CATALOGUE, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION METHODS OF NATURAL ANALOGIES IN A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

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1 University of Miskolc FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND INFORMATICS CATALOGUE, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION METHODS OF NATURAL ANALOGIES IN A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PhD theses WRITTEN BY: DÖMÖTÖR, Csaba mechanical engineer SÁLYI ISTVÁN DOCTORAL SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE DESIGN OF MACHINES AND STRUCTURES THEME FIELD PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN THEME GROUP HEAD OF DOCTORAL SCHOOL: Dr. habil Tisza Miklós Professor HEAD OF THEME GROUP: Dr. habil Döbröczöni Ádám Professor SUPERVISOR: Dr. Péter József Associate Professor Miskolc, 2014

2 DÖMÖTÖR, Csaba CATALOGUE, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLICATION METHODS OF NATURAL ANALOGIES IN A CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PhD Theses Miskolc,

3 Examination Committee: Chairman: Secretary, Member: Members: Dr. PATKÓ Gyula, CSc, Dr. habil Professor Dr. KOVÁCS György, PhD, Associate Professor Dr. MAROSFALVI János, PhD, Titular Professor (BME) Dr. JAKAB Endre, CSc, Titular Professor Dr. SIPOSS István, CSc, retired Associate Professor Official opponents: Dr. HORÁK Péter, PhD, Associate Professor (BME) Dr. TAKÁCS György, PhD, Associate Professor 2

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ANTECEDENTS OF THE RESEARCH Introduction of the topic Literature survey Subfields of biomimetics OBJECTIVES CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL ANALOGIES Catalogue of natural analogies Classification according to engineering subfields Classification according to content Classification according to direction Statistical analysis ALGORITHMS Abstractive procedure USEFULNESS AND DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES NEW SCIENTIFIC RESULTS PUBLICATIONS REFERENCES

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6 1. ANTECEDENTS OF THE RESEARCH 1.1. Introduction of the topic The knowledge coming from the observation of nature has been a determining part of history and social culture from the beginning of time. This trend has not been changed even by the modern man s gradual getting away from nature, however, the split has deepened by the currently ongoing technological boom, which was induced by the industrial revolution. The primary reason is that specialists interested in Research and Development become again and again aware of the fact that the key to technological development needed for the maintenance of the built environment is the adaptation to the principles of nature, the time necessity of which can substantially be shortened by the adaptation of the found solutions. Therefore we need a goal-oriented study of effect carriers of flora and fauna, and the classification of information gained this way as well as the description of application opportunities and methods, which also mean the guideline of the present paper. Studying nature, we can observe striking parallelisms among certain species too, which are owing to the relationship according to taxonomical classifications in most of the cases. There are also similarities in the living world, the reason for which is the adaptation to the same way of living, as well as natural circumstances, which materializes in a functional form perfected during the evolutionary process. This fact is important in terms of the research because the analogies within nature prove unambiguously that there is a similar optimal solution for similar tasks even with different starting points. The main guideline of the paper, thus, is the hypothesis that the set of published natural analogies which are revealed in different fields is so extensive and diversified that inserting these in the technical way of thinking cannot be imagined without the methodical management of this amount of data. It is essential to categorize them in terms of optimized engineering practice, with the help of which the systematic search among them can become manageable and simple Literature survey A relatively new discipline, the bionics was the first field to deal with the connection between biology and technical applications, which got into the focus of attention in the second half of the 20 th century and in several years it became a multidisciplinary science combining the peripheral fields of engineering and biology which study the operating principle, functions, carriers of effects or adapting mechanism of living organisms, aiming at transferring them into engineering practice. The phrase bionics was first used by major Dr. Jack E. Steele, a doctor-psychiatrist of the American Air Force at a conference, in Behind the new concept was the understanding of integrating the engineering sciences as by this time it was not only realized that the living world had solved a number of problems during millions of years from which experts have learnt a lot, but also the demand to deliberately use it appeared. As bionics started and spread in the field of medicine, it typically dealt with microbiological analogies as well as the possibility of replacing organs or body parts with mechanical variants [furgu12]. The demand for the differentiation of the two disciplines soon appeared, on the basis of Otto H. Schmitt s idea in 1969 [Sch69] in the technical language as each other s synomyms the expressions biomimetics and biomimicry came into use, which originate from the Greek bios (life) and mimesis (imitation) [SarAk95]. 5

7 While the exact imitation of organic forms is a key factor in arts - despite the original meaning of basic words, - studying the natural analogies integrated into engineering practice, in the majority of cases, is not about simple imitation. One of the pioneers of research in biomimetics, Werner Nachtigall a German biologist was the first to study these questions. Following his ideas, the reason for the complexity of natural adaptation can be found in the fact that for engineers learning and understanding the operational principle and then adapting it to the available infrastructure is the first step, the main task and the final objective of adaptation [Nac02]. In this field biomimicry is defined by the famous present-day researcher Janine Benyus as the means of the renewal inspired by nature [Ben02]. According to the researcher the essence of the idea of biomimicry is that studying models, systems, processes and basic elements in nature can provide plans for mankind to solve problems existing today [Co08]. It popularizes the concept of learning from nature as a possible methodology of sustainable design. As technologies in nature are basically defined by the principle of minimum energy [Kni09], we can consider the real sustainability obtainable if during the process of design both norms of material utilization inspired by nature and manufacturing procedure come in the forefront [Pul08]. As the result of Benyus efforts the expression Nature Aided Design (NAD) has appeared, which means not simply product development created by natural forms and known from the organic design as among its objectives finding and adapting technical knowledge available in nature comes to the front. According to the current research it can be stated that due to diversified fields of this collection, the complex system originating from it and analogies that often have only an apparent similarity, for the mechanical engineer in many cases it can be applied with difficulties, however, with its interesting examples it is totally suitable for the foundation of the way of thinking necessary for the natural adaptation Subfields of biomimetics In the technical literature, nowadays the subfields of biomimetics are not obvious, so the list of revealed analogies is also incomplete. One of the reasons is that a complex structure found in nature includes remarkable adaptation opportunities in different fields at the same time, such as mechanical effect sources, physical effect principles, material utilization or energetics. The practical significance of the topic is reflected by the fact that in 2011 the Association of German Engineers (VDI) in its first issued guideline number VDI 6220 deals with the questions and terminology of biomimetics in which the recommendation [VDI6220] concerning the technical classification of analogies is also available. In guideline number VDI 6220 it is emphasized that the border between the subfields of biomimetics is very ductile, besides that, due to continuous researches of this field newer subfields will appear. The technical literature differentiates between two methods of adaptation from nature, in the case of which the covered distance between human work and the natural analogy has the opposite direction. The search of analogies originating from an engineering task and having a quest character similar to traditional search for analogies, the so called top-down process in other resources technology pull process - is called an analogue procedure, while the opposite bottom-up or biology push method - which is often found in the course of biological researches and works on the basis of effect carriers, - can be found as an abstractive procedure in Hungarian publications [VDI6220]. 2. OBJECTIVES On the basis of the available literature we can say that no matter whatever support the natural adaptation has among engineers, the database and the method built with an engineering approach that can be applied in the real engineering practice is still not available. This way, the primary aim of the paper is to construct a catalogue with the help of which it is possible to integrate known and newly discovered analogies. It is an important criterion that the process of 6

8 finding analogies should be integrated in all phases of design, as well as the benefits of complex natural structures should remain. The precondition of such a method is that it should be available extensively, could be applied in industry, and could be extended and taught. An algorithm should be created which can be embedded in engineering training and this way beyond the simple introduction of analogy pairs education can touch teaching the practical steps of the deliberate search for analogies in nature. 3. CLASSIFICATION OF NATURAL ANALOGIES 3.1. Catalogue of natural analogies The classification of the adaptations discussed in the paper and the basis of the drawn consequences appear in a catalogue, the structure of which is discussed in details in the paper, highlighting the opportunities behind them. In practice, this catalogue is a computer database, in which there are 16 different elements Classification according to engineering subfields The revealed analogues basically can be divided into two big groups according to engineering subfields (figure 1). Technical functions in connection with the operation of organisms make one big group, whereas the other is a set including the rules of shapeforming elements. Figure 1. Classification of natural analogies according to engineering subfields [DCS13] Beyond all these things, the classification of analogies in the database can be done on the basis of the content of similarity, as well as according to the direction of the adaptation method and awareness, too Classification according to content When we study the theoretical background of analogies, as opposed to real products, in many cases there are not any real adaptations, only the different stages of similarity can be stated. The classification of analogies according to this in the catalogue is called classification according to content. 7

9 In connection with the analogy pairs found in the course of the research, it is important to say that neither the science of biomimetics nor the dissertation considers the shapes of two things that are simply similar to be analogue as the simple conformity of outer features does not carry essential information for engineers. Therefore the objects of the classification should be similar at least in terms of their basic principles. Hereafter these Theoretical analogies mean the lowest conformity. In case of Shape analogies geometric parallelism can also be defined, but with the fact in view that even in case of adaptations strictly related to shape design, the science of biomimetics asserts itself only if the examined geometry is implemented as the organic part of the operation developed according to the basic principles of biomimetics. Functional analogies mean the highest level of similarities where not only the effect principle and the effect carrier but also the implemented final aims are the same. In the course of the research it became evident that the content levels were built on each other in a hierarchy, which is presented on Figure 2. Level 3 same function Level 2 similar form elements Level 1 same principle Figure 2. Hierarchy of biomimetics according to content [DCS13] 3.4. Classification according to direction Making connection between the technical and organic parallelism of a given natural analogue according to current technical literatures can be implemented with an analogue or abstractive procedure. However, while I was filling up the catalogue, it became evident that further subcategories can be assigned to the directions of biomimetics, which is at the same time one of the important findings of the dissertation. According to this, a defined analogue can be the result not only of deliberate search in the designing process, but also the conformities noticed additionally in the science of biomimetics can be listed here due to the information accumulated in them. During the analogue procedure with the help of a deliberate research we have to differentiate between the solutions originating in a technical task and found in nature, which are called Explored analogies in the dissertation, referring to the directed searching process. Contrary to this, Posterior analogies are much more frequent, with solving an engineering problem in a traditional way, a solution of nature - discovered independently from it or realized afterwards - can be found, usually much later. In the abstractive procedure we can also differentiate between deliberate and random subcategories. In the former case, starting from the principle discovered in nature, a new technical solution appears with deliberate search. Therefore in the dissertation the solutions adapted this way are listed among Applied analogies. Similarities where the evident solution of the task conforms with the principle found in nature, are called Spontaneous analogies in the dissertation. 8

10 3.5. Statistical analysis With the help of the available technical literature all natural analogies can be classified into a subcategory, which is shown in Figure 3 with the statistical distribution. On the basis of the values on the graph it can be stated that the rate of deliberate analogies is given by the Applied analogies implemented in an abstractive way. However, studying the database as a whole, it becomes obvious that from the natural parallelism found so far the Posterior analogies originating from technical tasks mean the majority of samples. Spontaneous Applied Explored Posterior Abstractive Analogy Figure 3. Distribution of analogies according to direction and awareness [DCS11] It can be stated from the present distribution that the description of the design process starting from Posterior analogies is very important, because on the basis of this really wide set of ideas the perfectioning and redeveloping of engineering solutions can done. The method of the abstractive procedure carrying specific basic principles and based on biological discoveries needs an algorithm, this way the further expansion of the deliberately Applied analogies can be supported. 4. ALGORITHMS 4.1. Abstractive procedure According to the general model of the analogous problem solving it is expressive to outline the generalized form of the Abstractive direction of natural adaptation (Figure 4) because this way the mentality, which is distinct due to the different starting point, can be presented better. Figure 4. The generalized model of the abstractive procedure [DCS6] Starting from the discovery in nature, the abstractive direction process can partly be described with the help of its flowchart, which is presented by Figure 5(a). 9

11 4.2 Improvement with the help of Posterior analogies Any record of the catalogue can be suitable for developing a product on the basis of familiar natural analogies. Putting emphasis on the Posterior analogies is justified by the fact that the study of nature is originally missing from the development of these products, therefore implementing them can result in innovative ideas. Figure 5 shows the steps of the process of these goal-oriented concepts. The operation of the described algorithms is supported by the case studies shown in the paper. a) b) Figure 5. a) Abstractive procedure b) Improvement with familiar analogies [DCS6] 10

12 5. USEFULNESS AND DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES The developed database and algorithms can be used in the field of conceptual design effectively. With their application we can save substantial time at the beginning of the designing process. For the wider application it is inevitable to extend the analogy catalogue continuously, which is the most effective with the establishment of an Internet-based uploading and systematic search surface, therefore this is an important developing direction. There is a long-range objective of the research, that is relating the catalogue in the dissertation to an analogue-based method originating from traditional engineering problems, with which the small number of explored analogies in the database can be increased. One of the methods of finding connection is the integration of the searching process in the database into the chosen analogue-based method as a subtask. 11

13 6. NEW SCIENTIFIC RESULTS The following theses summarize the new scientific findings of the dissertation: T1. I worked out a catalogue with an engineering approach for the classification of natural analogies, in which I made groups of well-known adaptations according to engineering subfields, direction and awareness as well as content. On the basis of this taxonomy I studied the complex data quantity of natural analogies from a new point of view and analyzed their positions in the design process. I have established that natural analogies account for 69% of the solutions in the analogue direction while the adaptations in an abstractive way account for 31%. I realized that 73% of natural analogies cannot be classified as the results of deliberate search for an analogy. A part of these analogies is based on a posterior recognition, another part is the result of spontaneous matching of images in the designer s subconscious [DCS6], [DCS12], [DCS13]. T2. I introduced the classification of natural analogies according to technical content and justified that these equally dispersed levels of Theory, Form and Function are realized in a hierarchy [DCS6], [DCS12], [DCS13]. T3. I worked out the algorithm of improvement with well-known natural analogies, the operation of which was justified by a case study. This way I have proven that after the definition of environmental conditions and biological opportunities the Posterior analogies accounting for two thirds of the database are suitable to improve and develop engineering pieces of work in a special way [DCS6], [DCS12], [DCS13]. T4. Starting from the analogy-based problem-solving model I worked out the algorithm of abstractive procedure of biomimetics whose main steps are determined by the question words Why? Where? How? I showed the operation of algorithm through the steps of development of a real successful product [DCS6], [DCS12], [DCS13]. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research work is based on the results achieved within the TÁMOP B-10/2/KONV project and is carried out as part of the TÁMOP C-12/1/KONV "Cooperation between higher education, research institutes and automotive industry" project in the framework of the New Széchenyi Plan. The realization of this project is supported by the Hungarian Government, by the European Union, and cofinanced by the European Social Fund. 12

14 PUBLICATIONS [DCS1] DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: NATURAL MOTIVATIONS IN ENGINEERING DESIGN, GÉP, (56. ÉVF.) 9-10.SZ. ISSN OLD. [DCS2] DÖBRÖCZÖNI Á., DÖMÖTÖR CS., PÉTER, J.: TRIZ AND NATURE, DESIGN OF MACHINES AND STRUCTURES, VOL. 2., NO. 2., HU ISSN , MISKOLC, NOVEMBER, PP [DCS3] DÖMÖTÖR, CS., PÉTER, J.: NATURAL ANALOGIES AND TRIZ, DESIGN OF MACHINES AND STRUCTURES, VOL. 2., NO. 2., HU ISSN , MISKOLC, NOVEMBER, PP [DCS4] DÖMÖTÖR, CS., PÉTER, J.: DESIGN PRINCIPLES IN NATURE, DESIGN OF MACHINES AND STRUCTURES, VOL. 2., NO. 2., HU ISSN , MISKOLC, NOVEMBER, PP [DCS5] PÉTER, J., NÉMETH G., DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: NATURAL ANALOGIES. CREATIVE PRINCIPLES OF THE NATURE AND THE PRODUCT DESIGNER, DESIGN OF MACHINES AND STRUCTURES, VOL. 2., NO. 2., HU ISSN , MISKOLC, NOVEMBER, PP [DCS6] DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF NATURAL ANALOGY CATALOGUE, VOL. 4., NO. 2., HU ISSN , MISKOLC, NOVEMBER, PP [DCS7] DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: FORMA ÉS MÉRNÖKI TUDÁS AZ ÉLŐVILÁGBAN, GÉP, (56. ÉVF.) 9-10.SZ. ISSN OLD. [DCS8] DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: CSAK TERMÉSZETESEN!, MŰSZAKI SZEMLE, 2008/KÜLÖNSZÁM, PP ISSN [DCS9] DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: HANGSZEREK A TERMÉSZETBEN, GÉP, (62. ÉVF.) 9-10.SZ, ISSN PP [DCS10] DÖMÖTÖR, CS., PÉTER, J.: TERMÉSZETI ELVEK AZ ANALÓGIA ALAPÚ TERVEZÉSBEN, GÉP, VOL. 63, NO. 12., ISSN , MISKOLC, NOVEMBER, PP [DCS11] DÖMÖTÖR CSABA: HUMOROS ANALÓGIÁK, GÉP, (64.ÉVF) 6.SZ., ISSN , PP [DCS12] DÖMÖTÖR CS.: A TERMÉSZETI INTUÍCIÓ HATÁSA A TERMÉKFEJLESZTÉS GYAKORLATÁRA, GÉP, 2014., VOL. 65, NO. 2., ISSN , PP [DCS13] DÖMÖTÖR CS.: TERMÉSZETI ANALÓGIÁK ADATBÁZISÁNAK STATISZTIKAI ELEMZÉSE, GÉP, 2014., VOL. 65, NO. 6-7., ISSN , PP [DCS14] PÉTER, J., DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: IPARI DESIGN A FEJLESZTÉSBEN, MISKOLC-EGYETEMVÁROS, ELEKTRONIKUS JEGYZET [DCS15] MACSUGA J., PARIPÁS B., DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: FÉNYTAN, SZÍNDINAMIKA, MISKOLC- EGYETEMVÁROS, ELEKTRONIKUS JEGYZET [DCS16] DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: ADAPTATIONS OF NATURAL CONFIGURATIONS IN ENGINEERING, PHD HALLGATÓK IV. NEMZETKÖZI KONFERENCIÁJA, MISKOLC, AUGUSZTUS PP [DCS17] DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: FUNCTION RESEARCH IN NATUREL STRUCTURES, DESIGN OF MACHINES AND STRUCTURES - MISKOLCI EGYETEM KÖZLEMÉNYEI, MISKOLC,

15 [DCS18] DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: SOLUTIONS OF TECHNICAL PROBLEMS IN NATURE, XVIII. MICROCAD 2004 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE, MISKOLC, MÁRCIUS PP [DCS19] PÉTER, J., DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: PRINCIPLES OF THE DESIGN THEORY AND THE NATURE, XXVI. MICROCAD INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE, MISKOLC, MÁRCIUS [DCS20] PÉTER, J., DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: TERMÉSZETI ANALÓGIÁK. A TERMÉSZET KONSTRUKCIÓS ELVEI XXVI. MICROCAD INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE, CD KIADVÁNY, ISBN , MISKOLC, MÁRCIUS [DCS21] DÖMÖTÖR, CS., PÉTER, J.: NATURAL ANALOGIES AND TRIZ, CADAM TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED ENGINEERING, COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING, CROATIA, VIS, SZEPTEMBER, PP [DCS22] PÉTER, J., NÉMETH G., DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: NATURAL ANALOGIES - CREATIVE PRINCIPLES OF THE NATURE AND THE PRODUCT DESIGNER, CADAM TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED ENGINEERING, COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING, CROATIA, VIS, SZEPTEMBER, PP [DCS23] DÖMÖTÖR, CS., PÉTER, J.: NATURAL ANALOGIES AND TRIZ, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING, VOL. 6, NO. 1., ISSN , CROATIA, NOVEMBER, PP [DCS24] PÉTER, J., NÉMETH G., DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: NATURAL ANALOGIES - CREATIVE PRINCIPLES OF THE NATURE AND THE PRODUCT DESIGNER, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING, VOL. 6, NO. 2., ISSN , CROATIA, NOVEMBER, PP [DCS25] DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: TERMÉSZETI FORMÁK A TERMÉKFEJLESZTÉSBEN, GÉPTERVEZŐK ÉS TERMÉKFEJLESZTŐK XVIII. ORSZÁGOS SZEMINÁRIUMA, MISKOLC, NOVEMBER 7-8., ELEKTRONIKUS KIADVÁNY [DCS26] DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: TERMÉSZETI MOTIVÁCIÓ A MŰSZAKI GYAKORLATBAN, XI. ORSZÁGOS GÉPÉSZ TALÁLKOZÓ, KOLOZSVÁR, ROMÁNIA, MÁJUS PP [DCS27] DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: TERMÉSZETI FORMÁK ALKALMAZHATÓSÁGA A GÉPTERVEZÉSBEN, DOKTORANDUSZOK FÓRUMA 2003, MISKOLC, NOVEMBER 6. PP [DCS28] DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: MŰSZAKI PROBLÉMÁK MEGOLDÁSAI A TERMÉSZETBEN, GÉPTERVEZŐK ÉS TERMÉKFEJLESZTŐK XIX. ORSZÁGOS SZEMINÁRIUMA, MISKOLC, NOVEMBER , ELEKTRONIKUS KIADVÁNY [DCS29] DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: KOMMUNIKÁCIÓ A TERMÉSZETBEN ÉS A MŰSZAKI GYAKORLATBAN, DOKTORANDUSZOK FÓRUMA 2004, MISKOLC, NOVEMBER 9. PP [DCS30] DÖMÖTÖR, CS.: A LOKÁTOR IS A TERMÉSZETBEN SZÜLETETT, GÉPTERVEZŐK ÉS TERMÉKFEJLESZTŐK XX. ORSZÁGOS SZEMINÁRIUMA, MISKOLC, NOVEMBER , ELEKTRONIKUS KIADVÁNY 14

16 REFERENCES [Ben02] BENYUS, J. M.: Biomimicry: innovation inspired by nature, Harper Perennial, 2002, ISBN [Co08] COOPER, M.: Closing the loop, Prodesign Oct. p.33. ISSN [Kni09] [Kol85] [Menz02] [Nac02] [PaB81] KNIGHT, A.: Hidden Histories: the story of sustainable design, ProQuest Discovery Guides, June KOLLER, R.: Konstruktionslehre für den Maschienenbau, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1985., ISBN MENZ, P.: Hohlkugelkomposit, ein neuer Konstruktionswerkstoff für Fertigungseinrichtungen, Miskolci Egyetem, NACHTIGALL, W.: Bionik: Grundlagen und Beispiele für Ingenieure und Naturwissenschaftler Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002, ISBN PAHL, G.; BEITZ, W.: Konstruktionslehre Handbuch für Studium und Praxis, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1981., ISBN [Pul08] PULFER, R.: Form follows nature, Azure, May, pp [Rot82] ROTH, K.: Konstruiren mit Konstruktionskatalogen, VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin, 1982., ISBN [Sac85] SACHS, L.: Statisztikai módszerek, Mezőgazdasági Kiadó, Budapest, ISBN [SarAk95] SARIKAYA, M.; AKSAY, I. A.: Biomimetics: design and processing of materials, Woodbury, N.Y.: AIP Press. p , ISBN [Sch69] [TÁ09] [VDI6220] SCHMITT, O. H.: Some interesting and useful biomimetic transforms, Third Int. Biophysics Congress, p TAKÁCS Á.: Termékek számítógéppel segített koncepcionális tervezési módszereinek kutatása, Ph.D. értekezés, Miskolc-Egyetemváros, VDI 6220: Bionik; Konzeption und Strategie; Abgrenzung zwischen bionischen und konventionellen Verfahren/Produkten (Biomemetics; Conception and strategy; Differences between bionic and conventional methods/products). Berlin: Beuth Verlag References on the Internet: [cre08] CRESSEY, D.: AutoNad? Nature Aided Design, 03 Dec (Letöltve: ) [furgu12] FÜRJES P.; GUBÁN D.: BIOMIMETIKA - Szuperhidrofób felületek kialakítása mikromegmunkálással, MTA Természettudományi Kutatócentrum programterv, (Letöltve: ) 15