) (0.010) (...) Observations 65,855 65,855 R-squared
45 Mutual Fund Additions Do the competing incentives of mutual fund service providers leave a footprint on the plan s menu? Compute the ratio of the number of affiliated (unaffiliated) menus to which the fund is added during the year to the total number of affiliated (unaffiliated) menus that do not yet include the fund as an option.
46 Mutual Fund Additions Do the competing incentives of mutual fund service providers leave a footprint on the plan s menu? Compute the ratio of the number of affiliated (unaffiliated) menus to which the fund is added during the year to the total number of affiliated (unaffiliated) menus that do not yet include the fund as an option.
47 Rescaled Addition Rates by Performance Deciles Overall Sample (3-Year Style-Adjusted Performance)
48 Rescaled Addition Rates by Performance Deciles Sample of Funds on Both Affiliated and Unaffiliated Menus (3-Year Style-Adjusted Performance)
49 Rescaled Addition Rates Linear 2-Segment Affiliated Unaffiliated Difference Affiliated Unaffiliated Difference LowPerf (0.173) (0.229) (0.257) (0.370) (0.621) (0.671) HighPerf (0.173) (0.229) (0.257) (0.392) (0.767) (0.785) Expense Ratio (13.201) (23.537) (23.264) (13.238) (23.346) (23.100) Turnover (0.033) (0.047) (0.053) (0.033) (0.045) (0.052) Log(Fund Size) (0.035) (0.177) (0.173) (0.035) (0.176) (0.172) Fund Age (0.008) (0.025) (0.024) (0.008) (0.024) (0.024) Std. Dev (0.094) (0.184) (0.167) (0.092) (0.180) (0.162) Observations 19,714 19,714 19,714 19,714 19,714 19,714 R-squared
50 Rescaled Addition Rates Linear 2-Segment Affiliated Unaffiliated Difference Affiliated Unaffiliated Difference LowPerf (0.173) (0.229) (0.257) (0.370) (0.621) (0.671) HighPerf (0.173) (0.229) (0.257) (0.392) (0.767) (0.785) Expense Ratio (13.201) (23.537) (23.264) (13.238) (23.346) (23.100) Turnover (0.033) (0.047) (0.053) (0.033) (0.045) (0.052) Log(Fund Size) (0.035) (0.177) (0.173) (0.035) (0.176) (0.172) Fund Age (0.008) (0.025) (0.024) (0.008) (0.024) (0.024) Std. Dev (0.094) (0.184) (0.167) (0.092) (0.180) (0.162) Observations 19,714 19,714 19,714 19,714 19,714 19,714 R-squared
51 Rescaled Addition Rates Linear 2-Segment Affiliated Unaffiliated Difference Affiliated Unaffiliated Difference LowPerf (0.487) (0.869) (0.877) (1.044) (3.585) (3.619) HighPerf (0.487) (0.869) (0.877) (0.982) (4.013) (3.956) Neg NonDC Flow (0.271) (1.136) (1.109) (0.271) (1.133) (1.106) Expense Ratio (36.744) ( ) (98.679) (36.669) (95.276) (93.038) Turnover (0.083) (0.146) (0.147) (0.083) (0.145) (0.146) Log(Fund Size) (0.090) (0.661) (0.649) (0.090) (0.660) (0.648) Fund Age (0.015) (0.041) (0.041) (0.015) (0.040) (0.041) Std. Dev (0.183) (0.503) (0.501) (0.179) (0.516) (0.514) Observations 4,005 4,005 4,005 4,005 4,005 4,005 R-squared
52 Mutual Fund Flows Are participants able to see through these incentives? We look at three measures of new money growth (flows) into menu options: NMG1 p,f,t = V p,f,t V p,f,t 1 (1 + R f,t ) V p,f,t 1 (1 + R f,t ) NMG2 p,f,t = V p,f,t V p,f,t 1 (1 + R f,t ) V p,f,t + V p,f,t 1 (1 + R f,t ) NMG3 p,f,t = V p,f,t V p,f,t 1 (1 + R f,t ) f V p,f,t 1(1 + R f,t ) We decompose flows into two components: Sponsor Flows: Flows due to additions and deletions. Participant Flows: Flows due to reallocations across menu options.
53 Mutual Fund Flows Are participants able to see through these incentives? We look at three measures of new money growth (flows) into menu options: NMG1 p,f,t = V p,f,t V p,f,t 1 (1 + R f,t ) V p,f,t 1 (1 + R f,t ) NMG2 p,f,t = V p,f,t V p,f,t 1 (1 + R f,t ) V p,f,t + V p,f,t 1 (1 + R f,t ) NMG3 p,f,t = V p,f,t V p,f,t 1 (1 + R f,t ) f V p,f,t 1(1 + R f,t ) We decompose flows into two components: Sponsor Flows: Flows due to additions and deletions. Participant Flows: Flows due to reallocations across menu options.
54 Mutual Fund Flows Are participants able to see through these incentives? We look at three measures of new money growth (flows) into menu options: NMG1 p,f,t = V p,f,t V p,f,t 1 (1 + R f,t ) V p,f,t 1 (1 + R f,t ) NMG2 p,f,t = V p,f,t V p,f,t 1 (1 + R f,t ) V p,f,t + V p,f,t 1 (1 + R f,t ) NMG3 p,f,t = V p,f,t V p,f,t 1 (1 + R f,t ) f V p,f,t 1(1 + R f,t ) We decompose flows into two components: Sponsor Flows: Flows due to additions and deletions. Participant Flows: Flows due to reallocations across menu options.
55 Sensitivity of Flows to Fund Performance All Fund Flows NMG1 NMG2 NMG3 Affiliated Fund (0.042) (0.024) (0.256) LowPerf (0.074) (0.045) (0.517) HighPerf (0.052) (0.025) (0.340) LowPerf*Affiliated Fund (0.102) (0.057) (0.630) HighPerf*Affiliated Fund (0.087) (0.039) (0.444) (...) Observations 96, , ,342 R-squared
56 Sensitivity of Flows to Fund Performance All Fund Flows Participant Flows Only NMG1 NMG2 NMG3 NMG1 NMG2 NMG3 Affiliated Fund (0.042) (0.024) (0.256) (0.035) (0.012) (0.133) LowPerf (0.074) (0.045) (0.517) (0.059) (0.021) (0.283) HighPerf (0.052) (0.025) (0.340) (0.046) (0.016) (0.254) LowPerf*Affiliated Fund (0.102) (0.057) (0.630) (0.085) (0.030) (0.354) HighPerf*Affiliated Fund (0.087) (0.039) (0.444) (0.078) (0.026) (0.297) (...) Observations 96, , ,342 82,711 82,711 82,711 R-squared
57 Subsequent Fund Performance Are the decisions costly or beneficial to plan participants? We form equal-weighted portfolios at the end of each year: For Affiliated and Unaffiliated Funds: Kept Funds; Deleted Funds; Added Funds; Based on Past Performance Percentiles The abnormal return α f,t of fund portfolio f at time t is: R f,t R TB,t = α f,t + β M f,t(r M,t R TB,t ) + β SMB f,t (R S,t R B,t ) +βf HML,t (R H,t R L,t ) + βf UMD,t (R U,t R D,t ) + ɛ f,t.
58 Subsequent Fund Performance Are the decisions costly or beneficial to plan participants? We form equal-weighted portfolios at the end of each year: For Affiliated and Unaffiliated Funds: Kept Funds; Deleted Funds; Added Funds; Based on Past Performance Percentiles The abnormal return α f,t of fund portfolio f at time t is: R f,t R TB,t = α f,t + β M f,t(r M,t R TB,t ) + β SMB f,t (R S,t R B,t ) +βf HML,t (R H,t R L,t ) + βf UMD,t (R U,t R D,t ) + ɛ f,t.
59 Subsequent Fund Performance Affiliated Funds No Changes Unaffiliated Funds Lowest Decile (0.14) (0.14) Lowest Quintile (0.11) (0.10) All Funds (0.04) (0.05) We find that affiliated funds (that are poorly performing and yet not deleted) underperform by about 4% per year.
60 Summary Our paper documents favoritism in retirement plans towards investment options affiliated with the service provider: Mutual fund families display leniency toward their own funds following poor fund performance. Their decision is not based on an informational advantage as these funds do not subsequently outperform. Finally, participants do not counteract the biased decisions of the trustees.
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