A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1
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1 A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1 Thomas Lopatic, John McDonald TÜV data protect GmbH data protect Dug Song CITI at the University of Michigan T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
2 Overview Architecture of FireWall-1 Attacking the firewall s state I FWZ encapsulation Attacking the firewall s state II Attacking authentication between firewall modules Hardening FireWall-1 The big picture T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
3 Topology Windows NT Hub Solaris Nokia IP OpenBSD Linux Victim network Hostile network T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
4 Problems in Inspection Unreliable / unauthenticated input Layering restrictions on inspection Layering violations in inspection Ambiguous end-to-end semantics T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
5 Example: Airport Security Unreliable / unauthenticated input Examining baggage tags Layering restrictions on inspection Examining shape, size, weight Layering violations in inspection Parallelizing bag content inspection Ambiguous end-to-end semantics Checking for known contraband T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
6 Classification of the Attacks Unreliable / unauthenticated input TCP fastmode Layering restrictions on inspection FWZ VPN encapsulation Layering violations in inspection FTP data connection handling unidirectional TCP data flow RSH error connection handling Ambiguous end-to-end semantics Parsing of FTP PORT commands T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
7 FireWall-1 Modules GUI Port 258/TCP Management module Port 256/TCP Security policy, status, logs Authentication methods S/Key, FWN1, FWA1 Filter module Filter module Filter module T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
8 Inter-Module Protocol Version Version Command IP addresses IP addresses Management module Required authentication Authentication Arguments, Result Filter module T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
9 S/Key Authentication Hash n (x) = Hash(Hash(... Hash(x))) = Hash(Hash n-1 (x)) n times Seed x (password hash) Index = 99 Hash 99 (x)... Index = 1 Hash 1 (x) Calculate seed y, Hash 100 (y) Hash 100 (x) y = MakeSeed(time(NULL)) Attack: brute force T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
10 FWN1 Authentication Random number R 1 S 1 = Hash(R 1 + K) Random number R 2 S 2 = Hash(R 2 + K) Shared key K ( fw putkey ) Attack: choose R 2 = R 1, so that S 2 = S 1 T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
11 FWA1 Authentication Random number R 1 S 1 = Hash(R 1 + K) Random number R 2 S 2 = Hash((R 1 ^ R 2 ) + K) Shared key K ( fw putkey ) Attack: choose R 2 = 0, so that R 1 ^ R 2 = R 1 and S 2 = Hash((R 1 ^ R 2 ) + K) = Hash(R 1 + K) = S 1 To be solved: encryption T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
12 Stateful Inspection I virtual defrag chain of fragments ACCEPT pre-inspection connections virtual machine connections pending ACCEPT REJECT T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
13 Stateful Inspection II C accepted UDP packet S internal client C UDP replies accepted any external server UDP connections from a client, port C to a server, port S + wildcard port <s-address, s-port, d-address, d-port, protocol> T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
14 Stateful Inspection III FTP server FTP server PORT 192,168,0,2,4,36 21 > data connection PASV 21 > (172,16,0,2,4,36) 1060 > 1023 data connection FTP client FTP client T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
15 Fastmode Services x non-syns non-syns Internet non-syn packets accepted Source port = fastmode service Destination port = fastmode service Stealth scanning (FINs,...) T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
16 FTP PORT Parsing PORT 172,16,0,258,p1,p data connection Application: bounce attack PORT 172,16, ,2,p1,p = * ( ) * (168-16) T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
17 FTP PASV Handling XXXXXXXXXXXXXX227 (172,16,0,2,128,7) Invalid command giv en: XXXXXXXXXXXXXX 227 (172,16,0,2,128,7) Advertise small Maximal Segment Size Server replies split T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
18 One-way Connections I TCP header + payload DROP Intranet ACCEPT TCP header TCP payload established one-way connection T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
19 One-way Connections II open one-way connection datagram A datagram B open one-way connection retransmission of B [...] T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
![2 192.168.0.2 retransmission of B [...] T. Lopatic, J.](/docs-images/45/9383852/images/page_19.jpg "McDonald, D.")
20 FWZ Encapsulation I 2. d-address = firewall, protocol = original d-address, original protocol + modified IP header IP payload encapsulation info (obfuscated) VPN tunneling protocol Decapsulation without decryption or authentication Cannot be disabled T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
21 FWZ Encapsulation II s-addr = d-addr = d-addr = IP header encapsulation info 10.x.x.x Key to spoofing attacks T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
22 Fake PORT Commands s-addr = d-addr = PORT 172,16,0,2,128,7 d-addr = IP header TCP header + payload encapsulation info fake PORT packet FTP client T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
23 RSH Error Connections I 1024 error port is RSH client error connection < 1024 RSH server < , 1024, , 514, 6> in connections < , 1025, , magic, 6> in pending Reversed matching T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
24 RSH Error Connections II SYN packet #2 (port info) s-addr:s-port d-addr:magic seq : :magic s-addr:error-port d-addr:magic protocol : :magic 6 (TCP) s-addr:s-port d-addr:magic seq + 1 seq = : :magic 6 = seq + 1 = TCP T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
25 Fake UDP Requests s-addr = d-addr = s-port = 161 d-port = 53 d-addr = IP header UDP header encapsulation info fake DNS request DNS client T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
26 FWZ Encapsulation III s-addr = d-addr = d-addr = IP header encapsulation info 10.x.x.x Key to non-routable addresses T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
27 Anti-Spoofing Protection I 1. s-addr = d-addr = s-addr = d-addr = s-port = 161 d-port = 53 s-port = any d-port = 161 d-addr = fake DNS request 2. tunnel to firewall T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
28 Anti-Spoofing Protection II 1. s-addr = d-addr = s-addr = d-addr = s-port = 161 d-port = 53 s-port = 53 d-port = 161 d-addr = d-addr = fake DNS request 2. tunnel to firewall T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
29 Hardening I Disable implicit rules DNS control connections ICMP Restrictive access rules no any sources or destinations deny broadcast / multicast addresses minimal privilege Properly configure anti-spoofing mechanism Filter protocol 94 (e.g. IP Filter) T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
30 Hardening II Different (virtual) IP addresses for public services Restrict control connections FWA1 authentication VPN technology never use : */none More than one line of defense! T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
31 Fixes by Check Point Solutions by Check Point available today at T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
32 Thanks. Thomas Lopatic John McDonald Dug Song T. Lopatic, J. McDonald, D. Song, "A Stateful Inspection of FireWall-1", Black Hat Briefings
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